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Nath, F., Chowdhury, M.O.S. and Rahman, M.M. (2023) Navigating Produced Water Sustainability in the Oil and Gas Sector: A Critical Review of Reuse Challenges, Treatment Technologies, and Prospects Ahead. Water, 15, Article 4088.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234088

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Purification of Produced Water from a Sour Oilfield in South Kuwait. 2. Oil-Water Separation and Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate

  AUTHORS: Feras Al Salem, Najood Almansoori, Hanifa AlBalooshi, Nouf Alshehhi, Maitha Almheiri, Vijo Poulose, Thies Thiemann

  KEYWORDS: Produced Water, Oil and Gas, Bleached Biomass, Adsorption Filtration, Crystallization of Calcium Chloride

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol.16 No.7, July 9, 2024

  ABSTRACT: Oil-water separation for produced water (PW) originating from an oil extraction site in South Kuwait was carried out using bleached, esterified cellulosic material from used coffee grounds. Thereafter, earth-alkaline metal ions, specifically calcium ions, of the de-oiled PW were removed by precipitation with sodium carbonate to give access to pure sodium chloride as industrial salt from the remaining PW. While the purity of the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) depends on the precipitation conditions, CaCO3 of up to 95.48% purity can be obtained, which makes it a salable product. The precipitation of CaCO3 decreases the amount of calcium ions in PW from 11,300 ppm to 84 ppm.