Enrique Bayonne¹, Beatriz Irún Molina^2,3, Paloma Moya⁴, Alberto Sáez^4
1Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
²Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
³ESIC Business & Marketing School, Valencia, Spain.
⁴Universidad a Distancia de Madrid (UDIMA), Madrid, Spain.
DOI: 10.4236/jss.2026.1410043   PDF         0 Downloads   1 Views   Citations

Abstract

Achieving a net-zero economy requires not only technological innovation but also institutional arrangements capable of coordinating collaboration among multiple stakeholders. While the technological dimension of the CleanTech transition has been extensively studied, less attention has been devoted to the governance mechanisms that enable innovation ecosystems to emerge and scale. This paper examines the CECV CleanTech Open Innovation +LATAM-Caribe programme as an exploratory qualitative case study of a cluster-led open innovation ecosystem. Drawing on programme documentation, stakeholder engagement and direct observation, it explores how industrial clusters orchestrate collaboration between large corporations, SMEs, start-ups, research organisations and public institutions. The findings indicate that clusters facilitate knowledge exchange, reduce coordination barriers, mobilise complementary capabilities and align innovation initiatives with the European Net-Zero Industry Act. Beyond networking, clusters emerge as trusted institutional intermediaries that strengthen governance and public-private collaboration. The study proposes a three-layer governance framework for analysing cluster-led collaboration in emerging CleanTech ecosystems. Its transferability and contribution to industrial decarbonisation require further empirical assessment.

Keywords

Energy Clusters, Innovation Ecosystems, Open Innovation, Ecosystem Orchestration, CleanTech, Sustainability Transition, Public-Private Collaboration, Knowledge Transfer, Net-Zero Industry Act, CECV

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Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References

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[58]	Bayonne, E., Irún Molina, B., & Moya Arranz, P. (2025). The Role of the Energy Cluster of the Valencian Community as an Orchestrator within an Innovation Ecosystem. In Conference on Human Resource and Enterprise Management.
[59]	Bogers, M., Zobel, A., Afuah, A., Almirall, E., Brunswicker, S., Dahlander, L. et al. (2017). The Open Innovation Research Landscape: Established Perspectives and Emerging Themes across Different Levels of Analysis. Industry and Innovation, 24, 8-40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[60]	Boschma, R. (2005). Proximity and Innovation: A Critical Assessment. Regional Studies, 39, 61-74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[61]	Chyi, Y.-L., Lai, Y.-M., & Liu, W.-H. (2012). Knowledge Spillovers and Firm Performance in the High-Technology Industrial Cluster. Research Policy, 41, 556-564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[62]	Cluster de Energía de la Comunitat Valenciana CECV (2022). CECV4SUSTAGRIFOOD: Open Innovation Strategies to Promote Collaborative Projects and Environmental Sustainability in the Agrifood Sector (File 2022/34) [Programme Report]. Regional Ministry of Innovation, Industry, Trade and Tourism, Generalitat Valenciana.
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[66]	Dhanaraj, C., & Parkhe, A. (2006). Orchestrating Innovation Networks. Academy of Management Review, 31, 659-669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[67]	Doblinger, C., Surana, K., & Anadon, L. D. (2019). Governments as Partners: The Role of Alliances in U.S. Cleantech Startup Innovation. Research Policy, 48, 1458-1475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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[81]	Granstrand, O., & Holgersson, M. (2020). Innovation Ecosystems: A Conceptual Review and a New Definition. Technovation, 90-91, Article ID: 102098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[82]	Hekkert, M. P., Suurs, R. A. A., Negro, S. O., Kuhlmann, S., & Smits, R. E. H. M. (2007). Functions of Innovation Systems: A New Approach for Analysing Technological Change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74, 413-432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[83]	Hervás-Oliver, J.-L., Parrilli, M. D., Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Sempere-Ripoll, F. (2021). The Drivers of SME Innovation in the Regions of the EU. Research Policy, 50, Article ID: 104316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[84]	Hou, H., & Shi, Y. (2021). Ecosystem-as-Structure and Ecosystem-as-Coevolution: A Constructive Examination. Technovation, 100, Article ID: 102193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[85]	Howells, J. (2006). Intermediation and the Role of Intermediaries in Innovation. Research Policy, 35, 715-728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[86]	Huang, P., Negro, S. O., Hekkert, M. P., & Bi, K. (2016). How China Became a Leader in Solar PV: An Innovation System Analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 777-789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[87]	Irún, B., Monferrer, D., & Moliner, M. á. (2020). Network Market Orientation as a Relational Governance Mechanism to Public-Private Partnerships. Journal of Business Research, 121, 268-282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[88]	Irún, B., Moya, P., Monferrer, D., Moliner, M. A., & Bayonne, E. (2022a). The Key Role of European Clusters as Innovation Ecosystems, and Their Implication in the Successful International Promotion of the Member Companies in the Strategic Chinese Sectors: Net-Zero and Smart Cities, Smart Ports and Smart Factories. In J. M. Guaita Martínez, & R. Puertas Medina (Eds.), Digitalization in Business: On the Road to a Sustainable World (pp. 95-144). Nova Science Publishers.
[89]	Irún, B., Moya, P., Monferrer, D., Moliner, M. A., & Bayonne, E. (2022b). Smart Cities, Smart Factories y Smart Ports en las provincias chinas de Guangdong y Hainan: Oportunidades para las empresas extranjeras. In Impactos de las tecnologías en las ciencias sociales aplicadas 4 (pp. 161-190). Atena Editora. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[90]	Jacobides, M. G., Cennamo, C., & Gawer, A. (2018). Towards a Theory of Ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39, 2255-2276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[91]	Kivimaa, P., Boon, W., Hyysalo, S., & Klerkx, L. (2019a). Towards a Typology of Intermediaries in Sustainability Transitions: A Systematic Review and a Research Agenda. Research Policy, 48, 1062-1075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[92]	Kivimaa, P., Hyysalo, S., Boon, W., Klerkx, L., Martiskainen, M., & Schot, J. (2019b). Passing the Baton: How Intermediaries Advance Sustainability Transitions in Different Phases. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 31, 110-125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[93]	Klerkx, L., & Aarts, N. (2013). The Interaction of Multiple Champions in Orchestrating Innovation Networks: Conflicts and Complementarities. Technovation, 33, 193-210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[94]	Lee, C.-Y. (2009). Do Firms in Clusters Invest in R&D More Intensively? Theory and Evidence from Multi-Country Data. Research Policy, 38, 1159-1171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[95]	Markard, J., Raven, R., & Truffer, B. (2012). Sustainability Transitions: An Emerging Field of Research and Its Prospects. Research Policy, 41, 955-967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[96]	Mazzucato, M. (2018). Mission-Oriented Innovation Policies: Challenges and Opportunities. Industrial and Corporate Change, 27, 803-815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[97]	Monferrer, D., Moliner, M. á., Irún, B., & Estrada, M. (2021). Network Market and Entrepreneurial Orientations as Facilitators of International Performance in Born Globals. The Mediating Role of Ambidextrous Dynamic Capabilities. Journal of Business Research, 137, 430-443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[98]	OECD (2007). Competitive Regional Clusters: National Policy Approaches. OECD Publishing.
[99]	OECD (2009). Clusters, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. OECD Publishing.
[100]	Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the New Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review, 76, 77-90.
[101]	Regulation (EU) 2024/1735 (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1735 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on Establishing a Framework of Measures for Strengthening Europe’s Net-Zero Technology Manufacturing Ecosystem (Net-Zero Industry Act). Official Journal of the European Union, 50, 1735. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1735/oj
[102]	Reypens, C., Lievens, A., & Blazevic, V. (2021). Hybrid Orchestration in Multi-Stakeholder Innovation Networks: Practices of Mobilizing Multiple, Diverse Stakeholders across Organizational Boundaries. Organization Studies, 42, 61-83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[103]	Schot, J., & Steinmueller, W. E. (2018). Three Frames for Innovation Policy: R&D, Systems of Innovation and Transformative Change. Research Policy, 47, 1554-1567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[104]	Weber, K. M., & Rohracher, H. (2012). Legitimizing Research, Technology and Innovation Policies for Transformative Change: Combining Insights from Innovation Systems and Multi-Level Perspective in a Comprehensive “Failures” Framework. Research Policy, 41, 1037-1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[105]	West, J., & Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging External Sources of Innovation: A Review of Research on Open Innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31, 814-831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[106]	Xie, X., & Wang, H. (2020). How Can Open Innovation Ecosystem Modes Push Product Innovation Forward? An fsQCA Analysis. Journal of Business Research, 108, 29-41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[107]	Xu, G., Wu, Y., Minshall, T., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Exploring Innovation Ecosystems across Science, Technology, and Business: A Case of 3D Printing in China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136, 208-221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[108]	Zeng, S. X., Xie, X. M., & Tam, C. M. (2010). Relationship between Cooperation Networks and Innovation Performance of SMEs. Technovation, 30, 181-194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]