G. morbillorum is a bacterium belonging to the family of the Gemella species. These microorganisms are gram positive cocci and facultative anaerobes which—like other human commensal bacteria—are opportunistic pathogens and may cause serious local and systemic infection, mainly in immunodepressed patients [1] . It can cause endocarditis [2] , septic artritis [3] , and meningitis [4] . It is an infrequently isolated organism and a rare cause of pulmonary and pleural infection. But, some cases of lung abscesses [5] , necrotising pneumonia [6] [7] and pleural empyemas [8] have been reported in the literature. The prognosis of this infection will depend on the location, but also on the field of patient. So, some locations, such as cerebral localization are worse prognosis reports to others [9] . The pleura and lung manifestations of this infection have rarely been described. We present a new observation of purulent hydroaeric pleural effusion caused by this microorganism.

A 34-year-old woman, non-smoker, diabetic type I, never treated for tuberculosis (TB) and without TB recent contagion. She was admitted for left-sided pleuritic pain following a cooling episode, a productive cough associated with purulent and foul sputum, a dyspnea on the slightest exertion, in a context of preservation of the general state, with onset one month earlier. The patient was treated in a local hospital, with probabilistic antibiotics amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for 15 days but without improvement and she was then transferred to our hospital. On admission, her body temperature was 37.2˚C. Of note in her clinical examination was a polypnea at 32 cycles/minutes, intercostal indrawing, symptoms of left mixed pleural effusion. She had also many dental caries and bad oral health status. A chest X-ray showed dense opacity, with water tonality which sits at the left lower lobe with air-fluid level (Figure 1). C-reactive protein (CRP) was 382 mg/l without high total leukocytes count. A lymphopenia at 600 elements/mm³ was noted. The search for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BK) on direct microscopic examination and the HIV serology were negatives. Diagnostic thoracocentesis was performed. Purulent, greenish, putrid fluid was obtained. Culture of this fluid revealed the growth of G moribillorum with reduced susceptibility to penicillin but susceptible to cephalosporins. Chest computerized tomography (CT) shows abundant mixed left pleural effusion with ipsilateral lung collapsed (Figure 2). The bronchoscopy had objectified a diffuse inflammatory bronchial mucosa with release of purulent secretions. The treatment commenced with a chest drain (total volume 2300 ml), and ceftriaxone at dose of 2000 mg every 24 hours intravenously with relay by oral treatment 4 days later, as well as gentamicin (160 mg every 24 hours, intravenously) for 5 days, oral metronidazole (500 mg every 8 hours) and chest physiotherapy was then added, with good clinical outcome; degreased chest pain, disappearance and clarification of purulent sputum. The CRP had decreased to 28 mg/l,

and lymphopénia increased to 1600 elements/mm³. Radiologically, an improvement also was noted, with disappearance of the air-fluid level and top ventilation of the lung parenchyma.

G. morbillorum, isolated in 1917 from blood of patients with measles [9] , was transferred from the genus Streptococcus to the genus Gemella (also including Gemella haemolysans and several recently described organisms). It is an aerobic or aerotolerant Gram-positive coccus usually found in pairs, which explains the name of this genus. Underlying conditions (e.g. immunocompromission, cancer, heart disease, sinusitis or poor dental condition, as well as previous invasive medical procedures) are frequently, but not necessarily [10] , associated with human infections caused by G. morbillorum, and some reported cases in previously healthy people suggest that its pathogenicity should not be underestimated [10] [11] . Although it is generally susceptible to penicillin and other antibiotics, resistance to penicillin, has been reported [11] , as the case of our patient. Due to their opportunistic nature, these species are capable of causing certain infections, the most common of which are septicaemia [12] , infections of the nervous system [4] , arthritis [3] , liver abscesses [13] , and endocarditis [2] . Many cases of respiratory tract infections have been described such as necrotizing pneumonia [6] [7] [9] lung abscesses [5] and even colonization of the tuberculous cavity. However, the appearance of pleural involvement is considered exceptional [1] . In a revue of medical litterature, we identified 15 cases of pleural empyema caused by Gemella species [1] [6] [14] - [18] , published mostly by spanish teams. Thus, García-Lechutz et al. [18] had described 4 cases of pleural empyema caused by Gemella species over a period of 4 years. Also, 4 other cases have been published over a period of 7 years by the pulmonology department of the university hospital of valencia, a case has been published separately by Signes-Costa [6] and 3 other cases have been reported after by Senent [1] , but to the best of our knowledge, the purulent hydro-aeric pleural effusion caused by this germ has never been reported.

Among the underlying conditions presented by patients with this type of infection intravenous drug addiction [8] [18] , cardiovascular disease, alcohol abuse [18] and diabetes [18] are notable, as was the case in our patient from this study, infected by G morbillorum and diabetes. Predisposing factors include poor mouth hygiene and prior dental procedures, which due to the disruption in the mucosa, could facilitate hematogenous dissemination, as well as microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions that would facilitate bronchogenic dissemination [1] , which we believe could have occurred in this patient given the past medical history of poor oral health status. Penicillin or ampicillin are the drugs of choice for treating infections of gemella spices. However, occasional resistance to penicillin has been reported in rare cases, such as our patient, who was put under cephalosporin. Moreover, there is insufficient information on the duration of treatment and so it is recommended to prolong treatment for at least 4 weeks [6] . The management of these patients is based on drainage of the empyema with therapeutic thoracocentesis or chest drain. In our patient, we performed chest drain and antibiotic treatment was continued for 4 weeks with a satisfactory clinical and radiologic outcome.

In the case of patient with pleural involvement, we must consider the possibility of infection caused by Gemella species, especially in immunodepressed patients or those having predisposing factors like poor dental health.

I declare that I have no conflict of interests here.