RETRACTED: The Financial Divide in Football: Exploring the Impact of Financial Inequality on Competitive Balance and Team Performance in European Leagues

Abstract

Short Retraction Notice The paper does not meet the standards of " Open Journal of Business and Management". This article has been retracted to straighten the academic record. In making this decision the Editorial Board follows COPE's Retraction Guidelines. The aim is to promote the circulation of scientific research by offering an ideal research publication platform with due consideration of internationally accepted standards on publication ethics. The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere apologies for any inconvenience this retraction may have caused. Please see the article page for more details. The full retraction notice in PDF is preceding the original paper which is marked "RETRACTED".

Share and Cite:

Ahsan, M. (2025) RETRACTED: The Financial Divide in Football: Exploring the Impact of Financial Inequality on Competitive Balance and Team Performance in European Leagues. Open Journal of Business and Management, 13, 4072-4092. doi: 10.4236/ojbm.2025.136221.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References

[1] Deloitte (2017). Annual Review of Football Finance 2017. Deloitte Sports Business Group.
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/sports-business-group/deloitte-uk-annual-review-of-football-finance-2017.pdf
[2] Goossens, K. (2006). Competitive Balance in European Football. Journal of Sports Eco-nomics, 7, 15-29.
[3] Matesanz, D., Holzmayer, F., Torgler, B., Schmidt, S. L., & Ortega, G. J. (2018). Transfer Market Activities and Sportive Performance in European First Football Leagues: A Dynamic Network Approach. PLOS ONE, 13, e0209362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Özaydın, S. (2021). Classifying the European Football Leagues by Using Balance-Performance Matrix. Journal of Political Science and Public Administration, 9, 140-154.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/psbd/issue/62066/621631
[5] Özaydın, S., & Donduran, M. (2019). An Empirical Study of Revenue Generation and Competitive Balance Relationship in European Football. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, 6, 116-124.
[6] Serrano, R., Moreno, E., & Izquierdo, L. R. (2023). Financial Fair Play and Competitive Balance in European Football. Sustainability, 15, Article No. 4284.
[7] Szymanski, S. (2001). Income Inequality, Competitive Balance and the Attractiveness of Team Sports: Some Evidence and a Natural Experiment from English Soccer. The Economic Journal, 111, F69-F84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[8] UEFA Intelligence Centre (2024). The European Club Finance and Investment Landscape 2024. Union of European Football Associations.
https://ecfil.uefa.com/2024
[9] Wicker, P., & Hohmann, T. (2025). The Global State of Football Report 2025. University of St. Gallen & PLAIER.
https://europeanleagues.com/wp-content/uploads/REPORT-THE-FINANCIAL-LANDSCAPE-OF-EUROPEAN-FOOTBALL.pdf

Copyright © 2026 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.