In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, the number of spreading sequences determines the number of users and their correlation properties have a significant effect on anti-interference performance of the system [1] . Different types of codes used in communications systems have been studied in order to reduce Multiple Access Interference (MAI) [2] [3] . For an interference-free communication, spreading codes should have zero auto-correlation and zero cross-correlation functions at out-of-phase state. So, spreading sequences with good cor- relation properties can be used to improve the performance of CDMA systems [3] . One class of spreading se- quences called Zero Correlation Zone (ZCZ) sequences possesses good correlation properties but only in spe- cific zones called Zero Correlation Zone (Z_CZ). There are several intensive studies of CDMA systems using ZCZ sequences sets [1] [3] -[6] . Various classes of ternary ZCZ sequences sets have been constructed [3] [4] and [7] -[13] . Ternary ZCZ sequences have the advantage over binary ZCZ sequences that is, for a given sequence length, the set has longer lengths and more sequences, and we may employ such hardware in binary ZCZ sequence sets system [3] . Any ternary ZCZ sequences set TZCZ could be characterized by the sequence length, the number of sequences and the zero correlation zone length. An optimal ZCZ set is the one that provides the maximum number of codes for a given and sequences lengths. The pro- posed ternary ZCZ sequences set with TZCZ is derived from a binary ZCZ sequence set with BZCZ. When compared with previous works on ternary ZCZ sequence sets [3] [4] and [7] -[13] , our proposed ZCZ sequence set approaches optimality.

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows.

After a review of preliminary considerations in Section 2, the proposed design for sequence construction is explained in Section 3. Example of new ZCZ sequence sets are presented in Section 4. The properties of the proposed sequence sets are explained in Section 5. In Section 6, we consider the performance of the proposed ternary ZCZ sequence sets compared with those in [3] and [10] for the asynchronous DS-CDMA system in both AWGN and nonselective fading with AWGN noise channels. At the end, we draw the concluding remarks.

The construction procedure of the new ternary sequence sets is presented. The construction is accomplished across the following three steps:

Step 1: The j^th row of the Hadamard matrix H of order n is indicated by. A set of 2n sequences d_j, each of length 2n, is constructed as follows [17] :

For

Step 2: For the first stage, and for a fixed integer value n, we can generate, based on the schema for sequence construction in [15] , a series of sets and of 2n sequences as follows:

Both sequences sets and are constructed from the sequences set. A pair of se-

quences and of length are constructed by applying the interleaving operation of a sequence pair in Equations (6) and (7) [17] and a pair of sequences and are con- structed by the interleaving operation of a sequence pair, and from padding Z, which are zeros of length K, as follows:

For,

The length of a pair sequences and in Equations (10) and (11) is and the member size of a pair sequence sets and is.

Step 3: For, we may recursively build a new series of sets and by interleaving

actual sets and respectively. Sets and are generated as follows:

For,

The length of both sequences and in Equations (12) and (13) is equal to [17] and the length of both sequences and is equal to.

1) For and, the is generated as follows [17] :

Figure 1 shows the periodic auto-correlation function (PACF) given in Equation (3) of, and Figure 2 shows the periodic cross-correlation function (PCCF) given in Equation (3) of with.

The PACF and PCCF confirm that is a ZCZ (32, 4, 4) sequence set.

2) For and, the proposed is generated as follows:

Figure 3 shows the PACF of, and Figure 4 shows the PCCF of with.

The PACF and PCCF confirm that is a TZCZ (64, 4, 12) sequences set.

The Binary ZCZ sequence set with BZCZ is optimal or approach optimal binary ZCZ sequences [17] . The length of in Equations (14) and (15), equals, is twice that of in Equations (10) and (11). Let and, the proposed ternary ZCZ sequence set with TZCZ is derived from the binary ZCZ sequence set BZCZ. If the obtained ternary ZCZ sequence set is op- timal, it satisfies the ratio [9] [10] .

If (the first iteration), the obtained sequence set is an optimal ternary ZCZ sequence set.

Proof: Let, we calculate the following ratio:

If, ,.

If and the number of the padded zeros tends to the infinite, the obtained TZCZ sequences set (see Table 1 for n = 2) is asymptotically optimal.

Proof: and

Noted that for this case, after spreading, the power of the symbol will decrease sharply, it is mandatory to compensate it, but this requirement increases Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and dynamic range of the transmitted signal [3] .

From Table 2 we can see that the proposed sequence set in this paper can provide certain benefits. The length of sequences and Z_CZ will increase together while the number of sequences remains unchanged.

In the asynchronous DS-CDMA system, the time delay is typically in some chips, and for this, we can in- crease the Z_CZ to reduce MAI, but the member size will be relatively petty.

For a given member size M, we can find various sets of sequences with different lengths L and Z_CZ. As an example, assuming that M = 8 and K = 3 (see Table 3 for n = 4), we can draw upper bounds of our code per- formance and compare it with the Hayashi’s approach.

The Hayashi’s ternary sequence sets ZCZ- in [10] based on Hadamard matrix, the

member size of the sequence set is of theoretical upper bound.

It is clear from Table 3, the proposed construction is one of the better type in the constructions mentioned in Table 2. Compared with the Hayashi’s work, our proposed, in all cases, is optimal or approximate optimal ZCZ

sequence set. Consequently it has a higher Z_CZ and better performance parameter R than that given by Hayashi’s construction.

In this section, we consider the performance of the proposed ternary ZCZ sequence set used as spreading se- quences for the DS-CDMA system shared by M asynchronous users simultaneously. In order to show this per- formance, the BER of an asynchronous DS-CDMA system over a frequency non-selective fading channel with AWGN noise estimated in [18] [19] is used:

where P is the common received power, T is the symbol duration, the Q function in Equation (16) is given by

[20] , the term is the variance for the AWGN noise, the term

denote the faded component power from the user i and is the global (non-faded) interference MAI power for the required i-th user.

Let, the BER of an asynchronous DS-CDMA system over AWGN channels is:

The MAI variance for the required i-th user can be calculated as [18] [19]

where in Equation (18) is the interference term caused by all other users m except the user i. The term from Equation (1) can be written as [18] [19] :

Let

In Figure 5 and Figure 6 we compared the BER performance of the asynchronous DS-CDMA system em- ploying Hayashi’s TZCZ (40, 8, 3), Hayashi’s TZCZ (20, 8, 1) and the proposed ternary ZCZ sequence sets with parameter TZCZ (32, 8, 3).

At BER = 10⁻⁴ in Figure 5, the system using constructed TZCZ can attain 01 dB and 06 dB gains over the same system employing Hayashi’s TZCZ (40, 8, 3) and Hayashi’s TZCZ (20, 8, 1) in AWGN respectively.

The BER performance, in Figure 6 was simulated assuming a frequency nonselective fading channel with AWGN noise with the common faded power ratio. As we can see in Figure 6, the proposed TZCZ sequence sets show better performance than Hayashi’s TZCZ sequence sets.

At BER = 0.0015 the system can attain 01 dB and 10 dB gains over the system employing Hayashi’s TZCZ (40, 8, 3) and Hayashi’s TZCZ (20, 8, 1) respectively. The amelioration over comparable Hayashi’s ternary ZCZ sequences is due to the correlation properties of the proposed ternary sequence set.

A new construction method to create ternary ZCZ sequences set based on binary ZCZ sequence sets was pro- posed in this paper. This ternary ZCZ sequences set is either optimal or asymptotically optimal and their con-

struction is more flexible than other ternary ZCZ constructions. The asynchronous DS-CDMA using the pro- posed ternary ZCZ sequences shows better BER performance in both AWGN and frequency non-selective fad- ing channel with AWGN noise.