<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJAA</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-4717</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ijaa.2014.44056</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJAA-52106</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  The Jeans Equation Generalization for the Rotating Universe
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>eonid</surname><given-names>M. Chechin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aigerim</surname><given-names>T. Ibraimova</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Astrophysical Institute Named After V.G. Fessenkov, Almaty, Kazakhstan</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>chechin-lm@mail.ru(EMC)</email>;<email>b_e_n_t_o_s@mail.ru(ATI)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>04</volume><issue>04</issue><fpage>614</fpage><lpage>619</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day>	<month>September</month>	<year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>20</day>	<month>October</month>	<year>2014</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day>	<month>November</month>	<year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  The generalization of Jeans equation in expanding and rotating Universe is given. We found the generalized frequency of baryonic substrate oscillations in the rotating Universe. In doing this, two cases were considered: the generalized wave vector coincides with the Jeans wave vector and second case, when the generalized wave vector tends to zero.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Jeans Equations</kwd><kwd> Rotating Universe</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>It is well known that discovery of cosmic vacuum radically changed main cosmological models [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref1">1</xref>] . By cosmic vacuum concept, it is possible to describe the basic properties of the Universe―expansion, accelerated expansion, epochs of evolution, etc.</p><p>Cosmic vacuum actively influences on the process of large-scale objects formation in the Universe, also (see, for example [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref2">2</xref>] ).</p><p>Moreover, cosmic vacuum (or dark energy) is the reason of Universe rotation. One of the first articles devoted to this problem searching was done by Ellis and Olive [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref3">3</xref>] . They pointed out that an inflationary episode in the very early Universe could solve the rotation problem and thus make the Mach principle redundant as an explanation. Earlier such possibility was proposed by Gamov [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref4">4</xref>] .</p><p>In our article [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref5">5</xref>] we found that Universe rotates by action of cosmic vacuum with angular velocity <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x5.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Some other characteristics of the rotating Universe―coordinates of “axis of evil”, anisotropy of the deceleration parameter―were theoretically described in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref6">6</xref>] .</p><p>The Universe rotation, in its turn, can plays significant role for describing physical processes that are elapsing in it. Talk about the Universe rotation’s influence on the process of galaxy creation.</p><p>It’s well-known that classical approach to study the origin of galaxies is basing on Jeans equations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref7">7</xref>] . Although this equation was derived for the classical cosmology, it hasn’t lost their relevance up to the present time. Lower we’ll enumerate some of modern articles devoted to such equation usage.</p><p>So, the Jeans equation generalization for the dark energy with nonstationary equation of state and its application to study the antigravitational instability of cosmic substrate in the Newtonian cosmology was done in article [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref8">8</xref>] .</p><p>Further, in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref9">9</xref>] a system at equilibrium by time―independent distribution function <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and two solutions of the modified Poisson and collisionless Boltzmann equations were described by Jeans equation. They were analyzed the Jeans instability mechanism, adopted for star formation, considering the Newtonian approximation of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x8.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-gravity.</p><p>Moreover, the approach developed in this work admits direct generalizations for other modified Gauss-Bon- net theory, string-inspired gravity, etc. In these cases, the constrained Poisson equation may be even more complicated due to the presence of extra scalar(s) in non-local or string-inspired gravity.</p><p>Dark matter density profiles from the Jeans equation were considered in article [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref10">10</xref>] . They make a simple analytical study of radial profiles of dark matter structures, with special attention to the question of the central radial density profile. Recent numerical dark matter simulations show that the phase-space-like density profile<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, is well fitted locally with a simple power law with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the order 2 - 3. They shown that when the radial density profile is an exact power law<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the spherically symmetric and isotropic Jeans equations only admit the solutions where the density power slope is in the range<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>In [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref11">11</xref>] , it was considered dark matter angular momentum profile from the Jeans equation. Authors studied the form of the spherical Jeans equation when one includes angular momentum, and find that bulk motion leads to the introduction of extra term, which includes the average rotational velocity. They present a new connection between the radial profiles of the angular momentum and the velocity anisotropy, which is also in fair agreement with numerical findings. Finally they have shown how the spin parameter <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> increases as a function of radius.</p><p>And last, stellar dynamics in the galactic centre―proper motions and anisotropy―was examined in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref12">12</xref>] . Authors proposed a new analysis of the stellar dynamics in the Galactic centre, based on improved sky and line- of-sight velocities for more than one hundred stars in the central few arcseconds from the black hole candidate SgrA<sup>*</sup>. They explicitly include velocity anisotropy in estimating the central mass distribution. They also show how Leonard-Merritt and Bahcall-Tremainemass estimates give systematic offsets in the inferred mass of the central object when applied to finite concentric rings for power law clusters. Corrected Leonard-Merritt projected mass estimators and Jeans equation modeling confirm previous conclusions (from isotropic models) that a compact central concentration (central density<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>) is present and dominates the potential between 0.01 and 1 pc. Depending on the modeling method used the derived central mass ranges between 2.6 and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> kpc.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. The Jeans Equation Generalization for the Rotating Universe</title><p>As we said above the problem of stability the homogeneous distribution matter mathematically was formulated and solved in the framework of small perturbations theory at first by Jeans. He took into account two factors: gravity that tend to conserve a substance dividing into separate bunches, and pressure that have a tendency to smooth the appeared nonhomogeneities.</p><p>Recall the equations of hydrodynamics and gravitation in the Newtonian approximation for an ideal gas -</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1248"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>―density,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>―velocity,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>―gravitational potential. Consider that unperturbed state is a stationary gas<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is uniformly distributed in space<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Its pressure is constantly everywhere<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. And last assumption is―<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>To obtain a solution for the perturbations it is necessary use the method of decomposing an arbitrary pertur- bation on the system of orthogonal functions, and examining the time evolution of the perturbations’ components.</p><p>Following [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref7">7</xref>] , the perturbed solution is searched in the form of a plane wave with wave vector<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>―</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1249"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x26.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>―adiabatic velocity of sound.</p><p>Substituting these expressions into equations of hydrodynamics, we will consider only terms that are linear with respect to<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. As a result we get the system of linear homogeneous equations</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1250"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In monograph [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref7">7</xref>] , that we’ll widely used later on, it is shown that the system (3), be generalized to the case of an expanding Universe reduces to the next differential equation of the second order</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1251"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the baryonic matter density, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-Hubble constant. Naturally that under conditions <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>Equation (4) reduces to Jeans classical equation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1252"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x39.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The aim of our work is a further generalization of Equation (4) for the case of rotating Universe. For doing this, it is necessary take into account that rotation of the Universe changes Hubble “constant”.</p><p>In fact, this question was considered in our paper [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref13">13</xref>] . There it was shown that the rate of Universe expansion in direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation becomes larger than in the parallel direction. Therefore, the value of Hubble “constant” in perpendicular axis of rotation, is associated with the standard value <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> by the following relation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1253"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x41.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In expression (6), <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>represents the angular velocity of the Universe, which in its vacuum model is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref5">5</xref>] . Replacing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in (4) and taking into account expression (6), we get the generalized Jeans equation for the case of expanding and rotating Universe</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1254"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x45.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This equation is the basis of our following searching. In doing this its second term plays the role of “friction” force. And this force, as it clear from physical consideration, increases “friction” at the centrifugal force presence. Beside, next searching of the generalized Jeans equation relates to the vacuum-dominated epoch that exactly allows consider the baryonic mass density as approximately invariable parameter.</p><p>Concerning third term of Equation (7) we mark that its standard physical interpretation is the Hook-like force.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Solutions of the Generalized Jeans Equations</title><p>For solving Equation (7) we set the standard designation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1255"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x46.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>for oscillations’ frequency of baryonic substrate. So, equation (7) be accompanied with (8) is an ordinary diffe- rential equation of the second order with constant coefficients. Its general solution is as follows</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1256"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x47.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the generalized oscillations’ frequency of baryonic substrate in the rotating Universe. Its explicit form is given by the following formula</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1257"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x49.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For searching these frequencies we’ll impose the general condition existence</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1258"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x50.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>that allows simplify expression (10) by decomposing it into the Taylor series. Thus, the generalized oscillation frequency of baryonic substrate in the rotating Universe takes on the form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1259"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x51.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From (12) clearly that the first frequency is</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1260"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x52.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Hence, from (13) we find the standard critical value of Jeans vector module</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1261"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x53.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The second frequency becomes more complicated and equals to</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1262"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x54.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now let discuss the generalized length of Jeans basing on (15). For doing this, in accordance with [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref7">7</xref>] , it is necessary equate to zero the oscillation frequency of baryonic substrate. So, taking into account (14), we get the generalized Jeans vector module from (15)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1263"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x55.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>It is clear that the generalized wave vector module <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> may coincide with the Jeans wave vector <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as well tends to zero.</p><sec id="s3_1"><title>3.1. Case I: <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title><p>First case relates to condition when generalized wave vector’s module coincides with the Jeans wave vector module, i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. From (16) we have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1264"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x60.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Hence, with the value of Hubble constant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref14">14</xref>] , we find the angular velocity of the Universe <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1265"><label>. (18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x62.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From this expression we see that angular velocity depends both on the baryonic mass density as well as vacuum mass density.</p></sec><sec id="s3_2"><title>3.2. Case II: <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title><p>Now consider the case when generalized wave vector module tends to zero that corresponds to the absence of wave perturbations in baryonic matter density. In this case</p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1266"><label>(19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x64.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Hence, we find the corresponding angular velocity of the Universe <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.52106-formula1267"><label>(20)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x66.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This formula indicates that at matter dominated epoch <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x67.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> there is no perturbations in baryonic matter though the Universe rotates, and demonstrates the complicated relation between these phenomena.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusions</title><p>As the result we can make the following conclusions.</p><p>1) In the framework of Big Bang model, the inflationary stage of the Universe evolution was described by condition <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Consequently, rotation of the Universe as whole is determined by cosmic vacuum and it was considered in our paper [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref5">5</xref>] .</p><p>2) In the case of cosmic vacuum neglecting<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,its angular velocity coincides practically (the factor<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/6-4500371x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>) with the previous Liapunov result [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.52106-ref15">15</xref>] . However, to obtain sizes of protogalactic cloud’s fragments that are equal to Jeans length (18), it is necessary to consider the rotation effect.</p><p>3) Rotation of the Universe, as it clears from general physical considerations, is an external factor that can produce the wave disturbances in protogalactic substrate. However, in some cases the rotation doesn’t leads to such wave existence (see expression (20)). Unfortunately, such types of astronomical observations based on the well-known deep sky surveys (HDF, CDF, GOODS, etc.) do not give the possibility of this effect detection.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The authors express their deep gratitude to JSC “National Centre of Space Research and Technology” for the support of this research in the budget program 055 subprogram 101 “Grant funding of scientific research”.</p><p>We also thank our reviewers whose remarks made our article physically more transparent.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.52106-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Byrd, G.G., Chernin, A.D. and Valtonen, M.J. (2007) Cosmology: Foundations and Frontiers. URSS, Moscow.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chernin, A.D. (2006) Cosmic Vacuum and Galaxy Formation. Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, 25, 205-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10556790600938743</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ellis, J. and Olive, K.A. (1983) Inflation Can Solve the Rotation Problem. Nature, 303, 679-681. 
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/303679a0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gamov, G. (1946) Rotating Universe. Nature, 158, 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/158549a0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chechin, L.M. (2010) The Cosmic Vacuum and the Rotation of Galaxies. Astronomy Reports, 54, 719-723. 
http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063772910080044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chechin, L.M. (2013) On the Modern Status of the Universe Rotation Problem. Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 126-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.48A012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zel’dovich, Ya.B. and Novikov, I.D. (1983) Structure and Evolution of the Universe, Relativistic Astrophysics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chechin, L.M. (2006) Antigravitational Instability of Cosmic Substrate in the Newtonian Cosmology. Chinese Physics Letters, 23, 2344-2347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/23/8/104</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Capozziello, S., Laurientis, M., Martino, I., et al. (2000) Jeans Analysis of Self-Gravitating Systems in f(R) Gravity.  
arXiv:astro-ph/0001428v1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hansen, S.H. (2004) Dark Matter Density Profiles from the Jeans Equation. arXiv:astro-ph/0405371v2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kasper, B.S., Hansen, S.H., An, J.H., et al. (2009) Dark Matter Angular Momentum Profile from the Jeans Equation. ArXiv:0901.0928v3[astro-ph.Co]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Genzel, R., Pichon, C., Eckart, A., et al. (2009) Stellar Dynamics in the Galactic Centre: Proper Motions and Anisotropy. ArXiv:astro-ph/0001428v1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chechin, L.M. and Ibraimova, A.T. (2013) Friedmann Equations in the Rotating Frame of Reference. The Bulletin of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 15-19 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zel’dovich, Ya.B., Sazhin, M.V. and Dolgov, A.D. (1990) Early Universe Cosmology. Moscow State University, Moscow.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.52106-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chandrasekhar, S. (1969) Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium. Yale University Press, Dover.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>