Experimental Quantization of Exact Wave Turbulence I: Spatial Quantization ()
1. Introduction
The exact solution for deterministic chaos of exponential oscillons and pulsons governed by the nonstationary, three-dimensional (3-d) Navier-Stokes equations has been developed by the method of decomposition in invariant structures (DIS) [1]. Using the Helmholtz decomposition, we decompose the Dirichlet problem for the Navier-Stokes equations into the Archimedean, Stokes, and Navier problems. A cascade differential algebra is developed in [2] for four families of invariant structures: deterministic scalar kinematic (DSK) structures, deterministic vector kinematic (DVK) structures, deterministic scalar dynamic (DSD) structures, and deterministic vector dynamic (DVD) structures. Scalar and vector variables of the Stokes problem are decomposed into the theoretical DSK and DVK structures, respectively. Scalar and vector variables of the Navier problem are expanded into the theoretical DSD and DVD structures, correspondingly.
The exact solution for stochastic chaos of random exponential oscillons and pulsons controlled by the nonstationary, 3-d Navier-Stokes equations has been considered in [3]. Differential algebra is constructed for six families of random invariant structures: random scalar kinematic (RSK) structures, time-complementary random scalar kinematic (RSKt) structures, random vector kinematic (RVK) structures, time-complementary random vector kinematic (RVKt) structures, random scalar dynamic (RSD) structures, and random vector dynamic (RVD) structures. We expand the random Dirichlet problem for the Navier-Stokes equations into the Archimedean, the random Stokes, and the random Navier problems. Scalar and vector solutions of the random Stokes problem are represented via the theoretical RSK, RSKt, RVK, and RVKt structures. Scalar and vector solutions of the random Navier problem are computed using the theoretical RSD and RVD structures.
The exact wave turbulence of exponential oscillons and pulsons is treated in [4] by developing eight families of invariant structures: deterministic-deterministic scalar dynamic (DDSD) structures, deterministic-random scalar dynamic (DRSD) structures, random-deterministic scalar dynamic (RDSD) structures, random-random scalar dynamic (RRSD) structures, deterministic-deterministic vector dynamic (DDVD) structures, deterministic-random vector dynamic (DRVD) structures, random-deterministic vector dynamic (RDVD) structures, and random-random vector dynamic (RRVD) structures in theoretical and experimental representations. The deterministic Stokes problem, the random Stokes problem, and the turbulent Stokes problem, which are subjected to the Dirichlet boundary conditions and conditions at infinities, are solved in the theoretical DSK, DVK, RSK, RSKt, RVK, and RVKt structures. The turbulent Navier problem is tackled and justified in the theoretical DDVD, DRVD, RDVD, RRVD, DDSD, DRSD, RDSD, and RRSD structures.
Theoretical quantization of the deterministic chaos in the elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy pulsons, in the elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy, diagonal oscillons, in the elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy, internal oscillons, and in the elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy, external oscillons was developed via the experimental DSD structures in [5] [6]. Three families of x-eigenfunctions, y-eigenfunctions, and t-eigenfunctions were defined to treat experimental quantization and to study topology, periodicity, local properties, integral properties, and shapes of the quantized deterministic oscillons and pulsons.
Theoretical quantization of the stochastic chaos in the random, elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy pulsons, in the random, elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy, diagonal oscillons, in the random, elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy, internal oscillons, and in the random, elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy, external oscillons was considered in terms of the experimental RSD structures in [3]. Theoretical quantization of the wave turbulence, which complements theoretical quantization of the deterministic chaos and the stochastic chaos by the deterministic-random, elementary, wave, group, kinetic-energy, internal oscillons, by the deterministic-random and random-deterministic, elementary, external oscillons, and by the deterministic-random, random-deterministic, wave, group, kinetic-energy, external oscillons, was treated in [7] using the experimental DDSD, DRSD, RDSD, and RRSD structures.
The objective of this paper is to complete theoretical quantization of the wave turbulence by experimental quantization in x-eigenfunctions of the deterministic-random, external, and internal interaction, the random-deterministic, external interaction, the random, external, and internal interaction, and the deterministic, external, and internal interaction and to explore topology, periodicity, integral properties, and visualizations of the quantized, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, and turbulent oscillons and pulsons.
The contents of the current paper are as follows. The deterministic-random, random-deterministic, and random x-eigenfunctions are introduced in Section 2. Section 3 deals with oscillons of the deterministic-random, external interaction. Oscillons of the deterministic-random, internal interaction are considered in Section 4. Oscillons of the turbulent, external interaction are computed in Section 5. Oscillons of the turbulent, diagonal interaction and the turbulent, internal interaction are studied in Sections 6 and 7, respectively. Turbulent and cumulative pulsons are treated in Section 8. Section 9 contains a brief discussion of the main results and further developments.
2. Eigenfunctions of Inhomogeneous Fourier
Expansions
2.1. Deterministic and Random Eigenfunctions of the Turbulent Velocity Potential
The deterministic, velocity-potential, elementary oscillons (the dpe oscillons for brevity, see (126) of [7])
(1)
are defined via the experimental DSK (eDSK) structures
(2)
where
is an index of oscillons,
are deterministic functional amplitudes of a deterministic harmonic variable
,
are three-variables (3-v) eDSK functions, explicitly,
(3)
are one-variable (1-v) eDSK functions, which are calculated by
(4)
(5)
are deterministic propagation variables defined by
(6)
In the above definition of the dpe oscillons,
is the Cartesian coordinate of a motionless frame of reference,
is time,
is the Cartesian coordinate of the mth frame of reference moving with the dpe oscillon,
is a celerity of propagation of the mth dpe oscillon,
is a reference value of
at
,
are deterministic wavenumbers of the mth dpe oscillon in the x-, y-, z-directions, and a sign parameter
for
and
for
.
Following [5] [6], we express the 3-v eDSK functions in terms of the 1-v eDSK functions and collect
to obtain the dpe-x oscillons propagating in the x-direction via deterministic trigonometric polynomials
(7)
where deterministic coefficients
(8)
depend on
.
We then define four deterministic trigonometric functions in the y-direction
(9)
deterministic X-shifts, depending on
,
(10)
and deterministic trigonometric amplitudes
(11)
Substituting the deterministic trigonometric functions in the deterministic trigonometric polynomials and combining terms yields the inhomogeneous Fourier form of the dpe-x oscillons in the mth moving frame (see (67) of [5])
(12)
Eventually, four dpe-x oscillons may be grouped into two vector dpe-x oscillons
(13)
which are formed by two 2-tuples of the dpe-x oscillons:
(14)
Two-tuple
consists of sine wave
and cosine wave
with wavenumber
for each m. Two-tuple
comprises sine wave
and cosine wave
with wavenumber
for each m.
Here, deterministic eigenfunctions of the dpe-x oscillons in the motionless frame
(15)
depend on two arguments
(16)
where
(17)
are deterministic x-shifts, which depend on
.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector dpe-x oscillon
(18)
is reduced to a list of two one-wavenumber (1-w), deterministic oscillons in x, which are produced by 2-tuple
as
(19)
The 2nd vector dpe-x oscillon
(20)
is also transformed into a list of two 1-w, deterministic oscillons in x, which are generated by 2-tuple
since
(21)
For all vector dpe-x oscillons, amplitudes of complementary eigenfunctions vanish, while amplitudes of eigenfunctions depend on
via
and x-shifts are determined by
through
.
The x-period of the dpe-x oscillons
(22)
Since the average of the dpe-x oscillons over
vanishes for each m, i.e.
(23)
the dpe-x oscillons are neutral.
The random, velocity-potential, elementary oscillons (the rpe oscillons for briefness, see (156) of [7])
(24)
are represented via the experimental RSK (eRSK) structures
(25)
where
are random functional amplitudes of a random harmonic variable
,
are 3-v eRSK functions, namely,
(26)
are 1-v eRSK functions, which are computed by
(27)
(28)
are random propagation variables:
(29)
In the above definition of the rpe oscillons,
is the Cartesian coordinate of the mth frame of reference moving with the rpe oscillon,
is a celerity of propagation of the mth rpe oscillon,
is a reference value of
at
, and
are random wavenumbers of the mth rpe oscillon in the x-, y-, z-directions. Wave parameters
(30)
together with functional amplitudes
(31)
are smooth random functions of time from
. Wavenumbers
are random parameters.
Substitution of the 3-v eRSK functions in terms of the 1-v eRSK functions and collection of
yield the rpe-x oscillons in terms of random trigonometric polynomials
(32)
where random coefficients
(33)
depend on
.
We then introduce four random trigonometric functions in the y-direction
(34)
random X-shifts, depending on
,
(35)
and random trigonometric amplitudes
(36)
Substitution of the random trigonometric functions in the random trigonometric polynomials gives the inhomogeneous Fourier form of the rpe-x oscillons in the mth moving frame
(37)
Similar to the dpe-x oscillons, four rpe-x oscillons may be combined into two vector rpe-x oscillons
(38)
which are produced by two 2-tuples of the rpe-x oscillons:
(39)
Two-tuple
is composed of sine wave
and cosine wave
with wavenumber
for each m. Two-tuple
includes sine wave
and cosine wave
with wavenumber
for each m.
So, random eigenfunctions of the rpe-x oscillons in the motionless frame
(40)
depend on two arguments
(41)
where
(42)
are random x-shifts, which depend on
.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector rpe-x oscillon
(43)
is presented by a list of two 1-w, random oscillons in x, which are established by 2-tuple
as
(44)
The 2nd vector dpe-x oscillon
(45)
is visualized by a list of two 1-w, random, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 2-tuple
since
(46)
For all vector rpe-x oscillons, amplitudes of complementary eigenfunctions vanish, while amplitudes of eigenfunctions are governed by
through
,
and x-shifts are influenced by
via
.
The x-period of the rpe-x oscillons
(47)
Because the average of the rpe-x oscillons over
vanishes for each m, i.e.
(48)
the rpe-x oscillons are neutral, as well.
2.2. Eigenfunctions of Deterministic-Random, External Interaction
Consider the mth and nth families of deterministic eigenfunctions of the dpe-x oscillons
(49)
of four arguments
(50)
with two deterministic wavenumbers
and
for
and
.
We also consider the mth and nth families of random eigenfunctions of the rpe-x oscillons
(51)
of four arguments
(52)
with two random wavenumbers
and
.
Matrix
of the deterministic-random, external interaction
in the x-direction between
and
with
and
(between scaled dpe-x and rpe-x oscillons) takes the following form:
(53)
Because of the trigonometric identities for products of sine and cosine (the product identities), there are 16 deterministic-random, external eigenfunctions
, namely,
(54)
of eight deterministic-random, external arguments
, explicitly,
(55)
with two deterministic-random, external wavenumbers
(56)
Deterministic-random, external eigenfunctions
include sine and cosine waves of all combinations of deterministic-random, external x-wave-numbers and x-shifts.
Computing matrix
yields the following Fourier expansions in
:
(57)
2.3. Eigenfunctions of Random-Deterministic, External Interaction
Matrix
of the random-deterministic, external interaction
in the x-direction between
and
(between the scaled rpe-x and dpe-x oscillons) becomes
(58)
In view of the product identities, there are also 16 random-deterministic, external eigenfunctions
, specifically,
(59)
of eight random-deterministic, external arguments
namely,
(60)
with two random-deterministic, external wavenumbers
(61)
Random-deterministic, external eigenfunctions
include sine and cosine waves of all combinations of random-deterministic, external x-wavenumbers and x-shifts.
We compute matrix
in terms of
as follows:
(62)
It is a tedious, but a straightforward matter to show that deterministic-random, external eigenfunctions
and random-deterministic, external eigenfunctions
coincide up to the changing of index l and sign of eigenfunctions. Consequently, inhomogeneous Fourier expansions in either
or
are structurally invariant since they will differ only in order and signs of functional amplitudes.
2.4. Eigenfunctions of Deterministic-Random, Internal Interaction
If
, then two wavenumbers
and
of
are transformed into two wavenumbers of the deterministic-random, internal interaction in the x-direction
(63)
Therefore, we introduce the following eight deterministic-random internal arguments
, explicitly,
(64)
Consequently, 16 deterministic-random, internal eigenfunctions
are defined as follows:
(65)
Matrix
of the deterministic-random, internal
in the x-direction between
and
is not a symmetrical matrix, specifically,
(66)
Computation of matrix
via
returns
(67)
It is also straightforward to show that deterministic-random, internal eigenfunctions
and random-deterministic, internal eigenfunctions
coincide up to the changing of index l and sign of eigenfunctions. Therefore, inhomogeneous Fourier decompositions in either
or
are structurally invariant since they will differ only in order and signs of functional amplitudes.
2.5. Eigenfunctions of Random, External Interaction
Matrix
of the random, external interaction
in the x-direction between
and
(between scaled rpe-x oscillons) may be written as follows:
(68)
In agreement with the product identities, there are 16 random, external eigenfunctions
, specifically,
(69)
of eight random, external arguments
, explicitly,
(70)
which include two random, external wavenumbers
(71)
Random, external eigenfunctions
include sine and cosine waves of all combinations of random, external x-wavenumbers and x-shifts, as well.
Computation of matrix
returns the following expansions in
:
(72)
Replacing index r with d results in the deterministic, external eigenfunctions
, see (98)-(104) of [5].
2.6. Eigenfunctions of Random, Internal Interaction
If
, then two wavenumbers
and
of
are reduced to a single wavenumber since
(73)
Eight random, external arguments
are transformed into four arguments. Therefore, we define four random, internal arguments
as follows:
(74)
Sixteen random, external eigenfunctions
are converted into eight random, internal functions, whereas six random, internal eigenfunctions
and two random shifts
and
are set in the following form:
(75)
Matrix
of the random, internal interaction
in the x-direction between
and
becomes a symmetrical one, explicitly,
(76)
We then compute the following expansions of the elements of matrix
in
:
(77)
Replacement of index r with d produces the deterministic, internal eigenfunctions
see (105)-(111) of [5].
3. Oscillons of Deterministic-Random, External Interaction
3.1. The DREE Oscillons
Because of the identity resonance, 16 deterministic-random, external, elementary oscillons (dree oscillons for shortness, see (194) of [7]) are grouped into eight vector dree-x oscillons
(78)
which are formed by the following eight 2-tuples of the deterministic-random, external, elementary interaction in x:
(79)
Two-tuple
consists of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
comprises two sine waves
and 2-tuple
two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
is composed of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
is constructed of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. All 2-tuples
are controlled by wavenumbers
for each m, n.
For any frozen
, application of matrix
yields that the 1st vector dree-x oscillon
(80)
is displayed by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are produced by 2-tuple
as
(81)
The 2nd vector dree-x oscillon
(82)
is presented by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are generated by 2-tuple
since
(83)
The 3rd vector dree-x oscillon
(84)
is visualized by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 2-tuple
because
(85)
The 4th vector dree-x oscillon
(86)
is represented by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are established by 2-tuple
in the view of
(87)
The 5th vector dree-x oscillon
(88)
is exposed by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are created by 2-tuple
since
(89)
The 6th vector dree-x oscillon
(90)
is exhibited by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which depend on 2-tuple
as
(91)
The 7th vector dree-x oscillon
(92)
is given by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are determined by 2-tuple
in the view of
(93)
The 8th vector dree-x oscillon
(94)
is envisioned by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are governed by 2-tuple
because
(95)
For all vector dree-x oscillons, amplitudes of eigenfunctions are controlled by
via
and x-shifts of eigenfunctions depend on
through
.
The x-periods
and
of
for each
are
(96)
The wavelength of the dree-x oscillons is given by
(97)
where
is a least common multiple of
and
,
and
are integers.
Because integrals of cosine waves and sine waves over
and
vanish, the average of the dree-x oscillons over
vanishes, as well. Therefore, the vector dree-x oscillons are neutral since on average they do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
3.2. The RDEE Oscillons
Due to the identity resonance, 16 random-deterministic, external, elementary oscillons (rdee oscillons for concision, see (195) of [7]) are combined into eight vector rdee-x oscillons
(98)
which are produced by the following eight 2-tuples of the random-deterministic, external, elementary interaction in x:
(99)
Two-tuple
is constructed of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
is composed of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
comprises two sine waves
and 2-tuple
two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
consists of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. All 2-tuples
depend on wavenumbers
for each m, n.
For any frozen
, we use matrix
to compute that the 1st vector rdee-x oscillon
(100)
is exposed by a list of two 2-w, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which depend on 2-tuple
in the view of
(101)
The 2nd vector rdee-x oscillon
(102)
is exhibited by a list of two 2-w, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are created by 2-tuple
because
(103)
The 3rd vector rdee-x oscillon
(104)
is given by a list of two 2-w, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are governed by 2-tuple
since
(105)
The 4th vector rdee-x oscillon
(106)
is envisioned by a list of two 2-w, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are determined by 2-tuple
as
(107)
The 5th vector rdee-x oscillon
(108)
is displayed by a list of two 2-w, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are generated by 2-tuple
because
(109)
The 6th vector rdee-x oscillon
(110)
is presented by a list of two 2-w, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are produced by 2-tuple
in the view of
(111)
The 7th vector rdee-x oscillon
(112)
is visualized by a list of two 2-w, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are established by 2-tuple
as
(113)
The 8th vector rdee-x oscillon
(114)
is represented by a list of two 2-w, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 2-tuple
since
(115)
For all vector rdee-x oscillons, amplitudes of eigenfunctions are determined by
via
and x-shifts of eigenfunctions are governed by
through
.
The x-periods
and
of
for each
are set by the following equations :
(116)
The wavelength of the rdee-x oscillons is determined by
(117)
where
and
are integers.
Since integrals of cosine waves and sine waves over
and
vanish, the average of the rdee-x oscillons over
also vanishes. Consequently, the vector rdee-x oscillons are neutral since on average they do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
3.3. The DREW Oscillons
We use the decomposition of deterministic-random, external, wave oscillons (drew oscillons for conciseness, see (197 of [7]) via the dree and rdee oscillons and substitute the inhomogeneous Fourier expansion of the vector dree-x and rdee-x oscillons to find that 16 drew-x oscillons are grouped into four vector drew-x oscillons
(118)
which are generated by four 8-tuples of the deterministic-random, external, wave interaction in x:
(119)
Eight-tuple
is constructed of four sine waves
and four sine waves
and 8-tuple
consists of four cosine waves
and four cosine waves
for
. Eight-tuple
comprises four sine waves
and four sine waves
and 8-tuple
is composed of four cosine waves
and four cosine waves
for
. All 8-tuples
depend on wavenumbers
and
for each m, n.
Due to the identity and wavenumber resonances of the vector dree-x and rdee-x oscillons for any frozen
, the 1st vector drew-x oscillon
(120)
is visualized by a list of four 4-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are produced by 8-tuple
as
(121)
The 2nd vector drew-x oscillon
(122)
is presented by a list of four 4-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are generated by 8-tuple
because
(123)
The 3rd vector drew-x oscillon
(124)
is displayed by a list of four 4-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 8-tuple
since
(125)
The 4th vector drew-x oscillon
(126)
is given by a list of four 4-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral oscillons in x, which are established by 8-tuple
in the view of
(127)
For all vector drew-x oscillons, amplitudes of eigenfunctions are influenced by
(128)
via
(129)
and x-shifts of eigenfunctions are controlled by
through
(130)
The wavelength of the drew-x oscillons is computed by
(131)
where
and
are integers. Similar to the dree-x and rdee-x oscillons, the average of the drew-x oscillons over
vanishes. The vector drew-x oscillons do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis, as well.
3.4. The DREG Oscillon
The symmetry and wavenumber resonances of the dree-x and rdee-x oscillons result in reduction of the deterministic-random, external, group oscillon (the dreg-oscillon for briefness, see (198) of [7]) to a 4-w oscillon, which is produced by 16-tuple of the deterministic-random, external, group interaction in x
(132)
Sixteen-tuple
includes four sine waves
with wavenumber
, four cosine waves
with wavenumber
, four sine waves
with wavenumber
, and four cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
and each m, n.
Expressing the dreg oscillon via the dree and rdee oscillons and substituting the inhomogeneous Fourier expansion of the vector drie-x and rdie-x oscillons yields that the dreg-x oscillon for any frozen
represents the 4-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral oscillon in x, which is formed by 16-tuple
,
(133)
because
(134)
where nonlinear amplitudes
(135)
and
(136)
are generated by the deterministic and random wave numbers.
Amplitudes of eigenfunctions depend on
(137)
via (129) and x-shifts of eigenfunctions are determined by
through (130). The wavelength of the dreg-x oscillon is also equal to
. The vanishing average of the dreg-x oscillon over
demonstrates that the dreg-x oscillon is also neutral.
3.5. The DREK Oscillon
The deterministic-random, external, kinetic-energy oscillon (the drek oscillon for pithiness, see (92) of [7]) takes the following form:
(138)
If all wavenumbers of the drek-x oscillon are distinct, then the drek-x oscillon is displayed as a
-w oscillon. For any frozen
, the drek-x oscillon is converted into the
-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral oscillon in x, which is formed by
16-tuples
with wavenumbers
for all m, n, Re, and wave parameters of the dreg-x oscillons.
The wavelength of the drek-x oscillon is given by
(139)
where
is an integer. Alike the dreg-x oscillon, the vanishing average of the drek-x oscillon over
demonstrates that the drek-x oscillon on average is also neutral.
The drek-x oscillons for
, the Reynolds number
, and
are shown in Figure 1 on wavelength
of the dek-x oscillon. We observe a substantial growth of the range of the 12-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral drek-x oscillon with Re.
In Figure 1 and sequential figures, the independent deterministic parameters are the same as in [5], namely,
(140)
(a) (b)
Figure 1. The drek-x oscillons: (a)
for
, (b)
for
.
Using the random oscillatory cn-noise [8], the independent random parameters are computed by
(141)
where
is the elliptic cosine,
is the elliptic modulus,
is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind,
(142)
are random amplitudes selected from a list of 120 random numbers on [0, 1],
(143)
are random frequencies chosen from a list of reciprocals of first 126 prime numbers mixed up randomly,
(144)
are scales of the random parameters.
For
, the independent random parameters have the following values:
(145)
For
, the independent random parameters become
(146)
Maple programs for computation of spatial quantization in the x-eigenfunctions will be published elsewhere.
4. Oscillons of Deterministic-Random, Internal Interaction
4.1. The DRIE Oscillons
In the view of the identity resonance, 16 deterministic-random, internal, elementary oscillons (the drie oscillons for briefness, see (188) of [7]) are arranged into eight vector drie-x oscillons:
(147)
which are formed by eight 2-tuples of the deterministic-random, internal, elementary interaction in x:
(148)
Two-tuple
consists of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
comprises two sine waves
and 2-tuple
two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
is composed of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. Two-tuple
is constructed of two sine waves
and 2-tuple
of two cosine waves
for
. All 2-tuples
are parametrized by wavenumbers
for each m.
For any frozen
, usage of matrix
yields that the 1st vector drie-x oscillon
(149)
is exposed by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which depend on 2-tuple
since
(150)
The 2nd vector drie-x oscillon
(151)
is exhibited by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are created by 2-tuple
as
(152)
The 3rd vector drie-x oscillon
(153)
is given by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are governed by 2-tuple
in the view of
(154)
The 4th vector drie-x oscillon
(155)
is envisioned by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are determined by 2-tuple
because
(156)
The 5th vector drie-x oscillon
(157)
is displayed by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are generated by 2-tuple
as
(158)
The 6th vector drie-x oscillon
(159)
is presented by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are produced by 2-tuple
since
(160)
The 7th vector drie-x oscillon
(161)
is visualized by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are established by 2-tuple
because
(162)
The 8th vector drie-x oscillon
(163)
is represented by a list of two 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 2-tuple
in the view of
(164)
For all vector drie-x oscillons, amplitudes of eigenfunctions are governed by
via
and x-shifts of eigenfunctions are influenced by
through
.
The x-periods
and
of
for each
become
(165)
The wavelength of the drie-x oscillons is determined by
(166)
where
and
are integers.
Because integrals of cosine and sine waves over
and
vanish, the average of the drie-x oscillons over
also vanishes. The vector drie-x oscillons are neutral since on average they do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
4.2. The DRIW Oscillons
We apply the decomposition of the deterministic-random, internal, wave oscillons (the driw oscillons for straightforwardness, see (190) of [7]) via the drie oscillons and substitute the inhomogeneous Fourier expansion of the vector drie-x oscillons to obtain that 16 driw-x oscillons are assembled into four vector driw-x oscillons
(167)
which are produced by four 4-tuples of the deterministic-random, internal, wave interaction in x:
(168)
Four-tuple
consists of four sine waves
and 4-tuple
is constructed of four cosine waves
for
. Four-tuple
is composed of four sine waves
and 4-tuple
comprises four cosine waves
. All 4-tuples
are controlled by wavenumbers
for each m.
Because of the identity and wavenumber resonances of the vector drie-x oscillons for any frozen
, the 1st vector driw-x oscillon
(169)
is displayed by a list of four 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which depend on 4-tuple
in agreement with
(170)
The 2nd vector driw-x oscillon
(171)
is represented by a list of four 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 4-tuple
as
(172)
The 3rd vector driw-x oscillon
(173)
is visualized by a list of four 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are generated by 4-tuple
in the view of
(174)
The 4th vector driw-x oscillon
(175)
is given by a list of four 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillons in x, which are determined by 4-tuple
because
(176)
For all vector driw-x oscillons, amplitudes of eigenfunctions are controlled by
via
and x-shifts of eigenfunctions depend on
through
. The wavelength of the driw-x oscillons is also
. Similar to the drie-x oscillons, the average of the driw-x oscillons over
vanishes, i.e. the vector driw-x-oscillons do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
4.3. The DRIG Oscillon
The symmetry and wavenumber resonances of the drie-x oscillons produce reduction of the deterministic-random, internal, group oscillon (the drig oscillon for easiness, see (191) of [7]) to a 2-w oscillon, which is generated by 8-tuple of the deterministic-random, internal, group interaction in x
(177)
Eight-tuple
consists of four sine waves
with wavenumber
, and four cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
, and each m.
We then express the drig oscillon via the drie oscillons and substitute the inhomogeneous Fourier expansion of the vector drie-x oscillons to obtain for any frozen
that the drig-x oscillon is converted into the 2-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillon in x, which is determined by 8-tuple
,
(178)
since
(179)
Amplitudes of eigenfunctions are determined by
(180)
via
and x-shifts of eigenfunctions are governed by
through
. The wavelength of the drig-x oscillon is
, as well. The vanishing average of the drig-x oscillon over
shows that the drig-x oscillon on average is neutral since it does not transfer the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
4.4. The DRIK Oscillon
The deterministic-random, internal, kinetic-energy oscillon (the drik oscillon for brevity, see (86) of [7]) may be written as follows:
(181)
Since all wavenumbers of the drik-x oscillons are distinct, the drik-x oscillon is visualized as a 2M-w oscillon. For any frozen
, the drik-x oscillon is presented by the 2M-w, deterministic-random, neutral oscillon in x, which is formed by M 8-tuples
with wavenumbers
for all m, Re, and wave parameters of the drig-x oscillons.
The wavelength of the drik-x oscillon is computed by
(182)
where
is an integer. Similar to the drig-x oscillon, the vanishing average of the drik-x oscillon over
shows that the drik-x oscillon on average does not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
The drik-x oscillons for
, wave parameters (140), (145), (146) are displayed on
in Figure 2. The Reynolds number strongly affects both the range and the shape of the 6-w, deterministic-random, neutral drik-x oscillon.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. The drik-x oscillons: (a)
for
, (b)
for
.
5. Oscillons of Turbulent, External Interaction
5.1. The TEE Oscillons
The turbulent, external, elementary oscillons (the tee oscillons for simplicity) are computed as the superposition of the dee oscillons ((149) of ) and the ree oscillons ((181) of ) as follows:
(183)
Similar to the vector dee-x and ree-x oscillons, six tee oscillons are grouped in three vector tee-x oscillons
(184)
which are formed by 4-tuple and two 8-tuples of the turbulent, external, elementary interaction in x:
(185)
Four-tuple
consists of two deterministic sine waves
with wavenumber
and two random sine waves
with wavenumber
for
and each m, n. Eight-tuple
comprises four deterministic cosine waves
with wavenumbers
and four random cosine waves
with wavenumbers
for
, and each m, n. Eight-tuple
is composed of four deterministic sine waves
with wavenumbers
and four random sine waves
with wavenumbers
for
and each m, n.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector tee-x oscillon
(186)
is reduced to a list of two 2-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are produced by 4-tuple
as
(187)
The 2nd vector tee-x oscillon
(188)
is presented by a list of two 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are gener-ated by 8-tuple
since
(189)
The 3rd vector tee-x oscillon
(190)
is visualized by a list of two 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 8-tuple
because
(191)
Wave parameters of the vector tee-x oscillons are given by correspondent parameters of the vector dee-x and ree-x oscillons. The wavelength of the first vector tee-x oscillon
(192)
where
and
are integers,
(193)
The wavelength of the second and third vector tee-x oscillons is given by wavelength of the turbulent external interaction in the x-direction
(194)
where
and
are integers,
(195)
(196)
where
are integers. The average of the tee-x oscillons over the correspondent wavelength vanishes, i.e. the vector tee-x oscillons are neutral because on average they do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
5.2. The TEW Oscillons
The turbulent, external, wave oscillons (the tew oscillons for straightforwardness) are constructed as the superposition of the dew oscillons ((151) of ) and the rew oscillons ((183) of ) in the following form:
(197)
Like the vector dew-x and rew-x oscillons, six tew oscillons are combined into three vector tew-x oscillons
(198)
which are produced by 4-tuple
and 8-tuples
and
.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector tew-x oscillon
(199)
is represented by a list of two 2-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 4-tuple
in view of
(200)
The 2nd vector tew-x oscillon
(201)
is exposed by a list of two 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are established by 8-tuple
since
(202)
The 3rd vector tew-x oscillon
(203)
is exhibited by a list of two 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which depend on 8-tuple
as
(204)
where
(205)
and
(206)
Wave parameters of the vector tew-x oscillons are provided by relevant parameters of the vector dew-x and rew-x oscillons. The wavelength of the first vector tew-x oscillon is
and the wavelength of the second and third vector tew-x oscillons is
. Likewise the vector tee-x oscillons, the average of the tew-x oscillons over the correspondent wavelength vanishes. Therefore, the vector tee-x oscillons are neutral because on average they do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
5.3. The TEG Oscillon
The turbulent, external, group oscillon (the teg oscillon for easiness) is composed as the superposition of the deg oscillon ((152) of ) and the reg oscillon ((184) of ), i.e.
(207)
Analogous to the deg-x and reg-x oscillons, the teg-x oscillon
(208)
where 12-tuple of the turbulent, external, group interaction in the x-direction
(209)
includes four deterministic sine waves
with wavenumber
for
and each m, n, two deterministic cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
and each m, n, four random sine waves
with wavenumber
for
and each m, n, and two random cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
and each m, n.
For any frozen
, the teg-x oscillon is displayed by a 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillon in x, which is generated by 12-tuple
since
(210)
Wave parameters of the teg-x oscillons are specified by appropriate parameters of the deg-x and reg-x oscillons. The wavelength of the teg-x oscillon is given by
. The average of the teg-x oscillon over
vanishes. Therefore, the teg-x oscillon on average is neutral since it does not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis, as well.
5.4. The TEK Oscillon
The turbulent, external, kinetic-energy oscillon (the tek oscillon for fastness), which is set as the superposition of the dek and rek oscillons, may be represented as
(211)
With the help of (77) and (120) of [7], the inhomogeneous Fourier expansion the tek-x oscillon becomes
(212)
If all wavenumbers of the tek-x oscillon are distinct, then the tek-x oscillon is visualized as a
-w oscillon. For any frozen
, the tek-x oscillon is represented by the
-w, turbulent, neutral oscillon in x, which is generated by
12-tuples
with wavenumbers
for all m, n, Re, and wave parameters of the teg-x oscillons.
The wavelength of the tek-x oscillon is specified by
(213)
where
and
are integers,
(214)
are the wavelengths of the dek-x and rek-x oscillons,
and
are integers. The vanishing average of the tek-x oscillon over
shows that the tek-x oscillon on average does not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
The dek-x and tek-x oscillons for
, and wave parameters (140), (145), (146) are visualized on
in Figure 3. Since the range of the 6-w, random, neutral rek-x oscillon at
is
, the 12-w, turbulent, neutral tek-x oscillon in Figure 3(b) alters insignificantly compared with the 6-w, deterministic, neutral dek-x oscillon in Figure 3(a). The range of the 6-w, random, neutral rek-x oscillon at
becomes
, therefore shape of the 12-w, turbulent, neutral tek-x oscillon in Figure 3(c) modi-fies significantly.
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 3. The dek-x and tek-x oscillons: (a)
, (b)
for
, (c)
for
.
6. Oscillons of Turbulent, Diagonal Interaction
6.1. The TDE Oscillons
The turbulent, diagonal, elementary oscillons (the tde oscillons for swiftness) are set as the superposition of the dde oscillons ((144) of ) and the rde oscillons ((176) of ), namely,
(215)
Like the vector dde-x and rde-x oscillons, four tde-x oscillons are grouped into two vector tde-x oscillons
(216)
which are constructed using two 4-tuples of the turbulent, diagonal, elementary interaction in x, specifically,
(217)
Four-tuple
embraces two deterministic cosine waves
with wavenumbers
, respectively, and two random cosine waves
with wavenumbers
, likely, for
, and each m, n. Four-tuple
includes two deterministic cosine waves
with wavenumbers
, similarly, and two random cosine waves
with wavenumbers
accordingly, for
, and each m, n.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector tde-x oscillon
(218)
is represented by a list of two 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which depend on 4-tuple
seeing that
(219)
The 2nd vector tde-x oscillon
(220)
is displayed by a list of two 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are controlled by 4-tuple
considering that
(221)
Wave parameters of the vector tde-x oscillons are indicated by similar parameters of the vector dde-x and rde-x oscillons. The wavelength of the tde-x oscillons is
. The average of the tde-x oscillons over
vanishes. Therefore, the vector tde-x oscillons are neutral since on average they do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
6.2. The TDW Oscillons
The turbulent, diagonal, wave oscillons (the tdw oscillons for quickness) are composed with the help of the superposition of the ddw oscillons ((146) of ) and the rdw oscillons ((178) of ) oscillons, explicitly,
(222)
Parallel to the vector ddw-x and rdw-x oscillons, four tdw-x oscillons are assembled into two vector tdw-x oscillons
(223)
which are formed by 8-tuple of the turbulent, diagonal, wave interaction in x:
(224)
Eight-tuple
consists of four deterministic cosine waves
with wavenumbers
and four random cosine waves
with wavenumbers
for
, and each m, n.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector tdw-x oscillon
(225)
is exhibited by a list of two 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are established by 8-tuple
for the reason that
(226)
The 2nd vector tdw-x oscillon
(227)
is exposed by a list of two 4-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are also set by 8-tuple
because
(228)
The vector tdw-x oscillons vary by the structure of amplitudes of eigenfunctions. Wave parameters of the vector tdw-x oscillons are given by relevant parameters of the vector ddw-x and rdw-x oscillons. The wavelength of the tdw-x oscillons is also provided by
. The average over
of the tdw-x oscillons also vanishes. Therefore, the vector tdw-x oscillons are neutral since on average they do not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
6.3. The TDG Oscillon
The turbulent, diagonal, group oscillon (the tdg oscillon for curtness) is set as the superposition of the ddg oscillons ((147) of ) and the rdg oscillons ((179) of ), viz.
(229)
Alike the vector ddg-x and rdg-x oscillons, the tdg-x oscillon
(230)
where 4-tuple of the turbulent, diagonal, group, interaction in the x-direction
(231)
is composed of two deterministic cosine waves
with wavenumber
and two random cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
, and each m, n.
For any frozen
, the tdg-x oscillon is represented by a 2-w, turbulent, neutral oscillon in x, which is produced by 4-tuple
because
(232)
Wave parameters of the tdg-x oscillon are indicated by relevant parameters of the ddg-x and rdg-x oscillons. The wavelength of the tdg-x oscillon
(233)
where
and
are integers. The vanishing average of the tdg-x oscillon over
shows that the tdg-x oscillon on average also is neutral since it does not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis.
6.4. The TDK Oscillon
The turbulent, diagonal, kinetic-energy oscillon (the tdk oscillon for terseness), which is established by the superposition of the ddk and rdk oscillons, becomes
(234)
Using (64) and (107) of [7], we compute the inhomogeneous Fourier form of the tdk-x oscillon as follows:
(235)
If all wavenumbers of the tdg-x oscillons are distinct, then the tdk-x oscillon is displayed as a
-w oscillon. For any frozen
, the tdk-x oscillon is converted into the
-w, turbulent, neutral oscillon in x, which is formed by
4-tuples
with wavenumbers
for each m, n, Re, and wave parameters of the tdg-x oscillons.
The wavelength of the tdk-x oscillon
(236)
where
and
are integers,
(237)
are wavelengths of the ddk-x and rdk-x oscillons,
and
are integers. The vanishing average of the tdk-x oscillon over
demonstrates that the tdk-x oscillon on average does not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis, as well.
The ddk-x and tdk-x oscillons for
, and wave parameters (140), (145), (146) are shown on
in Figure 4. Because the range of the 3-w, random, neutral rdk-x oscillon at
is
, the 6-w, turbulent, neutral tdk-x oscillon in Figure 4(b) is modified insignificantly compared with the 3-w, deterministic, neutral ddk-x oscillon in Figure 4(a). As the range of the 3-w, random, neutral rdk-x oscillon at
increases to
, shape of the 6-w, turbulent, neutral tdk-x oscillon in Figure 4(c) is changed significantly.
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 4. The ddk-x and tdk-x oscillons: (a)
, (b)
for
, (c)
for
.
7. Oscillons of Turbulent, Internal Interaction
7.1. The TIE Oscillons
The turbulent, internal, elementary oscillons (the tie oscillons for pithiness) are defined as the superposition of the die oscillons ((139) of ) and the rie oscillons ((171) of ) in the following form:
(238)
Similar to the vector die-x and rie-x oscillons, six tie-x oscillons are grouped into three vector tie-x oscillons
(239)
which are formed by three 4-tuples of the turbulent, internal, elementary interaction in the x-direction:
(240)
Four-tuple
consists of two deterministic sine waves
with wavenumber
and two random sine waves
with wavenumber
for
, and each m. Four-tuple
comprises deterministic cosine wave
with wavenumber
, random cosine wave
with wavenumber
, deterministic uniform pulson
, and random uniform pulson
for each m. Four-tuple
is composed of deterministic sine wave
with wavenumber
, random sine wave
with wavenumber
, deterministic uniform pulson
, and random uniform pulson
for each m.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector tie-x oscillon
(241)
is reduced to a list of two 2-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are produced by 4-tuple
as
(242)
The 2nd vector tie-x oscillon
(243)
is presented by a list of two 2-w, turbulent, non-neutral oscillons in x, which are generated by 4-tuple
since
(244)
The 3rd vector tie-x oscillon
(245)
is visualized by a list of two 2-w, turbulent, non-neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 4-tuple
because
(246)
Wave parameters of the vector tie-x oscillons are given by correspondent parameters of the vector die-x and rie-x oscillons. The wavelength of the tie-x oscillons
(247)
where
and
are integers,
(248)
are wavelengths of the die-x and rie-x oscillons.
The average of members of the first vector tie-x oscillon over
vanishes. The average of members of the second and third vector tie-x oscillons over
takes the following form:
(249)
Thus, the members of the first vector tie-x oscillon on average do not transfer the kinetic energy along the x-axis, the members of the second vector tie-x oscillon transfer equal positive amounts of the kinetic energy, and the members of the third vector tie-x oscillon transfer equal amounts of the kinetic energy of opposite signs. See (157)-(160) of [5], for the pulsatory nature of the kinetic energy of propagation of vector fields and the oscillatory nature of the kinetic energy of interaction of vector fields.
7.2. The TIW Oscillons
The turbulent, internal, wave oscillons (the tiw oscillons for pithiness) are constructed as the superposition of the diw oscillons ((141) of ) and the riw oscillons ((173) of ) as follows:
(250)
Alike the vector diw-x and riw-x oscillons, six tiw-x oscillons are combined in three vector tiw-x oscillons
(251)
which are produced by 4-tuple and two 2-tuples of the turbulent, internal, wave interaction in x:
(252)
Four-tuple
is composed of two deterministic sine waves
with wavenumber
and two random sine waves
with wavenumber
for
, and each m. Two-tuple
is constructed of deterministic uniform pulson
, and random uniform pulson
for each m. Two-tuple
includes deterministic uniform pulson
, and random uniform pulson
for each m.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector tiw-x oscillon
(253)
is represented by a list of two 2-w, turbulent, neutral oscillons in x, which are formed by 4-tuple
in view of
(254)
The 2nd vector tiw-x oscillon
(255)
is exposed by a list of two 0-w, turbulent pulsons in x, which are established by 2-tuple
since
(256)
The 3rd vector tiw-x oscillon
(257)
is exhibited by a list of two 0-w, turbulent pulsons in x, which depend on 2-tuple
as
(258)
Wave parameters of the vector tiw-x oscillons are provided by relevant parameters of the vector diw-x and riw-x oscillons. The wavelength of the tiw-x oscillons is given by
, as well. The average of members of the first vector tiw-x oscillon over
also vanishes. The average of members of the second and third vector tiw-x oscillons over
becomes
(259)
So, the members of the first vector tiw-x oscillon on average does not transfer any kinetic energy along the x-axis, the members of the second vector tiw-x oscillon on average transfer along the x-axis equal amounts of the kinetic energy, and the members of the third vector tie-x oscillon on average transfer along the x-axis equal amounts of the kinetic energy of opposite signs.
7.3. The TIG Oscillon
The turbulent, internal, group oscillon (the tig oscillon for concision) is constructed as the superposition of the dig oscillon ((142) of ) and the rig oscillon ((174) of ), i.e.
(260)
Summation of the dig-x and rig-x oscillons yields the inhomogeneous Fourier expansion of the tig-x oscillon in the following form:
(261)
where 6-tuple of the turbulent, internal, group interaction in the x-direction
(262)
is composed of two deterministic sine waves
with wavenumber
, two random sine waves
with wavenumber
, deterministic uniform pulson
, and random uniform pulson
for
, and each m.
For any frozen
, the tig-x oscillon is displayed by a 2-w, turbulent, non-neutral oscillon in x, which is generated by 6-tuple
since
(263)
Wave parameters of the tig-x oscillon are specified by appropriate parameters of the dig-x and rig-x oscillons. The wavelength of the tig-x oscillon is also given by
. The average of the tig-x oscillon over
(264)
proves that the tig-x oscillon on average is non-neutral as it transfers the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
7.4. The TIK Oscillon
The turbulent, internal, kinetic-energy oscillon (the tik oscillon for shortness), which is defined as the superposition of the dik-x and rik-x oscillons, takes the following form:
(265)
With the help of (72) and (115) of [7], the inhomogeneous Fourier expansion of the tik-x oscillon becomes
(266)
Since all wavenumbers of the tik-x oscillon are distinct, the tik-x oscillon is visualized as a 2M-w oscillon. For any frozen
, the tik-x oscillon is represented by the 2M-w, turbulent, non-neutral oscillon in x that is produced by M 6-tuples
with wavenumbers
for each m, Re, and wave parameters of the tig-x oscillons.
The wavelength of the tik-x oscillon
(267)
where
and
are integers,
(268)
are the wavelengths of the dik-x and rik-x oscillons, respectively,
and
are integers.
The average of the tik-x oscillon over
(269)
shows that the tik-x oscillon on average is also non-neutral since it transfers the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
The dik-x and tik-x oscillons for
, and wave parameters (140), (145), (146) are presented on
in Figure 5. The 6-w, turbulent, non-neutral tik-x oscillon in Figure 5(b) changes insignificantly compared with the 3-w, deterministic, non-neutral dik-x oscillon in Figure 5(a) because the range of the 3-w, random, non-neutral rik-x oscillon at
is
. Shape of the 6-w, turbulent, non-neutral tik-x oscillon in Figure 5(c) is modified significantly as the range of the 3-w, random, non-neutral rik-x oscillon at
becomes
.
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 5. The dik-x and tik-x oscillons: (a)
, (b)
for
, (c)
for
.
8. Turbulent and Cumulative Pulsons
8.1. The TE Pulsons
The turbulent, elementary pulsons (the te pulsons for briefness) are set as the superposition of the de pulsons ((134) of ) and the re pulsons ((166) of ) as follows:
(270)
Like the vector de-x and re-x pulsons, four te-x pulsons are grouped into two vector te-x pulsons
(271)
which are constructed using two 3-tuples of the turbulent, elementary, pulsons propagating in the x-direction:
(272)
Three-tuple
embraces the unit pulson, deterministic cosine wave
with wavenumber
and random cosine wave
with wavenumber
for each m. Three-tuple
includes the unit pulson, deterministic cosine wave
with wavenumber
and random cosine wave
with wavenumber
for each m.
For any frozen
, the 1st vector te-x pulson
(273)
is represented by a list of two 2-w, turbulent, supercritical pulsons in x, which depend on 3-tuple
seeing that
(274)
The 2nd vector te-x pulson
(275)
is displayed by a list of two 2-w, turbulent, supercritical pulsons in x, which are controlled by 3-tuple
considering that
(276)
Wave parameters of the vector te-x pulsons are indicated by similar parameters of the vector de-x and re-x pulsons. The wavelength of the te-x pulsons is given by
. The average of the te-x pulsons over
becomes
(277)
Thus, the vector te-x pulsons on average transfer positive amounts of the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
8.2. The TW Pulsons
The turbulent, wave pulsons (the tw pulsons for conciseness) are composed with the help of the superposition of the dw pulsons ((136) of ) and the rw pulsons ((168) of ) in the following form:
(278)
Parallel to the vector dw-x and rw-x pulsons, four tw-x pulsons are assembled into two vector tw-x pulsons
(279)
which are formed by 5-tuple of the turbulent, wave pulsons propagating in the x-direction:
(280)
Five-tuple
consists of the unit pulson, deterministic cosine wave
with wavenumber
and random cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
, and each m.
For any frozen
the 1st vector tw-x pulson
(281)
is exhibited by a list of two 2-w, turbulent, supercritical pulsons in x, which are established by 5-tuple
for the reason that
(282)
The 2nd vector tw-x pulson
(283)
is exposed by a list of two 2-w, turbulent, supercritical pulsons in x, which are also set by 5-tuple
because
(284)
The vector tw-x pulsons vary by the structure of amplitudes of eigenfunctions. Wave parameters of the vector tw-x pulsons are given by relevant parameters of the vector dw-x and rw-x pulsons. The wavelength of the tw-x pulsons is also provided by
.
The average of the tw-x pulsons over
becomes
(285)
So, the members of the vector tw-x pulsons on average transfer equal amounts of the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
8.3. The TG Pulson
The turbulent, group pulson (the tg pulson for brevity) is set as the superposition of the dg pulson ((137) of ) and the rg pulson ((169) of ), viz.
(286)
Summation of the dg-x and rg-x pulsons yields the tg-x pulson in the following form:
(287)
where 1-tuple of the turbulent, group pulsons propagating in the x-direction
(288)
consists of the unit pulson because of the identity resonance.
For any frozen
and all
, the tg-x pulson is represented by the 0-w (uniform), turbulent, supercritical pulson in x, which is produced by 1-tuple
with wave parameters indicated by correspondent parameters of the dg-x and rg-x pulsons since
(289)
Since the tg-x pulson is uniform in space,
(290)
Therefore, the tg-x pulson transfers a positive amount of the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
8.4. The TK Pulson
The turbulent, kinetic-energy pulson (the tk pulson for easiness) is written as the superposition of the dk pulson ((58) of ) and the rk pulson ((101) of ) by
(291)
For any frozen
and all
, the tk-x pulson also becomes a 0-w, turbulent, supercritical pulson in x, which is formed by 1-tuple
with the same wave parameters as the tg-x pulson for each m, Re.
Because the tk pulson is also uniform in space,
(292)
Thus, the tk-x pulson on average transfers a positive amount of the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
8.5. The DCK Pulson
The deterministic, cumulative, kinetic-energy pulson in the x-direction (the dck-x pulson for simplicity), which is the superposition of the dk-x pulson and the dik-x, ddk-x, and dek-x oscillons, namely,
(293)
depends on 4-tuple of the deterministic, cumulative, internal interaction along the x-axis
(294)
and 8-tuple of the deterministic, cumulative, external interaction in the x-direction
(295)
Four-tuple
consists of the unit pulson, two sine waves
with wavenumber
and uniform pulson
for
and each m. Eight-tuple
comprises four sine waves
with wavenumber
and four cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
, and each m, n.
If all wavenumbers of the dck-x pulson are distinct, then the dck-x pulson is visualized by a M2-w pulson. For any frozen
, the dck-x pulson is represented by the M2-w, deterministic, supercritical pulson in x, which is produced by M 4-tuples
with wavenumber
for all m and
8-tuples
with wavenumbers
for all m, n because
(296)
If
wavenumbers are repeated, then the number of independent modes of the dck-x pulson diminishes to
due to the wavenumber resonance.
The wavelength of the dck-x pulson is given by
(297)
where
are integers.
Combining the average of the dk-x pulson and the dik-x, ddk-x, dek-x oscillons, the average of the dck-x pulson over
becomes
(298)
Since
(299)
where
are x-, y-, z-components of deterministic velocity
, the dck-x pulson remains positive for all x and transfers a positive amount of the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
8.6. The RCK Pulson
The random, cumulative, kinetic-energy pulson along the x-axis (the rck-x pulson for fastness), which is constructed as the superposition of the rk-x pulson and the rik-x, rdk-x, rek-x oscillons,
(300)
is produced by 4-tuple of the random, cumulative, internal interaction in the x-direction
(301)
and 8-tuple of the random, cumulative, external interaction along the x-axis
(302)
Four-tuple
is composed of the unit pulson, two sine waves
with wavenumber
and uniform pulson
for
, and each m. Eight-tuple
includes four sine waves
with wavenumber
and four cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
, and each m, n.
If all wavenumbers of the rck-x pulson are distinct, then the rck-x pulson is exposed as a M2-w pulson. For any frozen
, the rck-x pulson is exhibited by the M2-w, random, supercritical pulson in x, which is established by M 4-tuples
with wavenumber
for all m, Re and
8-tuples
with wavenumbers
for all m, n, Re since
(303)
If
wavenumbers are repeated, then the number of independent modes of the rck-x pulson diminishes to
due to the wavenumber resonance.
The wavelength of rck-x pulson is computed by
(304)
where
are integers.
We combine the averages of the rk-x pulson and the rik-x, rdk-x, rek-x oscillons to compute the average of the rck-x pulson over
as follows:
(305)
As
(306)
where
are x-, y-, z-components of random velocity
, the rck-x pulson is positively defined for all x and also transfers a positive amount of the kinetic energy along the x-axis.
8.7. The TCK Pulson
The turbulent, cumulative, kinetic-energy pulson in the x-direction (the tck-x pulson for swiftness), which is the superposition of the dck-x, rck-x pulsons and the drik-x, drek-x oscillons (see (1) and (201) of [7]),
(307)
is formed by 15-tuple of the turbulent, cumulative, internal interaction in the x-direction
(308)
and 32-tuple of the turbulent, cumulative, external interaction along the x-axis
(309)
Fifteen-tuple
embraces the unit pulson, two deterministic sine waves
with wavenumber
two random sine waves
with wavenumber
, deterministic uniform pulson
random uniform pulson
, four deterministic-random sine waves
with wavenumber
, and four deterministic-random cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
,
, and each m.
Thirty-two-tuple
is constructed of four deterministic sine waves
with wavenumber
, four deterministic cosine waves
with wavenumber
, four random sine waves
with wavenumber
, four random cosine waves
with wavenumber
, four deterministic-random sine waves
with wavenumber
, four deterministic-random cosine waves
with wavenumber
, four random-deterministic sine waves
with wavenumber
, and four random-deterministic cosine waves
with wavenumber
for
, and each m, n.
If all wavenumbers of the tck-x pulson are distinct, then the tck-x pulson is displayed as a 4M2-w pulson. For any frozen
, the dck-x pulson is given by the 4M2-w, turbulent, supercritical pulson in x, which depends on M 15-tuples
with wavenumbers
for
, all m, Re and
32-tuples
with wavenumbers
for
, all m, n, Re seeing that

(310)
If
wavenumbers are repeated, then the number of independent modes of the tck-x pulson diminishes to
due to the wavenumber resonance.
The wavelength of the tck-x pulson is provided by
(312)
where
are integers.
Finally, we use the averages of the dck-x, rck-x pulsons and the drik-x, drek-x oscillons to find the average of the tck-x pulson over
in the following form:
(313)
Because
(314)
where
are x-, y-, z-components of turbulent velocity
, the tck-x pulson remains positive for all x and transfers a positive amount of the kinetic energy along the x-axis, as well.
The dck-x, rck-x, and tck-x pulsons for
, and wave parameters (140), (145), (146) are compared on
in Figure 6. Although range of the 9-w, random, supercritical rck-x pulson in Figure 6(b) is
, the 36-w, turbulent, supercritical tck-x pulson at
Figure 6(c) changes significantly compared with the 9-w, deterministic, supercritical dck-x pulson in Figure 6(a) due to range
of the 12-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral drek-x oscillon in Figure 1(a) and range
of the 6-w, deterministic-random, neutral drik-x oscillon in Figure 2(a). Shape of the 36-w, turbulent, supercritical tck-x oscillon at
in Figure 6(e) is unrecognizable in comparison with the 9-w, deterministic, supercritical dck-x pulson in Figure 6(a) because of comparable ranges
of the 9-w, random, supercritical rck-x pulson in Figure 6(d),
of the 12-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral drek-x oscillon in Figure 1(b), and
of the 6-w, deterministic-random, neutral drik-x oscillon in Figure 2(b).
![]()
![]()
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Figure 6. The dck-x, rck-x, and tck-x pulsons: (a)
, (b)
for
, (c)
for
,
(d)
for
, (e)
for
.
9. Conclusions
The method of inhomogeneous Fourier expansions, which was originally developed for deterministic x-, y-, t-eigenfunctions in [5] [6], has been successfully extended in this paper to the deterministic-random, random-deterministic, random, external, and internal x-eigenfunctions. The previous results [7] on theoretical quantization in experimental DDSD, DRSD, RDSD, and RRSD structures have been confirmed, analyzed, and visualized in the present work using experimental quantization in the novel eigenfunctions.
It was discovered that the exact solution for the quantized oscillons and pulsons are grouped into the vector, deterministic-random, elementary, external oscillons, into the vector, random-deterministic, elementary, external oscillons, and into the vector, deterministic-random, elementary, internal oscillons with two components. The vector, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, wave, external oscillons and the vector, deterministic-random, wave, internal oscillons have four components. The vector, turbulent, elementary, external, internal, and diagonal oscillons, the vector, turbulent, wave, external, internal, and diagonal oscillons, and the vector, turbulent, elementary, and wave pulsons also include two components. From the mathematical point of view, components of all vector oscillons and pulsons are invariant structures constructed on the corresponding tuples with various amplitudes.
The vector and scalar oscillons and pulsons depend on 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 15-, 16, and 32-tuples of the relevant x-eigenfunctions. Namely, the vector, deterministic-random, elementary, external oscillons on eight 2-tuples
, the vector, random-deterministic, elementary, external oscillons on eight 2-tuples
, the vector, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, wave, external oscillons on four 8-tuples
, the vector, deterministic-random, elementary, internal oscillons on eight 2-tuples
, and the vector, deterministic-random, wave, internal oscillons on four 4-tuples
. The vector, turbulent, elementary and wave, external oscillons on four-tuple
and two 8-tuples
, the vector, turbulent, elementary, diagonal oscillons on two 4-tuples
, the vector, turbulent, wave, diagonal oscillons on 8-tuple
, the vector, turbulent, elementary, internal oscillons on three 4-tuples
, the vector, turbulent, wave, internal oscillons on 4-tuple
and two 2-tuples
, the vector, turbulent, elementary, pulsons on two 3-tuples
, and the vector, turbulent, wave pulsons on 5-tuple
.
Independent random parameters (145), (146), of the deterministic-random, random-deterministic, and turbulent oscillons and pulsons have been computed for all m using the random oscillatory cn-noise [8] for
and
. Although the deterministic oscillons and pulsons do not depend on the Reynolds number, the empirical scales (144) result in a strong dependence of the quantized oscillons and pulsons on
. So, the 36-w, turbulent, supercritical tck-x pulson at
in Figure 6(c) changes significantly compared with the 9-w, deterministic, supercritical dck-x pulson in Figure 6(a) due to the 12-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral drek-x oscillon and the 6-w, deterministic-random, neutral drik-x oscillon. The 36-w, turbulent, supercritical tck-x pulson at
in Figure 6(e) is unrecognizable in comparison with the 9-w, deterministic, supercritical dck-x pulson because of the 9-w, random, supercritical rck-x pulson, the 12-w, deterministic-random, random-deterministic, neutral drek-x oscillon, and the 6-w, deterministic-random, neutral drik-x oscillon.
As regards a list of open problems, we may mention spatial experimental quantization of the exact wave turbulence in the y-direction and temporal experimental quantization of the exact wave turbulence.
Acknowledgements
The support of CAAM and UMSV is gratefully acknowledged. The author thanks a reviewer for helpful comments, which have clarified the paper.