1. Introduction

AJPS

American Journal of Plant Sciences

2158-2742

Scientific Research Publishing

10.4236/ajps.2014.515246

AJPS-47679

Articles

BIOMEDICAL & LIFE SCIENCES

Response of Fodder Maize to Various Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Aziz

Khan

¹^*Fazal

Munsif

²Kashif

Akhtar

²Muhammad

Zahir Afridi

²Zahoor

³Zahoor

Ahmad

⁴Shah

Fahad

⁵Rizwan

Ullah

⁶Faheem

Ahmed Khan

⁷Mairaj

Din

⁸

Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology (MOE), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

Crop Physiology and Production Center (CPPC), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in the Mid-dle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Hauzhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

Moecular Biology Lab, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

Key Lab of Vegetable and Plant Diseases Hubei Province, Wuhan, China

* E-mail:aziz.hzau@gmail.com(AK);

04072014

0515232323299 May 201411 June 2014 25 June 2014

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are of the most important and complex nutrients for the crop plants in particular for grain yield and quality. The field trials were laid out in randomized complete block design having three replications. Research trial plots were located at Agricultural Research Farm of Agricultural University Peshawar (Ameer Mohammad Khan Campus Mardan) during kharif season in 2012 to investigate the response of maize variety (Jalal) to three phosphorus rates (60, 90 and 120 kg&middotha^-1) and four nitrogen rates (90, 120, 150, 180 kg&middotha^-1) for agronomical traits. These traits investigated included number of plant per m² (NP m²), plant height (PH), number of leaves plant^-1 (NLP), leaf area plant^-1&middotcm² (LAP), fresh weight of plants kg&middotha^-1 (FW) and dry weight of plant kg&middotha^-1 (DW), were investigated. Results of the study showed that application of N @ 180 and P @ 120 kg&middotha^-1 significantly increased fodder yield of maize. The linear increase in biomass yield clearly indicated that N was a limiting nutrient factor and that N demand along with P has a positive response. At higher application rates, N fertilizer significantly increased biomass component, improved N uptake with increasing nitrogen use efficiency and decreased its losses to the environment and below plant zone. So this study showed that the phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers have a positive effect on the fodder yield of maize.

Fodder Maize Nitrogen Phosphorus

1. Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is grown as dual purposes such as food, feed, and fodder crop in Pakistan. It plays important roles in both human diet animal feed and provides a large amount of energy and protein [1] [2] . It is most important constituent of cattle fodder and poultry feed [3] . In Pakistan, maize is the third important crop after wheat and rice. In the year 2010-2011, total area under maize crop in Pakistan was 974.3 thousand hectares with 3706.9 thousand tons of total production [4] . The main producers are India, Pakistan, Brazil, France, and Italy. Although the soil and climatic conditions of Pakistan are favorable for the maize production, but its per ha⁻¹ fodder yield is very low as compared to other country of the world. Low yield of maize was due to many factors, but fertilizer application is considered one of the main factors which can increase fodder production on per unit area basis.

Nitrogen is a primary nutrient required by crop plants for their growth and development. Nitrogen plays a key role in vegetative growth and grain production of maize plant [5] [6] . The application of nitrogen not only affects the forage yield of maize, but also improves its quality especially its protein contents [7] . It is reported that application of nitrogen to maize increase fodder nutritive value by increasing crude protein and by reducing ash and fiber contents [8] . Plant height, stem diameter, green fodder yield, protein, fiber, and total ash content were increased by increasing nitrogen levels. Phosphorus is also considered an essential nutrient to plant growth and development. It is an integral part of nucleic acid and is essential for cellular respiration and for metabolic activity. Therefore, the use of phosphorus along with nitrogen will help increase yield of maize [9] . Previous studies sug- gested that phosphorus influenced both maize’s forage yield and quality [10] . Phosphorus application increased fodder yield and quality by increasing plant height, and the number of leaves plant⁻¹ [11] . The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer on the fodder yield.

2. Materials and Methods

The field study was conducted at the Agricultural Research farm of Amir Mohammad khan Campus Mardan, the University of Agricultural Peshawar, Pakistan 2012. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design having three replications. The soil was ploughed with cultivator 2 to 3 times followed by planking. Four different levels of N (90, 120, 150 and 180 kg∙ha⁻¹) and three levels of P (60, 90 and 120 kg∙ha⁻¹) were applied to each experimental unit. Maize variety “Jalal” was sown by broadcast method at the 1st week of July 2012. The net plot size was 4 × 3 m² used. Standard cultural practices for maize production were followed during growing season. Data recorded included on the number of plants m², plant height (cm), number of leaves plant⁻¹, leaf area plant⁻¹ (cm²), fresh weight of plants kg∙ha⁻¹, dry weight of plants kg∙ha⁻¹.

Statistical Analysis

The replicated means were subjected to ANOVA using MS excel (2007). The least significant difference (LSD) was founded by using p < 0.05 that shows the results were significantly different.

3. Results3.1. Plant Density (Number of Plants m2)

Number of plant m² is presented in Table 1. Nitrogen levels had significantly increased the number of plant m² while the effect of phosphorus on number of plants m² not significant. Planed mean comparison showed that control vs rest (fertilized plots) was also found significant for the number of plant m². Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was found not significant. Mean value of the data indicated that higher number of plants m² (21) was observed when nitrogen was applied at the rate of 180 kg N ha⁻¹ followed by 150 kg N ha⁻¹

Table 1

. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on number of plants m²

P kg∙ha⁻¹	N1 kg∙ha⁻¹	N2 kg∙ha⁻¹	N3 kg∙ha⁻¹	N4 kg∙ha⁻¹	Means
P1	14.0	17.7	20.7	21.0	20.8^a
P2	17.7	18.3	20.7	23.0	21.8^a
P3	20.7	22.0	18.3	21.0	19.7^b
Means	17.4^b	19.3^a	19.9^a	21.7^a
Control	Control vs. rest				12.7
Rest	Control vs. rest				19.6

N1 = 90, N2 = 120, N3 = 150, N4 = 180 kg∙ha⁻¹ and P1 = 60, P2 = 90, P3 = 120 kg∙ha⁻¹. LSD value at p ≤ 0.05 for nitrogen = 2.48. LSD value at p ≤ 0.05 for phosphorus = 2.15.

(19) whereas plots where fertilized at rate of 90 kg N ha⁻¹ resulted in lower number of plants m² (17). Control plots resulted in lowest number of pants m² (12).

3.2. Plant Height (cm)

Data regarding to plant height is presented in Table 2. The plant height was influenced significantly by different levels of nitrogen. Significant increase in plant height was observed by higher nitrogen levels. While the effect of phosphorus was found not significant. Mean comparison showed that control vs rest was also significant for plant height of maize. Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was found not significant. Mean value of the data indicated that higher plant height (120.6 cm) was recorded when nitrogen was applied at the rate of 180 kg N ha⁻¹ followed by 150 kg N ha⁻¹ with plant height (119.6 cm) and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ with plant height (114.7 cm). Nitrogen at 90 kg∙ha⁻¹ resulted lowest plant height (78.3 cm). Plant height was lower in control (79.7 cm) as compared to the rest (108.3 cm).

3.3. Number of Leaves Plant−1

Data containing number of leaves plant⁻¹ are presented in Table 3. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels increased affected number of leaves plant⁻¹. Mean comparison showed that control vs rest was found significant for number of leaves plant⁻¹ of maize. In addition interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was also found significant. Mean value of the data indicated that higher number of leaves plant⁻¹ (12) was recorded when nitrogen was applied at the rate of 180 kg∙ha⁻¹ followed by 150 kg N ha⁻¹ with number of leaves plant⁻¹ (11) and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ with number of leaves plant⁻¹ (10). Nitrogen at 90 kg∙ha⁻¹ resulted lower number of leaves plant⁻¹ (8). While in case of phosphorus the higher number of leaves plant⁻¹ (11) was recorded when phosphorus was applied at the rate of 120 kg P ha⁻¹ followed by 90 kg P ha⁻¹ with number of leaves plant⁻¹ (10). Where 60 kg P ha⁻¹ resulted lower number of leaves plant⁻¹ (9). Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus showed that application of P at rate of 120 kg P ha⁻¹ increased no of leaves along with N at 180 kg N ha⁻¹. Control vs rest indicated that number of leaves plant⁻¹ (10.6) was higher in rest of the plots as compared to control (9).

3.4. Leaf Area Plant−1 (cm2)

Data concerning leaf area is presented in Table 4. The leaf area was positively influenced by different levels of nitrogen but, the effect of phosphorus was found non-significant for the leaf area of maize. Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was also not significant. Mean comparison showed that control vs. rest was found significant for leaf area of maize plant. Mean value of the data indicated that higher leaf area (348 cm²) was recorded when nitrogen was applied at the rate of 180 kg∙ha⁻¹ followed by 150 kg∙ha⁻¹ with leaf area (309 cm²) and 120 kg∙ha⁻¹with leaf area (290 cm²). Where the 90 kg∙ha⁻¹ resulted in lower leaf area (242 cm²). Control vs rest indicated that leaf area of plants was higher (297 cm²) in rest of the treatment as compared to control (202 cm²).

3.5. Fresh Fodder Yield (kg∙ha−1)

Data pertaining fresh weight of plants (kg∙ha⁻¹) is presented in Table 5. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels were

Table 2

. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on plant height (cm)

P kg∙ha⁻¹	N1 kg∙ha⁻¹	N2 kg∙ha⁻¹	N3 kg∙ha⁻¹	N4 kg∙ha⁻¹	Means
P1	69.0	113.3	109.3	120.3	91.2^a
P2	81.3	126.3	111.7	125.3	103.8^b
P3	84.7	104.3	137.7	116.7	94.5^a
Means	78.3^b	114.7^a	119.6^a	120.8^a
Control	Control vs. rest				79.7
Rest	Control vs. rest				108.3

N1 = 90, N2 = 120, N3 = 150, N4 = 180 kg∙ha⁻¹ and P1 = 60, P2 = 90, P3 = 120 kg∙ha⁻¹. LSD value at p ≤ 0.05 for nitrogen = 16.03. LSD value at p ≤ 0.05 for phosphorus = 13.88.

Table 3

. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on number of leaves plant⁻¹

P kg∙ha⁻¹	N1 kg∙ha⁻¹	N2 kg∙ha⁻¹	N3 kg∙ha⁻¹	N4 kg∙ha⁻¹	Means
P1	8.0	11.0	9.7	10.7	9.8^a
P2	9.0	10.7	10.0	13.3	10.8^b
P3	12.0	9.3	10.7	12.7	11.2^a
Means	8.5^c	10.8^ab	9.8^b	12.0^a
Control	Control vs. rest				9.0
Rest	Control vs. rest				10.6

N1 = 90, N2 = 120, N3 = 150, N4 = 180 kg∙ha⁻¹ and P1 = 60, P2 = 90, P3 = 120 kg∙ha⁻¹. D value at p ≤ 0.05 for nitrogen = 1.28. D value at p ≤ 0.05 for phosphorus = 1.11.

Table 4

. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on leaf area plant⁻¹ (cm²)

P kg∙ha⁻¹	N1 kg∙ha⁻¹	N2 kg∙ha⁻¹	N3 kg∙ha⁻¹	N4 kg∙ha⁻¹	Means
P1	241.7	305.7	298.3	316.7	281.9^a
P2	269.0	170.0	318.3	371.7	252.4^a
P3	360.0	251.3	310.0	358.0	307.1^b
Means	290.2^c	242.3^bc	308.9^b	348.8^a
Control	Control vs. rest				202.0
Rest	Control vs. rest				297.6

N1 = 90, N2 = 120, N3 = 150, N4 = 180 kg∙ha⁻¹ and P1 = 60, P2 = 90, P3 = 120 kg∙ha⁻¹. D value at p ≤ 0.05 for nitrogen = 56.46. D value at p ≤ 0.05 for phosphorus = 48.88.

Table 5

. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on fresh fodder yield of maize

P kg∙ha⁻¹	N1 kg∙ha⁻¹	N2 kg∙ha⁻¹	N3 kg∙ha⁻¹	N4 kg∙ha⁻¹	Means
P1	13000	19666	21666	19000	18111b
P2	19000	22333	17333	24666	1955^ab
P3	20000	17666	24000	25666	2055^a
Means	17333^c	19889^bc	21000^ab	23111^a
Control	Control vs. rest				11333
Rest	Control vs. rest				20333

N1 = 90, N2 = 120, N3 = 150, N4 = 180 kg∙ha⁻¹ and P1 = 60, P2 = 90, P3 = 120 kg∙ha⁻¹. D value at p ≤ 0.05 for nitrogen = 1.03. D value at p ≤ 0.05 for phosphorus = 0.89.

found significant on fresh weight of plants. Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was also found significant. Mean comparison showed that control vs rest was significant for fresh weight of maize plants. Mean value of the data indicated that higher fresh weight (2375.9 kg∙ha⁻¹) was recorded when nitrogen was applied at the rate of 180 kg N ha⁻¹ followed by 150 kg N ha⁻¹ with fresh weight (1771.3 kg∙ha⁻¹) and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ with fresh weight (1490.7 kg∙ha⁻¹ where 90 kg N ha⁻¹ resulted in lowest fresh weight (1101.9 kg∙ha⁻¹). While in case of phosphorus the higher fresh weight (1764.6 kg∙ha⁻¹) was recorded when phosphorus was applied at the rate of 120 kg P ha⁻¹ followed by 90 kg P ha⁻¹ with fresh weight (1668.8 kg∙ha⁻¹). Phosphorus at 60 kg∙ha⁻¹ resulted lowest fresh weight (1621.5 kg∙ha⁻¹). Interaction between N and P showed that application of P at the rate of 120 kg P ha⁻¹ increased fresh weight (2447 kg∙ha⁻¹) along with N at 180 kg N ha⁻¹. Control vs rest indicates that fresh weight (888.9 kg∙ha⁻¹) was lower in control compare to the rest (1685 kg∙ha⁻¹).

3.6. Dry Fodder Yield (kg∙ha−1)

Data regarding dry weight of plants (kg∙ha⁻¹) is presented in Table 6. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels were significant on dry weight of plants. Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels were also significant. Mean comparison showed that control vs rest was significant for dry weight of maize plants. Mean value of the data indicated that higher dry weight (952.8 kg∙ha⁻¹) was recorded when nitrogen was applied at the rate of 180 kg N ha⁻¹ followed by 150 kg N ha⁻¹ with dry weight (727.8 kg∙ha⁻¹) and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ with dry weight (684.3 kg∙ha⁻¹). While lower nitrogen rate (90 kg∙ha⁻¹) resulted lowest dry weight (538.9 kg∙ha⁻¹). For phosphorus the highest dry weight (827.1 kg∙ha⁻¹) was recorded when phosphorus was applied at the rate of 120 kg P ha⁻¹ followed by 90 kg P ha⁻¹ with dry weight (720.1 kg∙ha⁻¹). Phosphorus 60 kg∙ha⁻¹ resulted lowest dry weight (630.6 kg∙ha⁻¹). Interaction between N and P showed that application of P at rate of 120 kg P ha⁻¹ increased dry weight (1444.4 kg∙ha⁻¹) along with N at 180 kg N ha⁻¹. Control plots resulted lowest dry weight (519.4 kg∙ha⁻¹) as compared to rest of the plots (725.9 kg∙ha⁻¹).

4. Discussion

The effect of nitrogen levels was found significant for number of plant m² while the effect of phosphorus on number of plants m² was found non-significant. Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was found not significant. Plant density exerts a strong influence on maize growth, because of its competitive effect both on the vegetative and reproductive development [12] [13] .

The effect of nitrogen levels was found significant on plant height while phosphorus was found not significant. Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was also found not significant. It is reported that high plant population results in enhancing plant height [14] . Plant competition to light is the main reason for higher plants at dense populations [15] . It is reported that plant density and planting pattern did not affect corn height [16] . Higher plant densities reduced leaves number per plant by enhancing interplant competition [17] .

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels was found significant on number of leaves plant⁻¹. Also, it’s concluded that nitrogen increase leaf length, number of leaves plant⁻¹ [18] [19] .

Nitrogen levels had significantly affected leaf area of maize plant and the effect of phosphorus was found not significant. The probable reason of our result might be that N increase vegetative growth while P brings maturity in plant. These are in confirmation with those of [20] [21] who reported that leaf area increased with increase nitrogen and phosphorus levels.

Table 6

. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on dry fodder yield of maize

P kg∙ha⁻¹	N1 kg∙ha⁻¹	N2 kg∙ha⁻¹	N3 kg∙ha⁻¹	N4 kg∙ha⁻¹	Means
P1	7000	9233	9266	10166	8916^b
P2	9366	10033	10200	9500	9775^ab
P3	9966	8933	10066	12166	10283^a
Means	8777^b	9400^b	9844^ab	10611^a
Control	Control vs. rest				5666
Rest	Control vs. rest				9658

N1 = 90, N2 = 120, N3 = 150, N4 = 180 kg∙ha⁻¹ and P1 = 60, P2 = 90, P3 = 120 kg∙ha⁻¹. D value at p ≤ 0.05 for nitrogen = 0.15. D value at p ≤ 0.05 for phosphorus = 0.13.

The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus levels were found significant on fresh weight of plants. Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was also found significant. The probable reason might be that N, and P enhanced the vegetative growth of maize plant. Our result is same with previous studies who reported fresh fodder yield increased with increase in nitrogen level [11] [21] [22] .

The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels was found significant on dry weight of plants. Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus levels was also found significant. The probable reason of our result might be that N and P increase number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, and vegetative growth due to which dry weight also increased. Our results are in confirmation with those of the previous studies [1] [11] [22] who reported that dry fodder yield increased with increase in phosphorus and nitrogen levels.

5. Conclusion

The fertilizer treatments significantly affected the yield and quality parameters tested in the present study. The increase in fodder yield with fertilizer application may be due to the greater plant height, the higher stem diameter, the higher number of leaves plant⁻¹ and the higher leaf area plant⁻¹. Thus, it can be concluded that the maize grown for fodder purpose and the optimum and economical dose of fertilizer for fodder crop of maize cultivar in agroecological condition of Mardan is 180 - 120 kg N-P ha⁻¹.

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