<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">NS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Natural Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2150-4091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ns.2014.616115</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">NS-51819</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biomedical&amp;Life Sciences</subject><subject> Chemistry&amp;Materials Science</subject><subject> Earth&amp;Environmental Sciences</subject><subject> Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  The Gap Labelling Integrated Density of States for a Quasi Crystal Universe Is Identical to the Observed 4.5 Percent Ordinary Energy Density of the Cosmos
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>ohamed</surname><given-names>S. El Naschie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Physics, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>Chaossf@aol.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>06</volume><issue>16</issue><fpage>1259</fpage><lpage>1265</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day>	<month>August</month>	<year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>29</day>	<month>September</month>	<year>2014</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day>	<month>October</month>	<year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  Condense matter methods and mathematical models used in solving problems in solid state physics are transformed to high energy quantum cosmology in order to estimate the magnitude of the missing dark energy of the universe. Looking at the problem from this novel viewpoint was rewarded by a rather unexpected result, namely that the gap labelling method of integrated density of states for three dimensional icosahedral quasicrystals is identical to the previously measured and theoretically concluded ordinary energy density of the universe, namely a mere 4.5 percent of Einstein’s energy density, 
  <em>i</em>
  <em>.e. E</em>(
  <em>O</em>) = 
  <em>mc</em>
  <sup>2</sup>/22 where 
  <em>E</em> is the energy, 
  <em>m</em> is the mass and 
  <em>c</em> is the speed of light. Consequently we conclude that the missing dark energy density must be 
  <em>E</em>(
  <em>D</em>) = 1 － 
  <em>E</em>(
  <em>O</em>) = 
  <em>mc</em>
  <sup>2</sup>(21/22) in agreement with all known cosmological measurements and observations. This result could also be interpreted as a strong evidence for the self similarity of the geometry of spacetime, which is an expression of its basic fractal nature.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>E-Infinity Theory</kwd><kwd> Fractal-Witten M-Theory</kwd><kwd> Gap Labelling Theorem</kwd><kwd> Density of States</kwd><kwd> Dark Energy Density</kwd><kwd> Noncommutative Geometry</kwd><kwd> K-Theory</kwd><kwd> Dimension Group</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>It is well known that many models and mathematical techniques that proved to be valuable in the low energy domain of condense matter physics were found to be of considerable usefulness in clarifying basic questions in high energy physics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref1">1</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] . Symmetry breaking and phase transition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref3">3</xref>] are well known examples for the above, which resulted in the major discovery of the Higgs boson [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref4">4</xref>] . The hypothesis is also well known that the universe is a gigantic self similar structure [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] as partially evidenced by the planetary system of the Rutherford- Bohr atom model [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref5">5</xref>] . Nevertheless the result of the present paper goes far beyond what the preceding fact could have led us to believe and it was rather a delightful unexpected result to find that the methods of solid state physics and the suspected self similarity of a fractal universe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] could lead to accurate results setting the gap labelling integrated density of states for a 3-D quasicrystals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref12">12</xref>] equal to the ordinary energy density of the cosmos as found by COBE, WMAP and the Planck measurements [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref13">13</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref18">18</xref>] . In fact these various accurate measurements which lead to several Nobel prizes in physics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref13">13</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref20">20</xref>] are in complete accordance with the theoretical results obtained in the last three years or so [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref21">21</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref25">25</xref>] and in turn these theoretical energy density derivations give identical results to the present one [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref16">16</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref25">25</xref>] as will be expanded upon in the following sections. In short the main objective of the present paper is to show that the methods of high energy physics and that of low energy solid state physics converge in a clear way leading to the same dark energy density.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Integrated Density of States</title><sec id="s2_1"><title>2.1. Background Information</title><p>It is well known that electronic band theory is a very useful and successful theory in the physics of solids that solved difficult problems connected to the design of solar cells and transistors as well as illuminating fundamental properties of solids such as optical absorption and electrical resistance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] . In this respect the density of states and the Brillouin zone plays a central role [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] . Thus the said density function is defined as the number of electronic states per unit energy for nearby electron energy while the Brillouin zone is polyhedron in Schr&#246;- dinger wave vector space, which is related to a corresponding crystal lattice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref12">12</xref>] .</p><p>Now with a somewhat unconventional but well motivated idea in the back of our minds, namely that of draw- ing an instructive analogy between the zero density inside a band gap and the geometry and topology of the crystal lattice on the one side and ordinary energy and dark energy density contained in the structure of our cosmos on the other side, we will start here by extending the above concepts and notions to quasi periodic crystalline [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref11">11</xref>] . Luckily we already have at our disposal a gap labelling theorem to lean on as well as many results obtained notably by J. Bellisard [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] , A. Connes and many others who applied the powerful mathematical machinery of K-theory and noncommutative geometry [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref26">26</xref>] to the problem. For example an extensively used standard model is the Fibonacci sequence of two letters a and b in which the frequency of the “a” is given by the golden mean [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref11">11</xref>] . This we consider next.</p></sec><sec id="s2_2"><title>2.2. Gap Labelling Density of States of One Dimensional Discrete System</title><p>Probably the simplest group of one dimensional systems to illustrate the theory at hand is an automatic sequences such as period doubling, the Rudin-Shapiro sequence and Thue-Morse sequence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] . However the Fibonacci sequence is the most appropriate for our purpose here not only because it is the simplest but also because it constitutes in the limit a one dimensional Cantorian space with a Hausdorff dimension equal</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x5.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and a Menger-Urysohn topological dimension <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> while displaying a remarkable inte-</p><p>grated density of states having the same information as that of a higher dimensional model. Let the two letters alphabet be given by <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and let the substitution be</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1179"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Following Bellissard’s general exposition and his notation we find two matrices [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1180"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1181"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x10.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The largest Eigenvalue of the above is<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the golden mean. Using the same notation and abbreviations of [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] the corresponding Eigenvectors are consequently</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1182"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1183"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and the integrated density of states (IDS) is given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1184"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. It is almost impossible for anyone familiar with noncommutative geometry or E-infinity theory to overlook that the preceding density is at a minimum formally identical to that of the compactified Penrose tiling dimensional function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref26">26</xref>] as well as the bijection formula of Cantorian spacetime [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] . Thus as simple as the preceding analysis may be, it has far reaching consequences which we discuss next in the context of a K-analysis of the famous Penrose fractal tiling [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref26">26</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s2_3"><title>2.3. Landi’s K-Analysis of the Penrose Tiling</title><p>As noted by Landi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref12">12</xref>] , the K-theory of Penrose universe treated as x-space by Connes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref26">26</xref>] is straight forward and leads via Bratteli diagram and the fact that {0} is the only primitive ideal to the inclusion [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref12">12</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1185"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x18.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>which is reminiscent of the previous recursive Fibonacci example. Proceeding in the usual way Landi can then prove the proposition that the c star algebra of the Penrose tiling gives rise to a group given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref12">12</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1186"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x19.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1187"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x20.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This result is again identical to that obtained by Connes and noting the one to one correspondence between the bijection formula of E-infinity Cantorian spacetime [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref19">19</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref26">26</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref29">29</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1188"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x21.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and von Neumann-Connes dimensional function it follows that k<sub>o</sub><sub>+</sub> as well as [IDS] are simply mathematical tautology, albeit an extremely instructive one bringing various theories for the micro cosmos and the large structure of spacetime [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref29">29</xref>] to come together and reveal their quintessentially identical nature. One must add however that the bijection formula is a far more compact notation and one could deduce <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for negative dimensions much easier than by using the recursive Fibonacci prescription of K-theory and noncommutative geometry. Thus for the empty set we see immediately that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> leads to [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1189"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x24.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>exactly as should be while the zero set is given clearly by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1190"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x25.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>so that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is nothing but our unit set [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1191"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x27.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Next we discuss the vital physical and cosmological implication of the preceding results.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Ordinary and Dark Energy from Integrated Density of States and Gap Labelling</title><p>One of the most important conclusions arrived at from the preceding Section 2 is that what we called topological probability <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are also Hausdorff dimensions for negative Menger-Urysohn space [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] and consequently the inverse of a Hausdorff dimension of a corresponding positive dimension n. Actually we have known this fact since a long time from our work on E-infinity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] . However the slightly new twist is that these normed Hausdorff dimensions or probability corresponds to a subtle form of geometrical density with a physical meaning. To explain what we mean in a more direct and specific way we could do nothing better than derive the celebrated Hardy’s probability for quantum entanglement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref19">19</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref22">22</xref>] and proceed from there to the computation of the ordinary and the dark energy density of our universe and discuss its direct interpretation as an integrated density of states [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] which implies that our cosmos is akin to a gigantic quasi crystalline with Cantorian fine structure.</p><p>Hardy’s quantum probability of entanglement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref19">19</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref22">22</xref>] is an ideal starting point for various very good reasons. First it is an exact solution of two quantum particles using orthodox quantum mechanics a la Dirac [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref19">19</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref22">22</xref>] . Second this exact solution turned out to be a most surprizing quantitative answer with a strong qualitative flavour being the golden mean <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> to the power of five, that is to say</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1192"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Being a probability we could look upon it as being the inverse of a dimension, i.e. un-normed probability given by the bijection formula [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] . Taking the dimensionality n to be n = 6 one finds [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref19">19</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref22">22</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1193"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore we have the normed probability [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref19">19</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref22">22</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1194"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Alternatively we could see P(Hardy) as living in a negative four dimensional space <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which leads to [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1195"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x34.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here we tacitly made use of the notion of the degree of emptiness of an empty set introduced first by the late inventor of the word fractals, B. Mandelbrot [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] . This is so because the zero set n = 0 is the surface of the empty set <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> while the empty set <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the surface of an emptier still set<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Similarly <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the surface of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the surface of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and so on add infinitum until we reach, via the philosophical concept of infinity, the dual philosophical concept of a true insubstantial nothingness [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] .</p><p>Let us return to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and in particular ponder the meaning of its continued fraction. The geometry of continued fractions is a specialized and rich subject in its own right [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref30">30</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref32">32</xref>] . Here we mention only on passing the geometrical relevance of continued fractions in connection with SL(2, 7) Lie symmetry groups of which the holographic boundary of E-infinity theory, i.e. SL(2, 7) is a member as well as the density points theorems on measurable subsets and multi-dimensional continued fractions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref32">32</xref>] . However our main attention should be placed on the appearance of the remarkable prime number eleven of super gravity and Witten’s M-theory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref33">33</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref36">36</xref>] . Even in the simple form given here it is obvious that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> represents a self-similar fractal-like version of the original M-theory spacetime (see [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref33">33</xref>] <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref> as well as [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref36">36</xref>] <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>). It is easily reasoned that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is equal to the isomorphic length of a super symmetric space [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref33">33</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref36">36</xref>] , made of the bosonic <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and fermionic <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of E-infinity theory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref19">19</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref21">21</xref>] . The intersection of both spaces gives us therefore a super symmetric space with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is equal to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of “tHooft-Veltman-Wilson” dimensional regularization [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref35">35</xref>] . Seen that way <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> becomes not only a Hausdorff dimension but a measure for the ordinary energy density of our universe, namely [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref16">16</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref25">25</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref33">33</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref36">36</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.51819-formula1196"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x51.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where the 22 may be viewed as the compactified dimensional subset of the 26 dimensions of the bosonic string theory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref19">19</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref21">21</xref>] . In other words, for a normed m = 1, c = 1 we have E(Einstein) = 1 and the measurable energy density is simply <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> percent in full agreement with all actual cosmic measurements and observations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref15">15</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref25">25</xref>] . Looking now at the entire situation in a global manner we could see not only that the very same mathematics which is developed for the very small is also applicable seamlessly to the extremely large but also that the physics underneath is quite similar. A band gap is evidently where a density of states function is equal zero [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] . In our spacetime model this could play the role of the empty set [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref33">33</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref34">34</xref>] . The electrons on the other hand represent the analogue of the zero set. This is in fact quite reasonable from the viewpoint of fractal logic and the fractal counting of photons, which are the messenger particles, connected to the fermionic electron and which has a fractal weight number equal <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> rather than one. Consequently the electrons will correspond to Cantorian dust responsible for the ordinary measurable energy density [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref17">17</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref25">25</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusions</title><p>There is one aspect of theoretical physics that is so incredibly beautiful that one cannot find the right words to describe it. This is a first hand experience of the present author which happens whenever he notices that two totally different fields can be directly connected and analogies established simply because the same stringent logic, i.e. the same mathematical pattern and schemes are obeyed by both fields. One such case is the connection between super conductivity and the high energy physics of elementary particles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref4">4</xref>] . This is truly the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics which on deeper still reflection, is truly reasonable.</p><p>The present work reveals a similar situation where the extremely small and large ultra obeys basically the same subgroup of R generated by Z and the golden mean number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> so that the density or the frequency of appearance of a motive by certain tiling, in our case Klein-Penrose fractal universe, by virtue of the basic topology must be an element of the dimensional group given by von Neumann-Connes dimensional function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] or equivalently the K- and E-theory bijection formula [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] . In all cases it turns out that the probability of finding a Cantorian point in the fractal M-theory space which has a Hausdorff dimension equal to 11 plus Hardy’s quantum entanglement, i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is given simply by the inverse value of this dimension, i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref33">33</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref34">34</xref>] . Since such a ‘point’ is super symmetric by definition, it is a double point and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> should be divided by n = 2 to give us the net value corresponding to a single “Cantorian” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref27">27</xref>] . We have shown here, in accordance with earlier derivations, that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-8302499x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the density of ordinary energy of the universe which accounts for only about 4.5% of the total energy while the rest, namely 1 − 4.5 = 95.5% is what has been dubbed the missing dark energy. Not only that but we established an analogous situation to a fundamental problem in condensed matter physics and showed that the very same mathematics govern the behaviour of electrons in metals as explained within the theory of gap labelling of Schr&#246;dinger operators [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref8">8</xref>] .</p><p>From all of the above we have considerable renewed confidence in our proposal made some two decades ago that the universe as a whole can be regarded as huge quasicrystals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref37">37</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref43">43</xref>] . Clearly the proposal is indirectly implied by the work of Penrose [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref38">38</xref>] as well as a powerful but largely unsung work of a Russian school [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref41">41</xref>] . The idea was then given new impulse by the work of a leading physicist and cosmologist, P. Steinhardt [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref43">43</xref>] and it may be possible to explain the origin of the forbidden 5-D symmetry of the found meteorite remnants by the effect of the quasicrystalline geometry of quantum spacetime on its initial quantum formation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref36">36</xref>] . In fact all recent astrophysical observations indicate a quasi self-similar universe as exposed in an excellent 2008 paper by R. Murdzek [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref44">44</xref>] , which we give here together with the superb historical account in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.51819-ref6">6</xref>] as recommended reading. We think that future research following the ideas presented here may lead to a possible harnessing of dark energy using some innovative nanotechnological devices.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.51819-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Aoki, H. (Chairman) (2010) Condensed Matter Physics Meets High Energy Physics. IPMU, 1st International Conference, Tokyo, 8-12 February 2010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.51819-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1977) The Logic of Interdisciplinary Research. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 8, vi-x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.51819-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sachder, S. (2011) Quantum Phase Transition. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.  
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