Currently, the most important issue with respect to financial institutions is how to motivate staff without providing perverse incentives. For instance, with the implementation of a proper incentive system, staff will be motivated via their self-interest to create financial innovations to better price and hedge risk. However, this system must also be designed with checks and balances in mind because it is also very easy to institute a system in which perverse incentives drive individual behavior. In an effort to modernize the Chinese financial system, it is important to understand both the underlying mechanism by which people respond to incentives to better design compensation schemes that maximize innovation. Utilizing game theory, it is possible to analyze the interplay between these two drivers of human action. From this analysis it becomes possible to design better ways of compensating staff to curb undesirable behavior by those in the financial industry while still promoting innovation within the field.
One of the shortcomings of the Chinese financial systems is that its development has not kept up with the banking needs of the 21st century. Despite attempted reforms to the system, it is still dominated by a moribund administration that does not adapt to the current free market economy system. For instance, many of the recent financial innovations to price and hedge risk are not adopted in China which leads to low liquidity in the system. One of the reasons for this is the basic salary structure of these institutions in which the managers and their direct reports make very similar wages despite the vast difference in their responsibilities. This salary structure disincentives excellence in individuals because working hard to get ahead has little or no rewards.
Currently the only incentive system that has been instituted is the system of promotion. Currently, the system consists of one way promotions in which managers cannot be demoted due to poor performance. However, while they have greater administrative power, their wage level does not increase greatly. This system is problematic because oftentimes the promotions are temporally divorced from the accomplishments of individuals. This disconnect oftentimes makes it less effective in motivating individuals to do their best. Furthermore, in systems such as this, once an individual has been passed over for promotion, they are usually excluded from future promotions. This leads to the fact that for many individuals in a firm, there are no effective ways of motivating the workforce.
An alternative incentive system utilizes financial incentives in which employees can be rewarded with changes to their salary, at-risk bonuses as well as being provided equity within the company. In this system salary and benefits are usually fixed, whereas at-risk bonuses are evaluated and paid over a certain interval of time. Finally equity is provided as long term incentives to keep top performers as well as aligning the incentives of these individuals with the future performance of the company. This system has proven to be the most effective in driving innovation, especially in the financial industry [
The first step is to quantify the sum of the long term and short term incentives. This can be well modeled via Equation (1.1)
In Equation (1.1), Ss is the coefficient that denotes the short term performance of the firms due to behavior of the managers. Ls represents the short term cost imposed by long term behavior, at represents the general behavior during day to day operation of financial institute, at,s represents the short term behavior that will benefit the short term gain but damage the long term gain, at,l is the long term behavior that will increase the income of financial institutes in long term while increasing the management cost in short term. Finally, two boundary conditions exist Ss > 0, Ls > 0.
This equation can be extended as in Equation (1.2) through the incorporation of terms that reflect short term behavior that leads to negative effects in the long term and long term behaviors that lead to short term losses. This is done by subtracting the product of Sl which represents the coefficient of the manager’s short term behavior and Ls which represents long term loses due to long term behavior.
Additional boundary conditions of
Assuming the pay of individuals is ω. The revenue function of owners equals the long term revenue of financial institutes minus cost,
To find the equilibrium behavior of the owners of the financial institution, the owners are assumed to mean risk neutral. Thus, it is possible to find the equilibrium behavior utilizing Equation (2.1)
Risk-neutral means that expectations of income utility equals to the expected income, i.e.
Managers attempt to maximize the utility derived from their income under existing constraints brought be regulation. Assuming that the marginal utility of income is modeled via
via:
0, and consequently risk aversion is modeled by setting Ra(x) > 0. Assuming that the income of an individual follows a normal distribution, the following equation can be solved analytically to yield Equation (2.2).
However, in this model, it is also important to define behavior under less than certain conditions which are denoted CE. The certainty equivalent of managers’ income under uncertain condition is CE.
An individual’s goal is to maximize their expected utility which exists when
To reach the Nash Equilibrium, which is the solution reached when both sides are non-cooperative, the following conditions must be met. Both the individual employee and the employer seek to maximize the utility associated with their income, and it must reach a point in which these utilities are equal. In this system, the owner of the financial firm has the first mover advantage since they dictate the original salary. The individual then must weigh the benefit of this salary vs. the cost of moving. The interplay between these two factors can be expressed as the following series of Equations (2.5).
Based upon this system, it becomes possible to assess the behavior of individuals under different incentive programs i.e. those that balance short term vs. different types of long term compensation schemes.
Under a fixed income system, an individual’s income is independent of performance [
Their revenue is then defined as:
The certainty equivalent of an individual’s income is,
Assuming the cost of individuals is
Under the fixed income system, an individual’s hard work will increase their personal cost. Therefore working hard will reduce the personal revenue of individuals while the income is fixed. No matter the rational choice of individuals is short term or long term behavior, there will not be any observable incentive.
Under the contract responsibility system, the owner establishes a performance threshold. If the standard was surpassed, then individuals receive a percentage of the surplus, if the threshold was not achieved, individuals will be penalized. Under this case, the overall income is represented as:
where s is the fixed income of individuals, βα is the reward commission percentage for surpassing the threshold, βb is the penalty for missing the target, F is the maximum penalty, and y0 is the pre-determined operating standard.
When yt,s ≥ y0, individuals’ income is given in Equation (4.6) and their consequent revenue is defined in Equation (3.7)
The certainty equivalent of the individual’s income is,
This leads to the following constraints being placed upon the optimal choice
when yt,s < y0 and
Then the optimal choice of the individuals is,
when yt,s < y0 and
Under this system, an individual’s revenue is positively correlated to the effort which they must expend. However, there are some drawbacks in this system: if the target is set too low, then individuals will take short term behavior and reduce activities like long term R & D and systematic investment in order to obtain short term gains; if the target is set too high, individuals will put down less effort on work since the target is too hard to reach.
This system consists of an annual salary with a performance based bonus. In this system, an individuals’ income can be expressed as:
In this system, s is the fixed income of individuals, β is the ratio of benefit based on annual benefit, and α is the ratio of bonus based on risk level of income. From this, it is possible to define an Individuals’ revenue as:
with the associated certainty equivalent:
From this, the optimal strategy can be defined as the following:
When
When
When
When
From this it becomes clear that utilizing this framework, one cannot dis-incentivize bad behavior, nor prioritizes long term growth over that of short term results.
Under this system, the revenue of individuals consists of a fixed income component and stock option component．This allows the income stream to be defined as the following:
In this framework s is the fixed income, β is the ratio of vesting of stock options to total stocks, E is the strike price of the stock options, λ is the correlation coefficient of stock price and long term gains of financial institutes, and λ > 0.
When
When
Individuals’ revenue is,
The certainty equivalent of individuals’ income is,
Therefore, under this condition, the best options for action is,
Under this system, individuals will be incentivized naturally to optimize long term and near term behavior while avoiding short term payoffs that may have long term negative consequences.
Based upon the numerical analysis, it becomes clear that stock options are the most effective method in motivating consistent behavior in the near term, but also to take long term performance of the firm into account. This is because it aligns the interests of the employee with the long term interests of the firm. This allows capital markets instead of easily manipulated regulatory system to provide oversight to the individual. This is because the stock price of the firm, which is a major component of one’s compensation, reflects an evaluation of whether activities taken are beneficial to the company. In summary, the stock options system is an effective way to enhance the incentive effect and operational efficiency, and should play a key part in reforming the Chinese financial industry to be more innovative and forward looking.
*Corresponding author.