Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia ()
1. Introduction
Development is something that every country in the world, including the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, continuously strives to do. The goal of a country’s development is essentially to promote its people’s welfare, and so is the case with Indonesia [1]. Development planning is basically a systematic process and set of efforts made by a group of people to achieve a condition that is better than the current actual condition [2]. Indonesia is one of the developing countries with economic growth that keeps increasing every year and is a country that held the presidency of the G20 Summit, a forum of the world’s major economies. However, despite its continuous economic growth, Indonesia internally faces many issues, such as uneven development between regions.
Considering how vast the regions in Indonesia are and to overcome uneven development between regions, the government has made a policy of decentralization and regional autonomy to enable each region to make its own decisions and independently develop its own region, as elaborated in Law No. 9 of 2015 on the second amendment to Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government that there is a need for regencies/cities, districts, sub-districts, and villages (kampung/desa) to have extensive authority in order to provide freedom to enable the community to actively participate in the decision-making process of development planning.
Initially, the progress of development planning was carried out only by the government, but over time, there was a change in the paradigm of government functions from government to governance, allowing development planning to be carried out by three important actors: the government, the community, and the private sector. After the enactment of Law No. 25 of 2004 on the National Development Planning System (Sistem Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, or SPPN for short), the entire development planning system has been integrated, from the national, regional, and sectoral levels, including districts, sub-districts, and villages [3] (see Table 1).
Regional Government Agency Work Plan (Rencana Kerja Perangkat Daerah, abbreviated as RKPD) of West Kutai Regency is made to elaborate West Kutai Regency’s 2021-2026 Regional Medium Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah, abbreviated as RPJMD) and is annually synchronized to the Government Work Plan (Rencana Kerja Pemerintah, abbreviated
Table 1. Regional planning document according to Law No. 25 of 2004 on the National Development Planning System (SPPN).
No. |
National |
Province/Regency/City |
Document |
Regulation |
Document |
Regulation |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
1 |
RPJPN |
Law (Article 12 Paragraph 1) |
RPJPD |
PERDA (Regional Regulation) (Article 13 Paragraph 2) |
2 |
RPJMN |
PERPRES (Presidential Regulation) (Article 19 Paragraph 1) |
RPJMD |
PERKADA (Regional Head Regulation) (Article 19 Paragraph 3) |
3 |
RENSTRA K/L (Ministerial/Institutional Strategic Plan) |
Ministerial/Institutional Head Regulation (Article 19 Paragraph 2) |
RENSTRA (Strategic Plan) of Regional Government Agency |
Regional Government Agency Head Regulation (Article 19 Paragraph 4) |
4 |
RKP |
PERPRES (Article 21 Paragraph 1) |
RKPD |
PERKADA (Article 26 Paragraph 2) |
5 |
RENJA K/L (Ministerial/Institutional Work Plan) |
Ministerial/Institutional Head Regulation (Article 21 Paragraph 1) |
RENJA (Work Plan) of Regional Government Agency |
Regional Government Agency Head Regulation (Article 21 Paragraph 3) |
Source: Regional Planning, Research, and Development Agency of West Kutai Regency (2022).
as RKP) and East Kalimantan Province Work Plan. The RKPD, therefore, has an important meaning in the regional development of West Kutai Regency as a scenario of development upon a solid foundation laid during the leadership of the elected Regional Head.
The RKPD of West Kutai Regency is made by following guidelines from the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 86 of 2017 on the Procedures for Planning, Controlling, and Evaluating Regional Development, the Procedures for Evaluation Draft Regional Regulations on Regional Long-Term Development Plan and Regional Medium-Term Development Plan, and the Procedures for Amending Regional Long-Term Development Plan, Regional Medium-Term Development Plan, and Regional Government Work Plan. Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs (Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri, abbreviated as Permendagri) No. 90 of 2019 on the Classification, Codification, and Nomenclature of Regional Development and Financial Planning furthermore follows guidelines from Permendagri No. 90 of 2019 and Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs (Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri, abbreviated as Kepmendagri) No. 050-3708 on the Results of Verification and Validation of Updated Classification, Codification, and Nomenclature of Regional Development and Financial Planning.
The East Kalimantan Province Government also keeps on working on regional development and currently has integrated the Plan for the Transfer of Capital City (IKN) into the RPJMD and the RKPD to support and encourage economic growth in Eastern Indonesia. In this case, the existence of kampung or desa (villages) greatly affects the realization of targets of the government’s development programs given the large number of villages in Indonesia, especially in East Kalimantan Province (see Table 2).
Table 2. Progress of status of villages in East Kalimantan Province during 2016-2020.
No. |
Reg/City |
2016 |
2020 |
Independent |
Developed |
Developing |
Underdeveloped |
Least Developed |
Independent |
Developed |
Developing |
Underdeveloped |
Least Developed |
|
Paser |
0 |
0 |
31 |
64 |
44 |
9 |
25 |
76 |
29 |
0 |
|
KUBAR |
0 |
1 |
26 |
75 |
88 |
9 |
48 |
91 |
40 |
2 |
|
KUKAR |
0 |
4 |
37 |
93 |
59 |
12 |
47 |
113 |
21 |
0 |
|
KUTIM |
0 |
3 |
17 |
76 |
38 |
10 |
37 |
69 |
23 |
0 |
|
Berau |
0 |
0 |
9 |
54 |
37 |
8 |
30 |
61 |
1 |
0 |
|
PPU |
0 |
0 |
16 |
13 |
1 |
3 |
9 |
18 |
0 |
0 |
|
Mahulu |
0 |
0 |
4 |
18 |
28 |
0 |
6 |
27 |
15 |
2 |
East Kalimantan |
0 |
8 |
140 |
393 |
295 |
51 |
252 |
455 |
129 |
4 |
Source: Regional Planning, Research, and Development Agency of West Kutai Regency (2022).
The data above shows how the Regional Government always seeks to reduce the number of disadvantaged villages and strives to develop villages in East Kalimantan Province. As shown, there are 2 least developed villages left in West Kutai Regency: Gerunggung in Bongan District and Sentalar in Nyuatan District (see Table 3).
Table 3. Data on names of villages and sub-districts in West Kutai Regency.
District |
Sub-district |
Village |
Status |
List of Villages/Sub-districts |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
Barong
Tongkok |
|
19 |
Village |
Asa, Balok Asa, Belempung Ulaq, Engkuni Pasek, Geleo Asa, Geleo Baru, Gemuhan Asa, Juhan Asa, Juaq Asa, Muara Asa, Mencimai, Ngenyan Asa, Ombau Asa, Ongko Asa, Pepas Asa, Pepas Eheng, Rejo Basuki, Sendawar, Sumber Sari |
2 |
|
Sub-district |
Barong Tongkok and Simpang Raya |
Bentian Besar |
|
9 |
Village |
Anan Jaya, Dilang Puti, Jelmu Sibaq, Penarung, Randa Empas, Sambung, Suakong, Tende, Tukuq |
Bongan |
|
16 |
Village |
Bukit Harapan, Deraya, Gerunggung, Jambuk, Jambuk Makmur, Lemper, Muara Gusik, Muara Kedang, Muara Siram, Penawai, Pereng Taliq, Resak, Siram Jaya, Siram Makmur, Tanjung Sari, Tanjung Soke |
Damai |
|
17 |
Village |
Benung, Bermai, Besiq, Damai Kota, Damai Seberang, Jengan Danum, Keay, Kelian, Lumpat Dahuq, Mantar, Mendika, Muara Bomboy, Muara Nilik, Muara Nyahing, Muara Tokong, Sempatn, Tepulang |
Jempang |
|
12 |
Village |
Bekokong Makmur, Lembonah, Mancong, Muara Nayan, Muara Ohong, Muara Tae, Pentat, Perigiq, Pulau Lanting, Tanjung Isuy, Tanjung Jan, Tanjung Jone |
Linggang
Bigung |
|
11 |
Village |
Bangun Sari, Bigung Baru, Linggang Amer, Linggang
Bigung, Linggang Kebut, Linggang Mapan, Linggang
Melapeh, Linggang Mencelew, Melapeh Baru, Purwodadi, Tutung |
Long Iram |
|
11 |
Village |
Anah, Kelian Luar, Keliway, Long Daliq, Long Iram Bayan, Long Iram Ilir, Long Iram Kota, Long Iram Seberang, Muara Leban, Sukomulyo, Ujoh Alang |
Melak |
|
4 |
Village |
Empakuq, Muara Bunyut, Empas, Muara Benangaq |
2 |
|
Sub-district |
Melak Ilir and melak Ulu |
Mook Manaar Bulatn |
|
16 |
Village |
Abit, Gadur, Gemuruh, Gunung Rampah, Jengan, Karangan, Kelumpang, Linggang Marimun, Merayaq, Muara Batuq, Muara Jawaq, Muara Kalaq, Rambayan, Sakaq Lotoq, Sakaq Tada, Tondoh |
Muara Lawa |
|
8 |
Village |
Benggeris, Cempedas, Dingin, Lambing, Lotaq, Muara Begai, Muara Lawa, Payang |
Muara Pahu |
|
12 |
Village |
Dasaq, Gunung Bayan, Jerang Dayak, Jerang Melayu,
Mendung, Muara Baroh, Muara Beloan, Sebelang, Tanjung Laong, Tanjung Pagar, Teluk Tempudau, Tepian Ulaq |
Nyuatan |
|
10 |
Village |
Awai, Dempar, Intu Lingau, Jontai, Lakan Bilem, Mu’ut, Sembuan, Sentalar, Temula, Terajuk |
Penyinggahan |
|
6 |
Village |
Bakung, Loa Deras, Minta, Penyinggahan Ilir, Penyinggahan Ulu, Tanjung Haur |
Sekolaq Darat |
|
8 |
Village |
Leleng, Sekolaq Darat, Sekolaq Joleq, Sekolaq Muliaq, Sekolaq Oday, Srimulyo, Sumber Bangun, Sumber Rejo |
Siluq Ngurai |
|
16 |
Village |
Bentas, Betung, Kaliq, Kendesiq, Kiaq, Kenyanyan, Lendian Liang Nayuq, Muara Kelawit, Muara Ponaq, Muhur,
Penawang, Rikong, Sansang, Tanah Mea, Tebisaq, Tendiq |
Tering |
|
15 |
Village |
Banjarejo, Gabung Baru, Jelemuq, Kelian Dalam, Kelubaq, Muara Mujan, Muyub Aket, Muyub Ilir, Muyub Ulu,
Purworejo, Tering Baru, Tering Lama, Tering Lama Ulu, Tering Seberang, Tukul |
Total |
4 |
190 |
|
|
Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/, accessed on Wednesday, October 26, 2022.
Of the villages on the data, we chose Nyuatan District, more specifically Sentalar Village, as our research focus because it is a region where the majority of its population is of Benuaq Dayak Tribe. According to an article, “As many as 350 residents of Sentalar Village, in Nyuatan District have to struggle to just go outside of the village. It is because 90 percent of the roads in the village with 96 families spread across 3 neighborhood units (Rukun Tetangga, abbreviated as RT) are still dirt roads. Worse, whether in the rainy or dry season, the difficulties residents have to face are not much different. They have been waiting for road construction for decades”.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Condition of Facilities and Infrastructures (Road Access) to Sentalar. Source: https://www.rri.co.id/kalimantan-timur/daerah-3t/1263616/perjuangan-empat-desa-tertinggal-di-kubar-menuntut-keadilan, accessed on Wednesday, October 26, 2022.
Another article states that “Nyuatan District Head, Lukas, confirmed that the West Kutai Regency Government has proposed 88 km of land road in that region to be improved, especially 12 km of access road from Temula Village to Sentalar Village” (see Figure 1). The road, even after several repairs, is still a dirt road. This issue holds back the people in that region from expanding their economic activities to the district capital [4].
Village is a unit of law community with juridical territorial boundaries and the authority to regulate and manage the interests of the local community, based on local origins and customs, that is recognized and/or established within the state administrative system and is located in a regency/city, as referred to in the 1945 Constitution [5]. It is an administrative organization with the privilege of managing its own regional affairs, including its community matters [6]. Law No. 6 of 2014 on Village has changed the paradigm of rural development from being the object to the subject of rural development. The law on village is meant to enable the optimal development of facilities and infrastructures in villages, equitable development, poverty reduction, improvement of community welfare, development of economic and local community potentials, use of resources, and improvement of the people’s quality of life, according to the national and regional development needs [7]. On this basis, the community must play an active role and be properly empowered by the regional government because they are one of the most important factors in implementing government programs for development planning. Village, the lowest administrative structure with legitimacy in the State, is required to do a community-engaged development planning (or participatory planning) [8]. Participation in the development process, including community participation in development planning at the village level, is essential [9].
West Kutai is one of the regencies in East Kalimantan Province and was created from Kutai Regency in 1999. It is divided into 16 districts, 6 sub-districts, and 190 villages with an area of 20381.59 km2, and the majority of its local community is the Dayak Tribe, who still strictly hold onto their custom. The regional development target of West Kutai Regency in 2023 emphasizes development efforts and focuses on improving the quality of the education and health sectors in addition to improving public services in all sectors. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country and around the world greatly affecting the social and economic life of the community, the initial draft of the 2023 RKPD of West Kutai Regency comes with the 2023 regional development theme “Better human resources for better economic growth”. The priorities of development in West Kutai Regency in 2023 are relevant and synergistic with the national priorities in RPJMN (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, abbreviated as RPJMN) and priorities in RPJMD. Development Planning, as stated in the 2023 RKPD of West Kutai Regency, was made based on a combination of several planning approaches as follows:
1) Top-down and bottom-up: Both are planning approaches by government levels that are carried out through musyawarah (mutual discussion) at the National, Province, Regency, District, and Sub-district/Village levels to allow synchronization and synergy in achieving development goals and regional development plans.
2) Participatory: It is a planning approach that involves all stakeholders in the planning process in the hope to embrace the needs and aspirations of more people.
3) Technocratic: It is a planning approach that promotes knowledge, science, and technology. It is indicated by the accommodation of academics’ and development practitioners’ suggestions and opinions.
4) Political: It is a planning approach that accommodates political interests in the development, indicated by the accommodation of the main ideas initiated by the Regional House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, abbreviated as DPRD) of West Kutai Regency.
In addition, the development planning system of West Kutai Regency aims to support coordination between development actors, create integration, synchronization, and synergy between regions, between spaces, between times, between government functions, and between central and regional governments, to ensure coherence and consistency between planning, budgeting, and monitoring, and to ensure effective and efficient use of resources. For example, in terms of synchronization, the RKPD is synergistic and refers to the planning at the national and provincial levels. The RKPD is made following guidelines from the RPKMD of Regency, thus the annual development priorities and targets in RKPD are sought to be as much as possible in line with regional development programs stated in RPJMD to ensure the annual priority program and activity plans in RKPD be in line with the indicators of priority program plans in RPJMD [10].
Rural Development Planning also requires funds as one of the pillars for regional government to run its development programs. Therefore, funds from the State Budget that are allocated for villages and transferred through the Regional Budget (APBD) of Regency/City and village funds are to be used to finance governmental administration, development, community coaching, and community empowerment [11]. The following is the budget and village funds from the central to regional government (see Table 4).
Table 4. Budget of village fund for West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province during 2015-2018.
No. |
Budget of
Village Fund |
Allocated |
Realized |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
1. |
2015 |
52,527,959,000 |
52,527,959,000 |
2. |
2016 |
117,719,873,000 |
117,719,873,000 |
3. |
2017 |
149,709,702,000 |
149,709,702,000 |
4. |
2018 |
148,195,189,000 |
148,195,189,000 |
5. |
2019 |
173,097,834,000 |
173,097,834,000 |
6. |
2020 |
- |
- |
7. |
2021 |
181,542,427,000 |
181,022,950,600 |
8. |
2022 |
157,191,564,000 |
157,191,564,000 |
Source: Website of Directorate General of Ministry of Finance (2022).
Based on the data above, it is clear that the regional government, especially the village regional, can utilize the budget for the village well and provide benefits to the community. According to an article, however, “There are currently 60 villages in West Kutai Regency likely to receive sanctions of having next year’s Village Fund deducted by the central government for failing to absorb the budget and failing to complete accountability report of budget utilization in the previous period. Faustinus Syaidirahman, Head of the Community and Village Empowerment Service (Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Kampung, abbreviated as DPMK), explained” [4]. The above statement clearly shows the unoptimized implementation of development planning and the lack of synchronization of the development vision and missions between the central government and the West Kutai Regency government, especially the village governments.
As seen in Figure 2, only data for the 2014 and the 2015 fiscal years was available, while it was already the end of 2022. This shows a delay in providing transparency to the public. Due to this, it is difficult for the people of West Kutai Regency to access data related to regional finances and assets, despite everything nowadays being connected to the internet (online).
(a) (b)
Figure 2. The delayed update of reports on the West Kutai Regency Bappeda Litbang’s website. Source: https://bappedalitbang.kutaibaratkab.go.id/, accessed on Wednesday, October 26, 2022.
Figure 3. No reports available regarding community and village empowerment service on the West Kutai Regency’s website. Source: https://kutaibaratkab.go.id/, accessed on Wednesday, October 26, 2022.
Figure 3 shows that there was no data available related to the DPMK of West Kutai Regency while it was already the end of 2022, despite all data and information related to an agency supposed to be available online and publicly accessible. This clearly shows how late the regional government is in providing transparency to the community. Due to this, it is difficult for the people of West Kutai Regency to access data related to planning programs and regional budgets and assets, despite everything nowadays being accessible online.
According to data from the 2021 Welfare Statistics of West Kutai Regency and Regional Socio-Economic Survey, most of the reasons why people are not/never in school and no longer in school are due to financial problems (12.68%), having to work (25.10%), and marriage or having to keep house (35.52%). Other than the reasons above, the COVID-19 pandemic has also had an influence on the decline in the number of students and resulted in financial impacts on the entire community, thus affecting the education process (see Table 5).
Table 5. School age population and school participation in 2021.
Age Group of
7-24 |
Not/Never in School |
Still in School |
No Longer in School |
Male |
0.12 |
73.79 |
26.09 |
Female |
0.36 |
73.98 |
25.66 |
Total |
0.23 |
73.88 |
25.88 |
Source: Regional Planning, Research, and Development Agency of West Kutai Regency (2022).
In addition, referring to the development programs of the central, provincial, and regency/city governments to improve human resources and the economy of local communities, the West Kutai Regency government has also made development planning with 23 Development Planning Priorities: Improvement of Tering-border of Mahulu Road, Improvement of Muara Kedang-Perian Road, Improvement of Tebisaq-Gunung Bayan Muara Pahu Road, Improvement of Muara Pahu-Bakung Penyinggahan Road, Improvement of Poros-Bukit Harapan-Km 88-Lemper-Deraya-Gerunggung-Tanjung Soke Road, Improvement of Sakaq Tada-Muara Jawaq Road, Improvement of Simpang-Tanjung Jone-Muara Ohong Road, Improvement of Tanjung Isuy-Tanjung Jan-Pulau Lanting Road, Improvement of Poros-Penawai-Muara Kedang Road, and Improvement of Long Iram-Tering Road, Maintenance of National Road from border of West Kutai and Bongan District to Simpang East Kalimantan.
Apart from that, construction and renovation of houses that are not suitable for habitation until they are suitable for habitation, upgrading and repairing learning facilities and infrastructure for elementary school, middle school, high school, vocational high school levels which require new buildings, new classrooms, new laboratories, fences around schools, multimedia equipment, increasing the number of teachers for all levels of education, improving services at accredited community health centers, building dormitories for all school children from remote areas, improving facilities and infrastructure that support agricultural and plantation productivity, improving facilities and infrastructure that support productivity. Animal husbandry, improving facilities and infrastructure that support fisheries productivity, marketing management training, increasing the availability of electrical energy for remote communities, eliminating blank spot areas in border areas, and improving clean water facilities and infrastructure.
Regarding the elimination of blank spot areas, an article states that “as many as 80 villages in West Kutai Regency are still blank spot areas, where internet network is not available, while being online is a must in order to use Sistem Keuangan Desa (Siskeudes) and Aplikasi Transaksi Keuangan Pemerintah (ATKP)” [12]. The article implies that the regional government has not given enough attention to the villages, and there needs to be a follow-up in order to achieve the development planning goals. Given the many development priority programs, the local government is expected to be able to achieve development targets and improve social welfare for local communities, including Dayak communities, the majority tribe in West Kutai Regency. Dayak communities are widely known and considered as still natural, mostly not having a forward-thinking mindset and living in a narrowly focused scope, thus leading to their villages being unevenly developed and lacking facilities, as well as being ignorant of information and unwilling to progress.
2. Framework
The focus of the study is Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province, on the juridical basis of central government: Law No. 25 of 2004 on the National Development Planning System (SPPN), Law No. 6 of 2014 on the Village, Law No. 23 of 2014 on the Regional Development, Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah, or PP for short) No. 43 of 2014 on the Implementing Regulation for Law No. 6 of 2014 on the Village, PP No. 60 of 2014 on the Village Fund Sourced from the State Budget, and Permendagri No. 114 of 2014 on the Guidelines for Rural Development and Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 86 of 2017 on the Procedures for Planning, Controlling, and Evaluating Regional Development, the Procedures for Evaluation Draft Regional Regulations on Regional Long-Term Development Plan and Regional Medium-Term Development Plan, and the Procedures for Amending Regional Long-Term Development Plan, Regional Medium-Term Development Plan, and Regional Government Work Plan.
Meanwhile, the juridical basis of regional government includes Regional Regulation (Peraturan Daerah, or Perda for short) No. 12 of 2006 on the Legitimation and Development of Customary Law Communities in the Territory of West Kutai Regency, Regional Regulation of West Kutai Regency No. 12 of 2019 on the Village Arrangement, and Regent’s Regulation of West Kutai Regency No. 15 of 2021 on the Position, Organizational Structure, Duties and Functions of the Community and Village Empowerment Service.
This study uses the Community-Based Rural Development Planning Concept by Fernandes Simangunsong and Imelda Hutasoit, which explains five aspects of rural development planning: strategic, democratic and participatory, political, bottom-up planning, and top-down planning [13]. The details regarding the scope of the study to do are in Figure 4.
3. Working Hypothesis
According to Fernandes, a working hypothesis is the researcher’s basic assumption regarding a problem being studied [14]. With the hypothesis as a guide, it is then proven empirically by testing it using data obtained during research.
Figure 4. Framework.
The working hypothesis in this study would be Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The concept used would be the Community-based Rural Development Planning by Fernandes Simangunsong and Imelda Hutasoit, which explains five aspects of rural development planning: strategic, democratic and participatory, political, bottom-up planning, and top-down planning [14].
4. Methodology
Basically, the same as that of social research. According to Fernandes (2017: p. 215) [14], in qualitative research on public administration, data is collected using interviews, observation, documentation, and focus group discussions, and is improved by triangulation. To collect data in this study, researchers used interviews, a process of direct communication carried out by researchers to informants in a question-and-answer session. Fernandes (2017: p. 215) [14] argues that an interview is a process of communication or interaction to collect information by means of questions and answers between researchers and informants or research subjects. In qualitative research on public administration, there are several steps required to prepare for an interview:
1) Prepare interview guidelines;
2) Prepare tools for the interview;
3) Schedule the time for the interview.
To prepare interview guidelines, according to Fernandes (2017: p. 216) [14], refer to the following example of work order:
1) Identify research informants;
2) Specify the research theme structure;
3) Specify question items based on themes;
4) Arrange classification of questions based on informants;
5) Arrange interview results based on informants [14].
The research theme structure for this study is as follows (see Table 6).
Table 6. The scope of research.
Title |
Theme |
Sub-theme |
Sub-subtheme |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province |
1. Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province (according to Fernandes and Imelda in the book Perencanaan Pembangunan Desa Berbasis Masyarakat, 2021: pp. 98-101) |
1.1 Strategic |
1.1.1 Comprehensive and systematic development framework |
1.1.2 Strategic policy stated in rural planning |
1.1.3 Quality of rural planning documents |
1.2 Democratic and Participatory |
1.2.1 Identification of stakeholders to be involved in the decision-making process of rural development planning |
1.2.2 Equality between village government and other stakeholders in the
decision-making process of rural development planning |
1.2.3 Transparency and accountability of the rural development planning process |
1.2.4 Representativeness of all components of the community, especially female group and vulnerable group |
1.2.5 Community’s sense of ownership towards rural development planning documents |
1.2.6 Media engagement in campaigning the rural development planning |
1.2.7 Consensus or agreement at all important stages to make decisions, such as formulation of the strategic issues on rural development and its problems, formulation of the rural development planning goals, and prioritization of programs and activities set in the rural development planning |
1.3 Political |
1.3.1 Consulting with village head for proper and systematic translation of the village head’s vision, missions, programs, and activities into rural development goals, strategies, policies, and programs |
|
|
|
1.3.2 Involving the Village Consultative Body (Badan Permusyawaratan Desa, abbreviated as BPD) in the planning process of rural development |
1.3.3 Making some of the BPD’s main ideas as a reference in the planning process of rural development |
1.3.4 Reviews, suggestions, and inputs from interested parties on the draft rural development planning document |
1.3.5 Discussing the Draft Village Regulation (Peraturan Desa, abbreviated as Perdes) |
1.3.6 Ratifying the Draft Village Regulation on Rural Development as a Village Regulation that binds all parties to be implemented within the next 6 (six) years |
1.4 Bottom-up Planning |
1.4.1 Identifying public aspirations to find the consistency between the community desires and needs and the elected village head’s vision, missions, and programs/activities |
1.4.2 Taking into account the results of the Development Planning Conference (Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangungan, abbreviated as Musrenbang) and the agreement with the community regarding the priorities of rural development for the short, medium, and long-term |
1.4.3 Taking into account the results of the process of compiling proposed community activities stated in the list of “The Village Community Desires and Needs” |
1.5 Top-down Planning |
1.5.1 Rural development plan must be in line with the direction and policies at the central and regional levels |
1.5.2 The rural development plan is a synergy between the government’s commitment and the global development goals such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), sustainable development, fulfillment of human rights, fulfillment of the rights to clean water, sanitation, and basic infrastructures |
|
2. Supporting and inhibiting factors in the rural development planning for local (Dayak) community villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province |
2.1 Supporting Factors |
2.1.1 Internal supporting factors |
2.1.2 External supporting factors |
2.2 Inhibiting Factors |
2.2.1 Internal inhibiting factors |
2.2.2 External inhibiting factors |
3. Efforts to overcome inhibiting factors in the rural development planning for local (Dayak) community villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province |
3.1 Direct Efforts |
3.1.1 Internal direct efforts |
3.1.2 External direct efforts |
3.2 Indirect Efforts |
3.2.1 Internal indirect efforts |
3.2.2 External indirect efforts |
Source: Processed by authors (2022).
The informant in this study is categorized into 2:
A) Key informants, including:
1) Regional Secretary of West Kutai Regency as Informant 1;
2) Assistant I in the Administrative Division of West Kutai Regency as Informant 2;
3) Head of the Community and Village Empowerment Service of West Kutai Regency as Informant 3;
4) Head of the Regional Development Planning Agency of West Kutai Regency Informant 4;
5) Head of the Inspectorate of West Kutai Regency as Informant 5;
6) Head of the Village Arrangement and Cooperation Division of DPMK as Informant 6;
7) Head of the Administrative and Human Development Division of BP3D as Informant 7;
8) Head of Nyuatan District of West Kutai Regency as Informant 8;
9) Village Head of Benuaq Dayak Tribe Village as Informant 9;
10) Village Consultative Body (BPK) as Informant 10.
B) Auxiliary informants, including of 2 village heads, consist of:
1) Community leader (represented by Dayak Tribe Chief) as Informant 11;
2) Religious leader as Informant 12;
3) Educational leader as Informant 13;
4) Youth leader as Informant 14;
5) Female figure as Informant 15.
5. Result
Based on the results of research and discussion on Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province, we can draw the following conclusions:
1) Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province
A) Strategic
a) Comprehensive and systematic development framework
A comprehensive and systematic development framework is available, implemented by the Empowerment and Village Empowerment Service (DPMK) of West Kutai Regency and related agencies. We agree that a comprehensive and systematic development framework is essential in development planning. The regional government and related agencies have made a good framework based on regulations from the central level down to the village level.
b) Strategic policy stated in rural planning
Strategic policies by the DPMK in rural planning are in the form of RPJMD and RPJPD documents deriving from RPJM and RPJP documents at the central level down to the village level and translated into the village head’s vision and missions.
c) Quality of rural planning documents
Rural planning documents that the villages in West Kutai Regency have made are proper and fine.
B) Democratic and Participatory
a) Identification of stakeholders to be involved in the decision-making process of rural development planning
Stakeholders to be involved in the decision-making process of rural development planning in Sentalar village of Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai Regency include the village head, youth leader, religious leader, educational leader, customary figure/institution, female figure, members of the Family Welfare Movement (PKK), Youth Organization (Karang Taruna), BPK, heads of neighborhood units (RT) and community units (RW), and the community.
b) Equality between village government and other stakeholders in the decision-making process of rural development planning
The village government and other stakeholders are equal in the decision-making process of rural development planning in Sentalar village of Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai Regency, where the village head, youth leader, religious leader, educational leader, customary figure/institution, female figure, members of the Family Welfare Movement (PKK), Youth Organization (Karang Taruna), BPK, heads of neighborhood units (RT) and community units (RW), and the community are all entitled to share their opinions and then make decisions together. So, there is no disparity between the officials, leaders, and community members.
c) Transparency and accountability of the rural development planning process
Village officials have applied transparency and accountability in the rural development planning process in Sentalar village of the Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai Regency. The community, however, still lacks the awareness to actively engage in any rural development planning process.
d) Representativeness of all components of the community, especially female group and vulnerable group
Village officials have taken representatives from all components of the community, especially the female and vulnerable groups in Sentalar village of the Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai Regency. The community, especially the female group and vulnerable groups, however, still lacks the awareness to actively engage in any rural development planning process.
e) Community’s sense of ownership towards rural development planning documents
Village officials have taken representatives from all components of the community, especially the female and vulnerable groups in Sentalar village of the Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai Regency. The community, especially the female group and vulnerable groups, however, still lacks the awareness to actively engage in any rural development planning process.
f) Media engagement in campaigning the rural development planning
Village officials have been involving the media in campaigning the rural development planning in Sentalar village of the Benuaq Dayak Tribe. The community, however, still lacks the awareness to actively engage in any rural development planning process. The lack of facilities and infrastructure, such as unavailable internet networks in the village, is also one of the obstacles.
g) Consensus or agreement at all important stages of rural development planning
Consensus or agreement at all important stages to make decisions, such as formulation of the strategic issues on rural development and its problems, formulation of the rural development planning goals, and prioritization of programs and activities set in the rural development planning in Sentalar village of the Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai Regency, must indeed be carried out jointly and by mutual consent in order to be finalized as a rural development planning document.
C) Political
a) Consulting with village head for proper and systematic translation of the village head’s vision, missions, programs, and activities into rural development goals, strategies, policies, and programs
Consulting with village heads for proper and systematic translation of the village chief’s vision, missions, programs, and activities into rural development goals, strategies, policies, and programs, has been carried out, but was not directly in Sentalar village.
b) Involving the BPD in the planning process of rural development
Involving the BPD in the planning process of rural development has been carried out and it indeed has been regulated in regulations at the central level down to the regency/city level.
c) Making some of the BPD’s main ideas as a reference in the planning process of rural development
Not all of the BPD’s main ideas can be used as a reference in the planning process of rural development. If it all becomes a collective decision, all of them can be used as a reference.
d) Reviews, suggestions, and inputs from interested parties on the draft rural development planning document
Reviews, suggestions, and inputs from interested parties on the draft rural development planning document have been carried out.
e) Discussing the Draft Village Regulation
Discussion of the Draft Village Regulation has been carried out between BPK as the designer of the said legal product and Village Head as the one who sets the regulation, and was attended by representatives of customary leaders and the community.
f) Ratifying the Draft Village Regulation on Rural Development
The Draft Village Regulation on Rural Development as a Village Regulation that binds all parties to be implemented within the next 6 years has been ratified as RPJM-Kampung.
D) Bottom-up Planning
a) Identifying public aspirations
Identifying public aspirations to find the consistency between the community desires and needs and the elected village head’s vision, missions, and programs/activities in Sentalar village of the Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai Regency has been carried out. The community, however, still lacks the awareness to actively engage in any rural development planning process and most are unaware of this, making them simply leave everything to the village officials without expressing their opinions.
b) Results of the Musrenbang and the agreement with the community regarding the priorities of rural development for the short, medium, and long-term
The results of the Musrenbang and the agreement with the community regarding the priorities of rural development for the short, medium, and long term have been running well and there has been coordination and cooperation between the regency government and village government.
c) Results of the process of compiling proposed community activities stated in the list of the Village Community Desires and Needs
The process of compiling proposed community activities stated in the list of the Village Community Desires and Needs in Sentalar village of the Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai Regency has been carried out by the village officials. The community, however, still lacks the awareness to actively engage in any rural development planning process and most are unaware of this, making them simply leave everything to the village officials without expressing their opinions. If they do contribute, it is only because they want something profitable for them.
E) Top-down Planning
a) Rural development plan must be in line with the direction and policies at the central and regional levels
The rural development plan must certainly comply with the needs of the needs of the village and be in line with the direction and policies at the central and regional levels prepared by the DPMK of West Kutai Regency, related agencies, and Sentalar village.
b) Rural development plan is a synergy between the government’s commitment and the development goals
The rural development plan as a synergy between the government’s commitment and the global development goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), sustainable development, fulfillment of human rights, fulfillment of the rights to clean water, sanitation, and basic infrastructures, carried out by the DPMK of West Kutai Regency and related agencies has been running well. It is no longer MDGs, but more of SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). In Sentalar Village, however, although not everyone has access to clean water, 90% of the community can already enjoy it. Electricity, it is already available, albeit only from 6 pm to 12 am. Internet networks are still barely available and can only be accessible at noon at the village head’s office.
2) Supporting and Inhibiting Factors in the Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province
A) Supporting Factors
a) Internal supporting factors
The internal supporting factors include human resources, educational levels, facilities and infrastructures, and awareness and active participation of the community in Sentalar Village, West Kutai Regency.
b) External supporting factors
The external supporting factors include basic infrastructures in the village, such as roads, assistance from the regional government, technical guidance, and training, in addition to, yet mainly, funds, connectivity, or cooperation between village and district or regency governments, as well as culture and geographic condition in Sentalar Village, West Kutai Regency.
B) Inhibiting Factors
a) Internal inhibiting factors
The internal inhibiting factors include human resources, the presence of certain interests outweighing needs, road access to the village, and awareness and active participation of the community in Sentalar Village, West Kutai Regency.
b) External inhibiting factors
The external inhibiting factors include the low educational level of the community, lack of knowledge transfer, high price of goods or materials for projects, poor roads, and bad geographic conditions in Sentalar Village, West Kutai Regency.
3) Efforts to Overcome Inhibiting Factors in the Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province
The study found that several problems still inhibit the coordination carried out by the DPK and related regional agencies regarding the rural development planning for local (Dayak) community villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province.
A) Direct Efforts
a) Internal direct efforts
Internal direct efforts to overcome the inhibiting factors in rural development planning for local community villages include encouraging the community awareness to be more proactive by seeing the development of other villages, improving the coordination between village officials and district or regency governments, and upgrading human resources in Sentalar Village, West Kutai Regency.
b) External direct efforts
External direct efforts to overcome the inhibiting factors include assistance from regional government such as scholarships for children, in addition to more and better coordination with district and regency governments. Village officials can also improve activities to secure food for the community of Sentalar Village, West Kutai Regency.
B) Indirect Efforts
a) Internal indirect efforts
Internal indirect efforts to overcome the inhibiting factors include increasing the community awareness regarding development planning that has enabled other villages to develop, making up for the educational level of the community with more training, technical guidance, and workshops in order to increase the quality of human resources. In addition, with the help of village officials, the regional government has sought to reach out and encourage the community to share their opinions freely and make them understand the ideas and innovations of village officials or the regional government of West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province.
b) External indirect efforts
External indirect efforts to overcome the inhibiting factors include having the DMPK, with the help of the Nyuatan district government, conduct supervision and coordinate more with villages, in addition to having the government provide financial assistance through a scholarship MOU, for example, to children who want to go to school outside the area.
6. Conclusions
Based on the discussion above, several suggestions for better development planning for Local (Dayak) community villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province, are as follows:
1) Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province
A) Strategic
a) Comprehensive and systematic development framework
It is suggested that the West Kutai Regency government should always prepare a comprehensive and systematic development framework based on national-level regulations to ensure that the development objectives can be achieved from the village level, as the smallest part, to the regency/city level.
b) Strategic policy stated in rural planning
It is suggested that the West Kutai Regency government, through DPMK and related agencies, should work together in preparing and making strategic policies to be stated in proper rural planning documents according to applicable rules.
c) Quality of rural planning documents
It is suggested that the West Kutai Regency government, through DPMK, should always make proper rural planning documents according to applicable rules, so that the goals to achieve based on the documents can be beneficial for the welfare of the community.
B) Democratic and Participatory
a) Identification of stakeholders to be involved in the decision-making process of rural development planning
Regarding the identification of stakeholders to be involved in the decision-making process of rural development planning, with almost the entire community already being involved, we hope this can continue and improve.
b) Equality between village government and other stakeholders in the decision-making process of rural development planning
Regarding the equality between village government and other stakeholders in the decision-making process of rural development planning, with almost the entire community already being involved, we hope this can continue and improve.
c) Transparency and accountability of the rural development planning process
It is suggested that village officials in Sentalar Village can carry on the good things related to transparency and accountability. We would also suggest that village officials keep campaigning and encouraging the community of all levels to actively participate in every part of the rural development planning process.
D) Representativeness of All Components of the Community, Especially Female Group and Vulnerable Group
It is suggested that the community, especially female and vulnerable groups in the village, can more actively participate in every part of the rural development planning process carried out by village officials to support the progress and development of Sentalar Village. We would also suggest that village officials keep campaigning and encouraging the community of all levels to actively participate in every part of the rural development planning process.
a) Community’s sense of ownership towards rural development planning documents
It is suggested that the community, especially female and vulnerable groups in the village, can more actively participate in every part of the rural development planning process carried out by village officials to support the progress and development of Sentalar Village. We would also suggest that village officials keep campaigning and encouraging the community of all levels to actively participate in every part of the rural development planning process.
b) Media engagement in campaigning the rural development planning
It is suggested that village officials in Sentalar Village coordinate with the regency government to immediately resolve the issues that Sentalar Village is currently facing. We would also suggest that the community of all levels can actively participate in every part of the rural development planning process.
c) Consensus or agreement at all important stages of rural development planning
It is suggested that collaboration between village officials and the community in preparing the documents can continue and improve.
E) Political
a) Consulting with village head for proper and systematic translation of the village head’s vision, missions, programs, and activities into rural development goals, strategies, policies, and programs
It is suggested that regional government, especially the DPMK, should play an active role in assisting village officials in consulting to ensure proper and systematic translation of the vision and missions from the central to regional levels. We hope good things about this can continue and improve.
b) Involving the BPD in the planning process of rural development
We would suggest village officials of Sentalar Village can continue and improve good things related to this.
c) Making some of the BPD’s main ideas as a reference in the planning process of rural development
We would suggest village officials of Sentalar Village can continue and improve good things related to this.
d) Reviews, suggestions, and inputs from interested parties on the draft rural development planning document
It is suggested that regional government, especially the DPMK, should play an active role in assisting village officials in providing reviews, suggestions, and inputs to support the progress and development of Sentalar Village. We hope good things about this can continue and improve.
e) Discussing the Draft Village Regulation
It is suggested that good things related to coordination and discussion between village officials and the regency or district governments and good relationships between village officials and the community can continue and improve.
f) Ratifying the Draft Village Regulation on Rural Development
It is suggested that good coordination and relationships between village officials and the community regarding ratification of the RPJM-Kampung documents can continue and improve.
C) Bottom-up Planning
a) Identifying public aspirations
It is suggested that village officials in Sentalar Village can coordinate with the community regarding collecting and identifying aspirations to the avoid the impression that only village officials are allowed to decide what to be built and developed in the village without engaging the community. We would also suggest that the community of all levels can actively participate in every part of the rural development planning process.
b) Results of the Musrenbang and the agreement with the community regarding the priorities of rural development for the short, medium, and long-term
We hope that the results of the Musrenbang and the agreement with the community regarding the priorities of rural development for the short, medium, and long term can run well and align with what was delivered during the interview process.
c) Results of the process of compiling proposed community activities stated in the list of the Village Community Desires and Needs
It is suggested that village officials in Sentalar Village coordinate with the regency government, especially with the Nyuatan District and the DPMK, related to the current actual conditions of the community in Sentalar Village. We would also suggest that the community of all levels can actively participate in every part of the rural development planning process. Since the development is meant for their welfare, by actively participating, the community can at the same time supervise the performance of village officials.
D) Top-down Planning
a) Rural development plan must be in line with the direction and policies at the central and regional levels
It is suggested that the West Kutai Regency government should always synchronize every development plan with the vision, missions, direction, and policies from central to regional levels to ensure that the development objectives can be achieved from the village level, as the smallest part, to the regency/city level.
b) Rural development plan is a synergy between the government’s commitment and the development goals
It is suggested that the West Kutai Regency government should always make sure that every development plan is in synergy with the vision, missions, direction, and policies from central to regional levels to ensure that the development objectives can be achieved from the village level, especially in the developing economic villages, but in reality, this is not the case.
2) Supporting and Inhibiting Factors in the Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province
A) Supporting Factors
a) Internal supporting factors
It is suggested that the regional government agencies of West Kutai Regency and Sentalar Village work together to increase the quality of human resources, education, and facilities and infrastructures in West Kutai Regency.
b) External supporting factors
It is suggested that the regional government agencies of West Kutai Regency and Sentalar Village work together to improve basic infrastructures in the village, such as roads, assistance from the regional government, technical guidance, and training, in addition to, yet mainly, funds, connectivity, or cooperation between village and district or regency governments, as well as culture and geographic condition.
B) Inhibiting Factors
a) Internal inhibiting factors
It is suggested that regional government agencies of West Kutai Regency and Sentalar village officials keep working together to improve human resources, emphasize mutual needs over certain interests, improve road access to Sentalar Village, and increase the awareness and active participation of the community, as well as encourage the community to no longer be indifferent to development planning programs in Sentalar Village, West Kutai Regency.
b) External inhibiting factors
It is suggested that regional government agencies of West Kutai Regency and Sentalar Village coordinate and work together to increase the educational level of the community, provide human resource knowledge assistance from outside to support the development planning of Sentalar Village, improve and repair roads to Sentalar Village, coordinate assistance from regional government, hold technical guidance and training programs for village officials, and additionally yet most importantly, regulate the use of the budget, facilitate cooperation between village and district and regency governments, as well as match the geographical conditions to the planning programs to be made.
3) Efforts to Overcome Inhibiting Factors in the Rural Development Planning for Local (Dayak) Community Villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province
The study found that several problems still inhibit the coordination carried out by the DPK and related regional agencies regarding the rural development planning for local (Dayak) community villages in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province.
A) Direct Efforts
a) Internal direct efforts
It is suggested that the regional government agencies of West Kutai Regency and Sentalar Village should keep working together to overcome inhibiting factors, with the support from the community who are proactive with the development planning of their village, and hold technical guidance and training programs to increase the quality of human resources.
b) External direct efforts
It is suggested that the regional government should play an active role in paying more attention to areas such as Sentalar Village. Although it is located not far from the center of the regency, its infrastructure is still underdeveloped, which means that the government must evaluate and find out which part of the development planning in the village is wrong. In addition, Sentalar Village officials have found alternative ways to help with the community’s economy by improving the activities of securing food, such as farming, and these should continue and improve.
B) Indirect Efforts
a) Internal indirect efforts
It is suggested that interested parties can continue holding campaigns to provide understanding to the community on the development planning, which remains a problem for West Kutai Regency, and that efforts are continuously being made to overcome it.
b) External indirect efforts
It is suggested that the regional government should keep providing assistance, such as scholarships for children who want to go to school outside Sentalar Village. Such efforts should be improved and extended to other villages other than Sentalar Village.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.