Inguinal hernia is a prevalent health issue in both developing and 1^st world countries, mostly among men, ac- counting for important costs to society, if considering days away from work and recurrent medical visits. When left untreated, hernia may lead to serious consequences such as high morbidity and even mortality that could have been avoided. Inguinal hernia repair with local anesthesia is widely used around the world [1] [2] . In Brazil, even with the encouragement of its use for more than two decades [3] , it is not yet widespread and accepted, despite the benefits observed by several centers of excellence worldwide [4] [5] . Local anesthesia plus sedation applied for this type of surgery is a method with less impact on the function of organs and systems, is safe, effec- tive, easy to perform, with lower incidence of side effects, such as cardiovascular instability, nausea, vomiting or urinary retention, allowing rapid mobilization and resulting in a shorter hospital stay [2] -[6] , generally less than 24 hours. The aim of this study is to prove the feasibility of inguinal hernia repair under local anesthesia without admission to hospital, its safety, efficacy and the short learning curve for the novice general surgery resident.

We analyzed medical records of 1186 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair with local anesthesia on an outpatient basis between November 2004 and March 2014, all operated by the technique of Lichtenstein [7] [8] associated with intravenous sedation in The First Surgical Clinic of Bonsucesso General Hospital, in Rio de Ja- neiro. We used a subjective, unidimensional, numerical, eleven-point scale, as proposed by Huskisson in 1974 [9] , to evaluate the perioperative pain (0—no pain, 10—unbearable pain). In the first postoperative outpatient appointment, each patient attributed a value that best represented the intensity of perceived pain during surgery.

The surgical team consisted of two residents (First and second years) in the surgical field, and the staff surgeon supervising the procedure. Another resident, usually of the second year, was responsible for monitoring the patient. The procedure always took place at the main operating room unit, with a standby anesthesiologist present, not necessarily in the operating room, to give support when needed. The activities conducted by resi- dents are defined in the General Surgery Residency Program, approved by the National Committee of Medical Residency [10] . The criteria for inclusion in the procedure were clinical: lack of uncontrolled comorbidities—up to ASA II and age younger than 70 years; surgical: primary, reducible inguinal hernia and Body Mass Index BMI less than 30 kg/m²; and psychosocial: understanding of the procedure and emotional stability. The exclu- sion criteria were complex, irreducible or recurrent hernia, obesity (BMI greater than 30 kg/m²) and psychiatric disorder. During the procedures the patients were monitored with pulse oximetry, cardiac monitoring and non- invasive blood pressure and had a peripheral venous access and 3 l/min oxygen mask therapy. We used an intra- venous bolus of one to ten mg of midazolam, 20 mg of tenoxicam, 20 to 100 mg of meperidine and 1 g of cefa- zolin. After reaching the desired depth of sedation, we performed the blocking technique of the operative field with an anesthetic solution consisting of 20 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine, 20 ml of 2% lidocaine and 0.4 ml of 0, 1% adrenaline dissolved in 30 ml of distilled water, amounting a 70 ml solution.

The anesthetic block of the operative field was carried out according to the following steps: marking points on local anesthetic injection (Figure 1) to start the procedure with local anesthetic injection, 10 ml at the anterior superior iliac spine (Figure 1), 5 ml of the anesthesic solution, aiming for the deep ring and for the superficial femoral nerve (Figure 1); 5 ml in the incision; 5 ml at the level of the pubis and in external oblique aponeurosis (Figure 2), 5 ml directly over the external oblique aponeurosis, aiming for the cord, 5 ml of the anesthesic solu- tion in the pubis (Figure 2) after opening the external oblique aponeurosis (Figure 3). One must wait for the la- tency time of 20 minutes before starting the procedure. The Learning Curve is evaluated as the time necessary for the first year resident to perform the complete surgical procedure, with domain of the anatomy and technique used and the anesthetic blockade. During this period the Surgical Clinic staff evaluates the conduct of the resi- dent, his/her knowledge and ability to perform the anesthetic blockade and to identify anatomical structures of the inguinal canal, as well as the ease in performing the standard Lichtenstein technique8 adopted by the Clinic.

Of all patients operated, 4.8% were female and 95.2% male. We performed 755 hernioplasties on the right, 394

on the left and 37 bilateral. With respect to the Nyhus classification, 55% of cases were classified as type II, 24% type III-A, 14% type IIIB and 7% type I. All operations were successfully completed. In neither case a change in the anesthetic method was necessary. Operative time ranged between 40 and 90 minutes, with an average of 65, with no cases of local anesthetics adverse effects. There were seven cases needing assistance by the anesthesi- ologist, with rapid resolution of the problem (perioperative complications): five cases of sedative side effects (agitation), reversed with the use of specific antagonist; three cases of hypotension. There was no need for hos- pitalization longer than 24 hours. Regarding the perception of pain, 92% of patients denied feeling any pain, while 8% reported some soreness: grade I in six patients, grade II in three, grade III in one and grade IV in two. When asked about the surgical experience with local anesthesia, all the patients, even those included in the 8% who reported some soreness, said they were satisfied with the treatment received and, should they develop another medical condition that required surgery, they would agree to be submitted to it with use of local anes- thesia. There were no deaths. Immediate postoperative complications, defined by presentation between the end of the surgery and hospital discharge were: a case of postural hypotension and another case of wound bleeding, handled with dressing change, without delay in hospital discharge.

Late postoperative complications, defined as being identified from the first postoperative consultation until the last meeting recorded during the study period, were: 1.5% recurrence, the earliest at 6 months and latest after 1 year of follow-up; 5% of chronic pain; 8.2% of wound infection (subcutaneous), without compromising the prosthesis, or surgical outcome (4.4%); one graft rejection; 12% seromas that did not evolve to wound infection; 6.4% complaints of paresthesia; 8% wound hematomas; 3% of swelling of the surgical scar, without the pre- sence of seroma or infection; 0.47% of orchitis.

The work of Lichtenstein [6] , developed in his clinic in California, shows 2000 patients operated on by his tech- nique without hospitalization and with local anesthesia with absence of severe complications or deaths, and a recurrence rate below 1%. In Brazil, the work of Silva [11] held in Porto Alegre, comparing the conventional outpatient inguinal hernia repair without hospitalization, showed similar complication rates between procedures with and without hospitalization, with costs to the institution 20% lower. This same study noted the impact in significantly reducing the waiting list, similar to results found in this study. Confirming the impression about this aspect, we mention the work published by Neto [12] , which also consistently emphasizes the presented me- thod. In a recent study conducted in our institution, and presented in Las Vegas Physical Medicine and Rehabil- itation International Conference (August 19-23, 2014), Sá Ribeiro has compared the costs and time of hospital stay of our local anesthesia hernia program with the rest of Rio de Janeiro state public hospitals. The study compared data of 1042 patients submitted to the repair under local anesthesia in our hospital between 2004 and 2012 with 5451 patients submitted to elective inguinal hernia repair in the rest of Rio de Janeiro at the year of 2012. Our mean time of hospital stay was 6 hours, compared to 2.2 days of those interned at other units. Costs with the procedure were up to 75% lower in our institution.

There was also a lower incidence of side effects, such as cardiovascular instability, nausea, vomiting or uri- nary retention. The patient undergoing local anesthesia is rapidly mobilized after surgery, resulting in shorter hospital stay. In ten years of this program (2004-2014) there was no case of hospitalization about these patients who were submitted to this surgery. Surgical treatment of inguinal hernias is performed in outpatient clinics in about 70% of patients diagnosed with inguinal hernia in continents such as Europe and North America since the early eighties [1] [13] . In Brazil, even with the knowledge of this surgical technique and the incentive to use it for more than two decades, it is still little known and accepted, and presented in national publications with an air of novelty and not as a standard [2] [14] . Keyes published, in 2008 [15] , a review conducted by the American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities on 1,141,418 surgical procedures performed in multiple ambulatory surgery centers, finding 23 deaths, 13 attributed to embolism by autopsy report; only one case was due to complications of the surgical procedure. The procedure most frequently associated with throm- boembolic episodes is the abdominoplasty performed at a day-hospital regime. There are very few published reports of deaths resulting from ambulatory hernia operations [2] [16] . Recently Barros et al. [17] tried to high- light the reasons or situations where the need for admission (unscheduled) arises and reported the experience of their service in Portugal, with over 6000 cases of ambulatory surgeries, in an attempt to identify risk factors re- lated to unscheduled hospitalization. Those that were statistically significant were: gynecologic procedures, nausea and vomiting, bleeding, severe pain, and duration of anesthesia over 120 minutes. In that work more than 30% of the procedures were laparoscopic and 40% were inguinal hernia repairs. The latter had, as an important factor, the occurrence of bleeding from the wound immediately after the procedure, approximately 0.2% of her- nia ambulatory operations with local anesthesia. The need for an effective pathway for the treatment of less complex surgical disorders, of great socioeconomic impact, with the recognition of inguinal hernia as an impor- tant public health problem in Brazil, which keeps a very large number of individuals out of their work posts, and the concern about the need to ensure adequate training to our residents, made in 2004, the First Surgical Clinic of Bonsucesso General Hospital develop actions to ensure achievement of these procedures, without, however, compromising the need of beds for more severe patients. In this context, the “Program for surgery under local anesthesia without hospitalization” arose, in which was introduced the surgical treatment of inguinal hernias along with procedures such as: other abdominal hernias, anorectal surgery and surgical treatment of pilonidal cysts. This program was inspired and adapted to the reality of the institution from the successful experience of the outpatient Piquet Carneiro Polyclinic developed at the University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). The lack of re- sources, the hospital demand focused on high complexity, the care of oncology patients, besides the growing need for organ transplantation, mobilized almost all Bonsucesso General Hospital structure. Even worse, the lack of clear policies for primary care and strong hospital-centered health care “marketing” combine to virtually disable the care of patients with diseases that require a less complex surgery, but of great socioeconomic impact. The waiting list for surgical treatment of patients with inguinal hernia, which stretches for about five years, is observed in most public health units in Rio de Janeiro, compromising the social and financial spheres of the pa- tients and their families and overwhelming the welfare system. Inguinal hernias affect a significant percentage of the active population in addition to compromising the quality of life of the population over 60 years old, con- stituting a major public health problem. These patients search various health care units in pursue of definitive treatment to allow their return to usual activities. In Bonsucesso General Hospital the most immediate result was the end of the waiting list for surgical treatment of inguinal hernia. The introduction of the project of surgical abdominal wall hernias with local anesthesia without hospitalization, initiated in 2004 by the First Surgical Clinic of the HGB, in accordance with initiative of the then director of the Hospital, Dr. Victor Grabois, who had created the institution’s Short Stay Unit, significantly decreased the waiting list, which was of about six years, a reality that still persists in most Brazilian public hospitals. The program led to a significant improve- ment in the surgical training of the resident’s body and of the HGB interns [2] , going from the 24 hernia opera- tions in 2003 to 240 in 2009. Thus, the procedure “Inguinal Hernia Surgery with Local Anesthesia in Outpatient Regime” is feasible, without significant perioperative pain, is safely performed by residents under supervision, enabling a fast and secure learning curve, was well accepted by patients, with complications similar to those ob- served in a conventional herniorrhaphy, allowing a shorter hospital stay and consequently a lower cost and faster access to treatment, which is also easily replicated elsewhere with a good standby team and minimal resources. We sincerely hope that other Brazilian services can adopt this safe and more economical mode of treatment, like other countries have already done a few decades ago with widespread success. The World Health Organization [13] , the British [17] and Portuguese Health Services have recent publications [17] -[19] on their websites en- couraging outpatient surgery, making suggestions and supplying algorithms and protocols to facilitate the grow- th and adoption of these procedures on an outpatient basis.