Visualization Analysis of Research on Language Security and Planning in China ()
1. Introduction
National language security refers to a country’s ability to safeguard its cultural sovereignty, political stability, social harmony, and technological autonomy in the linguistic domain. Its core lies in ensuring that the national language ecology is not impacted by external threats or internal imbalances, thereby guaranteeing the functional security of language as a cultural carrier, information medium, and tool of power (Jin, 2023). Language security is not only an important new area that needs to be expanded within the overall national security concept but also one of the fundamental elements influencing various fields of national security (Chang & Wen, 2024). The security dimension of language planning is a crucial issue that cannot be overlooked in language policy research (Shen, 2014). While building national language security, the core value of language planning is also reflected, with a close interactive relationship existing between the two. Language planning serves as a “tool” to achieve language security, resisting external erosion of the language ecology and shaping a secure language ecology. At the same time, language security needs to guide the direction of planning, ensuring the comprehensive national security system.
Domestic scholars have conducted relatively extensive research on language planning issues, viewing language planning as a top-down operation and considering language policy as part of social policy (Fang, 2021). Language planning not only serves the formulation of national language development plans but also contributes to the formation of a language development planning theory with Chinese characteristics (Li, 2023). To effectively carry out language planning, many scholars have studied practices abroad. The South Korean government has vigorously promoted public language planning through the establishment of language institutions, language legislation, the creation of service websites, and the implementation of specialized language activities (Zheng & Mao, 2024). Taking India’s post-independence language policies and planning as a research subject, the internal and external connections between India’s language policies and planning and national security are analyzed from both micro and macro dimensions (He & Liao, 2023). Some foreign scholars have emphasized the strong relationship between language policy and language planning, highlighting their synergistic role in shaping the sociolinguistic landscape (Al-Zoubi & Abunawas, 2025). They have analyzed how history, class structure, ideology, and power dynamics influence issues such as language education planning (Jamaati et al., 2024).
There is relatively little literature on language security issues. Some scholars have interpreted the connotation of language security from the perspective of “nationality” in political science, exploring the value dimensions of language security nationality in terms of maintaining language ontology security, enhancing national language capabilities, and constructing China’s discourse system, and subsequently proposing practical approaches (Zhou & Gao, 2024). Within the theoretical framework of the overall national security concept, cultural security is a safeguarding element of national security, and language security is an important indicator of the state of cultural security (Liu & Wang, 2024). It is argued that language security is not only an important area within the overall national security concept but also one of the fundamental elements influencing various fields of national security (Mu, 2024). Therefore, national language security issues should be fully considered when conducting language planning work. In this context, analyzing the logical relationship between language security and language planning becomes particularly important. To better study this issue in the future, it is necessary to review and analyze existing domestic research on language security and language planning.
To help clarify the current state of research, hotspots, and trends in the field of national language security and planning, a visual analysis of relevant literature in this area is conducted to identify related issues and provide scientific guidance under the background of implementing the overall national security concept. For this purpose, this paper uses CiteSpace software for visual analysis, reviewing key achievements in national language security and planning from 2003 to 2024, and drawing multidimensional knowledge maps to provide evidence and references.
2. Data Sources and Research Methods
2.1. Data Sources
The data used in this study were collected from the CNKI database. The CNKI advanced search function was applied to retrieve literature related to language security and language planning. Considering that language planning is closely associated with language security governance and is frequently discussed as an important approach for addressing language risks, maintaining language order, and promoting sustainable language development, “language planning” was included as one of the retrieval terms. The retrieval conditions were set as follows: (keyword = language security) OR (keyword = language and national security) OR (keyword = language safety) OR (keyword = language use safety) OR (keyword = safe language) OR (keyword = language risk) OR (keyword = language planning), with exact matching selected for all keywords. The publication period was restricted to 2003-2024, and the journal source category was limited to core journals, including Peking University Core and CSSCI journals. The initial search returned 803 records. After removing duplicate records and manually reviewing the titles, abstracts, and keywords, studies that did not show clear relevance to language security issues or related language planning practices were excluded. Finally, 513 articles were selected as the dataset for subsequent CiteSpace analysis.
2.2. Research Methods
CiteSpace 6.4. R1 (64-bit) was employed to conduct bibliometric visualization and network analysis of the selected literature. Based on the retrieved records, this study examined the development of language security and language planning research in China from multiple perspectives, including publication trends, author collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence patterns, keyword burst detection, and keyword clustering structures.
The time span of the analysis was set from 2003 to 2024, with one year as the time slice. Keywords were selected as the node type for co-occurrence analysis, burst detection, and clustering analysis. The analysis incorporated information from titles, abstracts, author keywords (DE), and keyword plus terms (ID). The network was constructed based on cosine similarity, and links were generated within individual time slices. The g-index method was adopted for node selection, with the scaling factor k set to 25. Considering the relatively large size of the literature dataset and the diversity of research topics involved, this parameter was selected to retain a sufficient number of representative nodes and preserve the structural information of the keyword network. It helps capture the relationships among major research themes while maintaining the interpretability of the visualization results.
Before visualization analysis, keywords with similar meanings or different expressions were manually checked and standardized to reduce the influence of terminology variations on the analysis results.
3. Visual Analysis of Literature
3.1. Annual Publication Volume Analysis
The development trend and status quo of a certain field can be fed back from the temporal change trend of the number of published papers in this field (Cai et al., 2012). According to the selected literature distribution years of language safety and planning in relevant countries, the annual trend of author publication volume of relevant literatures is obtained (Figure 1). As can be seen from the figure, the trend of publication volume from 2003 to 2024 can be divided into three stages: The period from 2003 to 2012 was the stable starting stage, with a small number of publications and only a few literatures. At this stage, the academic community paid less attention, and only a small number of studies on language planning were conducted, which did not rise to the level of language security research. From 2013 to 2019, the number of published papers showed an upward trend, reaching 24 in 2015. Although there were fluctuations in this stage, the number of published papers was higher than that in the previous stage. Scholars can summarize and conclude on the basis of the previous studies, make derivatives on all aspects, and propose more studies in highly relevant fields. However, a very concentrated and in-depth research hotspot has not yet been formed. The period from 2020 to 2024 is the rapid development stage, and the growth trend of the number of published papers has accelerated significantly, reaching 151 by 2024, which has a significant increase compared with the previous period. This means that China’s national language security and planning research has entered a period of rapid development. Due to social changes, national policy attention and other factors, the research heat in this field has increased, and national language security has become a research hotspot at this stage.
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Figure 1. Annual publication volume of authors.
3.2. Analysis of Authors and Cooperation Network
CiteSpace software is used to analyze the major authors of national language security and planning studies from 2003 to 2024 and their associations, as shown in Figure (Figure 2), the correlation between core authors can be seen. In the figure, the size of authors’ names can represent the number of authors’ publications, and the lines between their names represent the cooperative relationship between authors. Shen Qi and Wang Chunhui are the authors with a large number of publications, which can be seen from their long-term research in the field of language security. Followed by ZHAO Ronghui, Chen Xinren and many other authors. Finally, ZHOU Yan, SUN Yu and other authors cooperated closely with each other. From the perspective of author cooperation, there are 22 collaborations among 107 scholars, and the density of the cooperation network is 0.0039. The academic research relationship between authors is not close and scattered, and most of them are cooperation between two authors or a single author, and there are few large-scale research teams. It can be seen that the research forces in the field of language security and planning in China are not concentrated. However, as a new research direction, language security has great prospects for future development, which is conducive to academic scholars to carry out in-depth research and strengthen cooperation.
3.3. Keyword Analysis
3.3.1. Keyword Co-Occurrence Analysis
The figure (Figure 3) is the knowledge map of keyword co-occurrence on language security and planning in China, with a total of 380 keywords, 873 connections, and a density of 0.0121. In the figure, the circle size of keyword nodes in keyword co-occurrence represents the frequency of keyword occurrence. The larger the circle, the more the keyword occurrence frequency, and the more the color of the circle appears, the longer the keyword lasts. The lines between keywords represent the links between keywords, and the more lines, the closer the links between keywords are proved. Language security, language planning, national security and language governance have more connections with other keywords, which is an important research group. In addition, the color of the circle and the color of the line correspond to the year, from which it can be seen that the time span of cultural security, language and national security is the longest, and has been the research hotspot of the academic circle. The outermost circle of the keywords language policy, national security, language security, language planning and language governance is purple, indicating that these keywords have become hot topics in the field of research recently. It shows that the academic community has been paying attention to the trend of national language security and planning for more than 20 years, and it also shows that language security plays a vital role in national security, and the application of language planning has a core value for language security.
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Figure 2. Author cooperation network diagram.
Figure 3. The co-occurrence of keywords on language security and planning.
3.3.2. Keyword Hotspot Analysis
In the analysis, the frequency and intermediate centrality of the literature can reflect the hot spots and trends in the research field. Intermediary centrality is an index to measure the importance of nodes and networks. The greater the centrality of nodes, the more connections between keywords, the greater the role it plays in the communication between nodes. In Table 1, the top 10 high-frequency words and key words with high centrality are listed. It can be seen that the theme of language security and planning in relevant countries is more focused. This paper presents the distribution of hot topics in the field of language security and planning in China since the new century. Language planning, language governance, language policy, language security and national security reveal the main scope of the research, and are closely related to other keywords, which can better clarify the relationship between keywords. In the context of the overall concept of national security, language is not only an indispensable link in interpersonal communication and cultural exchange (Shen et al., 2023), but also plays a key role in the multi-dimensional field of national security. The high frequency and high importance of language security have become a research hotspot at this stage and an emerging field of language planning research at home and abroad (Shen, 2020a). At the same time, language planning, language governance and language policy also have high frequency and high importance, which shows that the further construction of language security cannot be achieved without relevant theoretical research and practical exploration.
Table 1. Keyword frequency and centrality.
Sort |
Frequency |
Centrality |
Vintage |
Keywords |
1 |
122 |
0.3 |
2008 |
Language planning |
2 |
112 |
0.18 |
2015 |
Language Governance |
3 |
102 |
0.29 |
2005 |
Language policy |
4 |
94 |
0.52 |
2006 |
Language security |
5 |
80 |
0.68 |
2003 |
National security |
6 |
17 |
0.18 |
2020 |
Language life |
7 |
13 |
0.04 |
2022 |
Language landscape |
8 |
12 |
0.03 |
2007 |
Language strategy |
9 |
11 |
0.08 |
2004 |
Cultural security |
10 |
10 |
0.03 |
2008 |
Key languages |
3.3.3. Keyword Prominence Analysis
Use CiteSpace keywords to highlight functional science to grasp the future development trend of the research field, and analyze the keywords with sudden increase in a short time to judge the research frontier trend. In the figure (Figure 4), the top 10 phrases in the ranking of keywords are intercepted. The longer the outburst time of the keywords, the greater the continuous influence of the keywords, and the research hotspot of the academic circle in a certain period of time. According to the keyword prominence chart, the keyword map in the field of language security and planning presents two characteristics. First, according to “begin” and “end” to denote the start and end time of research hotspots, national security, cultural security, key language and foreign language education are the early hot spots, and their keyword eruption time is longer, all lasting more than 9 years. This indicates that these keywords have attracted much attention in the academic community. However, language landscape, language planning and language management came into being a hot topic relatively late. After they came into being, they have been in the explosive period up to now, which indicates the possible future research trend in this field. Second, from the perspective of the keyword strength expressed by “strength”, the strength index of national security is 16.64, ranking first and in line with the development of The Times; the second is language security, with a strength index of 10.48. Language security, as one of the important components of national security, has a remarkable prominence and strength of keywords. It is consistent with the objective reality of the overall concept of national security. It can be the future development direction of this research field.
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Figure 4. Key words about language safety and planning are highlighted.
4. Keyword Cluster Analysis of National Language Security and Planning Research
CiteSpace software is used to perform cluster analysis on keywords, and the clustering time graph of language security and planning research topics is obtained (Figure 5). As is shown from the figure, there are 380 network nodes and 683 connections, the network density is 0.0095, the ModularityQ value is 06861 (greater than 0.3), indicating that the cluster structure is significant as clipart; the value of SilhouetteS is 0.9239 (greater than 0.7), indicating that the cluster is reasonable and convincing. In the figure, keyword 1 is clustered into 9 categories, which are #0 language security, #1 language policy, #2 language governance, #3 national security, #4 language planning, #5 cultural security, #6 language life, #7 language attitude and #8 key languages, and it can be seen from the figure when a keyword begins to appear, for example, in 2003, The keyword national security began to appear, and in 2006, language security began to be studied by scholars.
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Figure 5. Time graph of keywords.
Nine major keyword clusters are identified in Table 2, which presents the cluster size, centrality, and representative label terms for each cluster. All clusters have centrality values above 0.75, indicating satisfactory clustering quality and a well-defined knowledge structure. It should be noted that the clustering results do not necessarily include all keywords in the co-occurrence network. Some low-frequency or weakly connected keywords failed to form stable modular structures and were therefore not incorporated into the major clusters. Moreover, CiteSpace preferentially reports representative clusters with clear modular characteristics, while small-scale or peripheral clusters are typically omitted from the summarized clustering results. Based on these clusters, the research hotspots can be grouped into two broad themes: 1) language security construction under the holistic approach to national security, and 2) the core applications of language planning in language security construction.
Table 2. Keyword cluster analysis.
No. |
theme |
Cluster size |
Centrality |
Year |
Identifying words |
# 0 |
language security |
47 |
0.976 |
2017 |
Language safety; Language governance; Hainan; One Belt, One Road; Language policy; Mandarin; Countermeasures; Concept; Traditional security; Generational differences; Equivalence theory; Strong English |
# 1 |
language policy |
42 |
0.909 |
2019 |
Language policy; Ethnic minorities; Kazakhstan; Language safety; Language ecology; National interest; Public relations; Implementation status; Text measurement method; Minority education |
# 2 |
language governance |
42 |
0.935 |
2021 |
Language governance; National governance; The digital age; Language management; National security; Linguistics; Regional image; National logic; framework |
# 3 |
national security |
39 |
0.893 |
2014 |
National security; Language strategy; Language competence; Language governance; National defense language; Language ability; System; Folk; Cyberspace security; diplomacy |
# 4 |
language planning |
37 |
0.914 |
2020 |
Language planning; National security; National conditions of language; Value orientation; Public space; Prestige planning; Proper name; Problem area |
# 5 |
cultural security |
33 |
0.914 |
2014 |
Cultural safety; Language; Culture; Language and characters; National consciousness; Overseas communication; Values; National security system; Strategy; Economic security |
# 6 |
language life |
24 |
0.905 |
2022 |
Language life; Artificial intelligence; Rural revitalization; Language landscape; Network security; Digital people; Official governing body; Identity; The lie machine; Shanghai; Multilingual community |
# 7 |
language attitude |
20 |
0.865 |
2015 |
Language attitude; Language resources; Language services; Performance; Conversion; Mother tongue; Uprootation; Language use |
# 8 |
key languages |
16 |
0.956 |
2014 |
Key language; Foreign language ability; College students; Arabic; Star Talk; Foreign language; National security; Foreign languages |
4.1. Research on Language Security in the Context of Overall National Security View
4.1.1. Language Security Issues
Language is a communication tool. As the carrier of information and the support of thinking, language is the carrier of culture and cultural phenomenon, as well as an important link for identity construction and identification, which makes its multiple functions widely existing as the basis for affecting national security (Zhang, 2018). Some studies have found that there are multiple aspects to language problems. First, with the accelerated process of globalization, the influx of foreign cultures through languages may dilute the unique cultural connotations carried by native languages, threatening the cultural security contained in languages. Peng Wenbo believes that the invasion of foreign languages into Chinese is like the invasion of foreign species into native species, resulting in the continuous disappearance of the beauty and meaning of Chinese (Peng, 2006), resulting in the problem of language pollution. Second, China borders more than ten countries, and cross-border language problems may occur in border areas. The handling of ethnic relations and language relations is closely related to national security and is one of the most likely issues to affect national security. Yuan Shanlai believes that there are many cross-border ethnic groups, and these cross-border ethnic groups basically speak the same language with each other and share the same ethnic psychology. The influence of cross-border languages on international bilateral relations is both beneficial and harmful, and the relevant departments of the state need to pay great attention to it (Yuan & Kang, 2014). Liu Yuejin pointed out that languages also endanger national security in various forms, such as language aggression, language hegemony as a form of cultural aggression and cultural imperialism, and even pose varying degrees of threat and harm to national security (Liu, 2011). Third, in the process of the popularization of Putonghua, dialects in many regions have also disappeared, the number of speakers of dialects has been reduced, the scope of use has been narrowed, and the structure of language development has been simplified, making some dialects enter the endangered state of language, and the culture they carry has also died out. As a natural language, dialects are not only a language but also a resource. Dai Manchun believes that the endangerment of languages will affect the security of military communication and other aspects. Compared with traditional encryption, natural languages have great advantages. Therefore, it is particularly important to control the learning and dissemination of the language and prevent the leakage of language resources (Dai, 2011). Fourthly, in the process of the rapid development of digital informatization, maintaining the security of language and text information has become one of the core contents. Jin Guangjin believes that the insecure factors in language and text informatization are the hidden dangers of national security. We have not fully occupied the high ground of Chinese information processing standards, and we have not fully mastered the independent intellectual property rights of Chinese information processing core technologies. Can not meet the needs of Chinese information processing (Jin, 2010). Fifthly, nowadays, the international pattern is in turmoil, and many fields such as military affairs, surveillance, and protection of overseas Chinese are in urgent need of improving the ability of multiple foreign languages. However, nowadays, China lacks the ability of many minority languages and compound foreign language talents (Li, 2011), so it is necessary to improve the diversified development of foreign languages.
4.1.2. Research on National Language Security
This shows that the state attaches great importance to security issues in all aspects, and language security is also one of the important components. Therefore, in the context of the overall national security concept, language security research has become a research hotspot in the field of linguistics, and a series of studies have been carried out. In recent years, the amount of research in this field has been increasing, and the research content has been deepening. Huang Dekuan believes that “Language plays an important role in the national security strategy, and the impact of language on a country’s security is fundamental”. It is of potential and long-term significance. From the perspective of national security strategy, it is necessary to further strengthen China’s language work (Huang, 2014). In the era of rapid development of artificial intelligence, large language models can be influenced by specific collective values and ideologies, making language a security risk. Liu Jiani et al. believe that we need to establish bottom-line thinking, prevent small problems, strengthen the top-level design of artificial intelligence, actively promote the development and application of national common language model, improve laws and regulations in the field of artificial intelligence, guard against the risk of value bias, and enhance the ability of value alignment, so as to effectively safeguard national language security and cultural sovereignty (Zhou & Gao, 2024). The acceleration of globalization has led to the intensification of international migration and population flow, and the emergence of language conflicts without control will threaten language security and even national security. Fang Xiaobing believes that the countermeasures for language conflicts should be improved, a long-term mechanism for preventing and managing language conflicts should be established, linguistic diversity should be protected and a common sense of belonging should be fostered (Fang, 2024). Moreover, Shen Qi found that the problem view in the language and foreign language education of the main ethnic group, some elite groups and minority ethnic groups is the main source of language conflicts in China’s neighboring countries. Paying attention to the language conflicts in neighboring countries and strengthening the construction of national language security capabilities are conducive to improving and expanding the overall national security capabilities (Shen & Peng, 2023). It can be seen that in order to solve the language security problem, it is necessary to solve the problems derived from it.
4.2. Research on Language Planning under the Background of Overall National Security Concept
Language planning has a direct impact on language security and is the core means to safeguard national language security. Chen Zhangtai pointed out that language planning is a holistic and systematic project, which is not only a matter of language and its use, but also closely related to social life, politics and economy, culture and education, science and technology, ethnic religion, and ideology and psychology. The formulation and implementation of language planning should be based on certain principles in order to achieve success (Chen, 2005). Some scholars have made important achievements in this field through continuous exploration. Shen Qi proposed a domain classification based on global governance, and combined the conflicts and contradictions that language security may produce in different governance domains. The governance fields of language security planning are identified as follows: global language governance, global political governance, global economic governance, global security governance, global ecological governance and global cultural governance (Shen, 2020b). Li Yuming discussed several issues of domain language planning and proposed the basic content of domain language planning (Li, 2013). Li Haiying et al. fully demonstrated the main factors and mechanisms of language planning in border areas affecting national security, studied the national security-oriented standards of speech community planning, established a national security model of regional language planning, and then provided a standard reference for national security language strategic planning (Li & Li, 2014). Zhang Ripei believed that the government should play a leading role, establish and transmit the “harmonious” language values to the society with modern rationality, and promote language planning with the authority of the government. Finally, he put forward the concept of “language function-policy planning” with the theme of “leading rather than controlling” (Zhang, 2009). Some scholars analyzed the literature on language planning and language policy over the years, extracted the definition of language planning, and found the characteristics of the changes in the process: from the perspective of tools to the perspective of resources; The transition from structuralism to postmodernism; The transition from univariate system to multivariable system; The shift from pragmatism to linguistic rights; From linguistic problems to linguistic ecology; From the field of linguistics to sociology, political science and other disciplines (Liu, 2006). Gao Haiyang believes that the long-term planning of China’s national security and language strategy should mainly include national language acquisition planning and language strategy support system for national security (Gao, 2014). In addition, Dai Manchun et al. systematically analyzed the development of French language policy, reflecting the importance of saving endangered languages and seeking inspiration for China’s language policy and planning (Dai & He, 2010). Shen Qi proposed to deepen and expand the research on language planning in non-traditional security fields, build a three-dimensional analysis framework for language security planning, and propose five object levels and nine problem areas of language planning (Chang & Wen, 2024). According to the security of language issues, Wang Jianqin proposed that the country should strengthen foreign language planning to effectively safeguard national interests and security; Secondly, according to the national strategy, the state should formulate key language policies to cope with international affairs and emergencies, and comprehensively improve the national foreign language ability (Wang, 2011). From this, we can see the core position of language planning in the process of language security construction.
5. Conclusion and Prospect
Using the core journals of CNKI database as data, this paper makes a visual analysis of language security and planning in China by using CiteSpace. In terms of the research status, language planning has always been an important research topic for scholars in this field, and it is a research hotspot in this field. In recent years, the quantity and quality of research results on language safety and planning in China have remained at a high level, but there are few researches on some of them, so there is still a great development prospect and development trend in this field in the future. From the perspective of the distribution of researchers, the relevant mature author cooperation network has not yet been established, and the research team needs to be expanded. In terms of research hotspots, language planning has always been a research hotspot, and has become an interdisciplinary research field such as linguistics and sociology. Moreover, language security has also become a research hotspot in recent years, which is closely related to the implementation of the overall national security concept strategy.
However, several limitations of this study should be noted. First, the literature dataset was obtained exclusively from the CNKI database and was limited to core journal articles. Although this approach ensures the consistency of the analyzed literature, it may not fully reflect research published in other academic databases or other types of publications, such as books, conference papers, and policy documents. Second, the identification of relevant studies relied mainly on keyword-based retrieval. Although multiple keywords related to language security and language planning were included, studies using different conceptual expressions or terminology may not have been captured, which may have influenced the comprehensiveness of the dataset. Third, the bibliometric methods adopted in this study, including keyword co-occurrence analysis, burst detection, and clustering analysis, mainly reveal the structural characteristics and research trends of the field. These indicators cannot directly evaluate the theoretical contribution, academic quality, or practical influence of individual studies. Therefore, the findings should be understood as reflecting research patterns and thematic evolution rather than as a direct assessment of research significance.
Looking forward to the future, the national language security and planning can be deepened from these aspects. First of all, there is a small amount of literature on language security, and there are few teams to conduct research in this area. A collaborative innovation platform and a core research team should be established to solve the problem of loose cooperation network among authors, integrate relevant resources, deepen the research content, and provide new methods and ideas for solving the problem of language security through multidisciplinary integration. To better improve the language security system in China. Second, we should focus on language planning practices in non-traditional security fields, focus on breaking through core issues such as cross-border language governance, dialect digital resource protection, and strategic planning for key languages, and build a language planning framework. In addition, a database of endangered dialects can be established, and the dialect sound database can be stored and preserved by using science and technology, so as to reconstruct regional dialect culture and prevent the loss of regional culture. Finally, it is necessary to promote language legislation and cultivate compound foreign language talents, so as to respond to the challenges of compound language security in the context of globalization and digital superposition with systematic system innovation.
In short, over the past 20 years, researchers in this field have provided a large number of research results. Under the strategic background of the overall national security concept, China’s research on language security and planning still has great room for development. Its research findings and research trends should keep pace with The Times, analyze existing problems in the research process, propose scientific solutions, and summarize its experience. To form a research theory with Chinese characteristics and provide theoretical guidance for future research.
Funding
This research was funded by Research Project of the National Language and Script Promotion Base of Beijing Union University “A Study on Optimizing Vocabulary Annotations in International Chinese Teaching Materials from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics: Unifying Standardization and Diversity” (Grant No. YW202508).
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Z.H. and Z.C.X.; methodology, Z.H.; software, Z.C.X.; validation, Z.H., Z.C.X., and C.N.; formal analysis, Z.H.; investigation, Z.C.X.; resources, C.N.; data curation, Z.C.X.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.H.; writing—review and editing, Z.H.; visualization, Z.C.X.; supervision, C.N.; project administration, Z.H.; funding acquisition, C.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.