Prevalence and Associated Factors of Low Back Pain among Adolescent Athletes from an Athletics Club: A Cross-Sectional Study ()
1. Introduction
Low back pain (LBP) is common among the general population [1] and in workers [2] [3]. In general adolescent population its one-year prevalence varies from 17% to 50% [4] [5]. The one-year pooled prevalence among adolescent athletes is 42% [6]. LBP is one of principal causes of lost playing time among athletes [7]. It may reduce their performance and compromise their career. Thus, seeking LBP and studying its risk factors are crucial in order to implement adequate treatment and advocate preventive measures among a vulnerable population such as adolescents [8].
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and the associated factors of LBP in adolescent athletes belonging to an athletics club.
2. Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents belonged to a Tunisian athletics club during December 2021.
Athletes aged between 10 and 19 years [9] and practicing sports for at least one year were included in the study.
The agreement of the club directors’ board was obtained. A formal consent was obtained from the athletes and their parents.
The main outcome measure was LBP prevalence obtained when questioning the athletes if they have had at least one episode of LBP during the past year. Secondary outcomes were demographic data (age, gender, BMI), practicing years, training hours per week, LBP onset circumstances (1) due to a false move, 2) a lack of warm-up, 3) after an intense training session, 4) after participating in a competition) and physical examination (Schober’s index, popliteal angle and the heel buttock distance).
The data collected was analysed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software version 23.0. We calculated the number and the percentage for qualitative parameters and the mean and the standard deviation (SD) for the quantitative parameters. According to the variable type, the chi-square or the t student tests were used for the comparison between LBP and no LBP populations. The significance threshold was fixed at 0.05.
3. Results
We included in our study 141 adolescent athletes. The mean age was 16.42 ± 1.76 years. Sex-ratio was 1.23. The majority (47.5%) of athletes were practicing running (Table 1).
The one-year prevalence of LBP in our population was 60.2%. It increased with age (Figure 1). The main reported circumstance of LBP onset was an intense training session.
LBP athletes were older and had a higher BMI than other athletes with a statistical significance. They also had higher practicing years and training hours per week with a higher proportion of individuals practicing throwing sports, without statistical significance. Moreover, all flexibility tests were poorer in LBP athletes without statistical significance except the Schober’s index (Table 2).
Schober’s index was poorer in LBP athletes compared to other athletes in the three categories of sport. Heel-buttock distance was significantly higher in LBP jumping athletes (Table 3).
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Table 1. Characteristics of the total population.
SD: Standard Deviation.
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Figure 1. Percentage of LBP athletes according to the age.
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Table 2. Comparison of epidemiological and flexibility parameters between LBP and other athletes.
SD: Standard Deviation.
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Table 3. Lower limb flexibility in LBP and other athletes according to the sports category.
4. Discussion
In our study, we found a one-year prevalence of LBP of 60.2% among adolescent athletes. Epidemiological parameters associated with LBP were older age and higher BMI. However, the two significant clinical abnormalities found in our LBP population were a limited lumbar flexibility whatever the sport category, and quadriceps muscle tightness for athletes practicing jumping.
The prevalence of LBP in our study is close to figures reported by Skoffer and Foldspang [10] and Schmidt et al. [11] (Respectively 60.3% and 57%). Kato [12], Sundell [13] and Schachne [14] reported lower prevalence; respectively 49.7%, 42.4% and 51%. This divergence with our results may be explained by a different age interval and sports category of the adolescent samples included in these studies (baseball players [12] and non-specific athlete’s speciality [10] [11] ). As we noticed in our study, Schachne et al. [14] found that older age was an associated factor with LBP in adolescent athletes. This association may be explained by the fact that progress in age would be accompanied by an increase in training intensity and hours of practice per week. These latter factors are associated with LBP occurrence in adolescents [15] [16]. BMI is an associated factor with LBP in our study concordantly with the results of Romero et al. [17] and Onan D and Ulger O [18]. These authors did not give an explanation for this association however; we may suggest mechanical loading and hormonal metabolic activity as possible mechanisms [18]. Decrease in lumbar flexibility was reported as a biomechanical factor associated with LBP [4] [8] [19] [20]. Indeed, reduced lumbar flexibility would be associated with a higher level of stress exerted on vertebrae and an excessive exposure to micro-trauma [19] [21]. Quadriceps muscle tightness was significantly prominent in jumping sport athletes in our study. The contrary finding was reported in young floorball and basketball players [22]. This discrepancy with our results may be due to the type of sport and age differences. However, similar findings regarding the quadriceps tightness were noticed in non-athlete’s school adolescents [23] and university students [24]. Globally a recent meta-analysis found as potential risk factors for LBP in adolescent athletes; intense training, high BMI, older adolescent age, female sex and family history of LBP [6].
Study limitations: Our study comprises some limitations, essentially the small size of the studied sample, the lack of muscle strength assessment and the absence of LBP pathogenesis information.
5. Conclusion
This cross-sectional study aimed to study the prevalence and the associated factors of LBP in adolescent athletes. It found a higher one-year prevalence of LBP in this population. Associated factors with LBP were older age, higher BMI, limited of lumbar flexibility. Quadriceps muscle tightness was an associated factor in the sub-group of athletes practicing jumping. However, higher practicing years and training hours per week and practicing throwing were not significantly associated with LBP. More high-quality prospective studies are needed to understand better factors leading to the onset of LBP in adolescent athletes.