In optics research, a fundamental prototype situation is that the light waves are described by a complex-valued wave function governed by nonlinear Schrödinger equations [1] - [8]. These rigorous mathematical treatments of such nonlinear problems provide more possibilities for the existence and properties of optical vortices. Our interest is motivated by the work of Lin, Belić, Petrović, Hajaiej and Chen [9], the mathematical analysis of Lin and Ren [10].

In dimensionless form, consider the following nonlinear Schrödinger equation,

i ∂ z E + 1 2 ∇ ⊥ 2 E + f ( I ) E = 0, (1)

where E is the evolution of the slowly varing electric field envelope propagating in the longitudinal z-direction; ∇ ⊥ 2 is the Laplace operator over the transverse plane of coordinates ( x , y ) which is perpendicular to the z-axis. The function f depends on the total field intensity, I, i.e. I = | E | 2 , and we will concentrate henceforth on the model of the self-focusing square-root nonlinearity.

f ( | E | 2 ) = 1 − 1 1 + | E | 2 , (2)

which describes narrow-gap semiconductors [11] [12].

We focus on spatial optical solitons. Spatially localized solutions of (1), which do not change their intensity profile during propagation, can be described under the spatial soliton ansatz

E ( r , θ , z ) = u ( r ) e i ( n θ + α z ) (3)

where r and θ are real polar coordinates over ℝ 2 , and r = x 2 + y 2 , θ = arctan ( y / x ) , u ( r ) is the radial profile function which gives rise to the intensity of light waves, n ∈ ℤ is the winding number, and α ∈ ℝ is the wave propagation constant. This ansatz describe a vortex wave centered around the z-axis. Inserting (3) into (1) and in a square root nonlinear media, we arrive at the following equation

( r u r ) r − n 2 r u + 2 r u − 2 r u 1 + u 2 − 2 α r u = 0 (4)

Due to the presence of the vortex core, in other words, the regularity of u at r = 0 , we impose the condition u ( 0 ) = 0 . Besides, such ring-like beams remain localized that allows us to mathematically impose the “boundary” condition u ( R ) = 0 for R > 0 sufficiently large, where R represents the distance from the vortex core.

Therefore, in view of (4), we can get the n-vortex equation with boundary conditions.

{ ( r u r ) r − n 2 r u + 2 r u − 2 r u 1 + u 2 − 2 α r u = 0 u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ( R ) = 0 (5)

In this paper, we treat (5) as a nonlinear eigenvalue problem and prove the existence of positive solution pairs ( u , α ) by a constrained minimization approach, with a prescribed energy flux constrained.

In this section, we give some basic notations and lemmas which will be used in next section. In order to approach the Equation (5), we write down the action functional I α : H → ℝ defined as

I α ( u ) = 1 2 ∫ 0 R { r u r 2 + n 2 r u 2 − 2 ( 1 − α ) r u 2 + 4 r 1 + u 2 } d r (6)

where | n | ≥ 1 , H is the completion of

X = { u ∈ C 1 [ 0 , R ] | u ( 0 ) = 0 = u ( R ) } (7)

equipped with the inner product

( u , v ) = ∫ 0 R { r u r v r + 1 r u v } d r , u , v ∈ H (8)

As a Hilbert space, H may be considered as an embedded subspace of W 0 1,2 ( B R ) which is composed of radially symmetric functions such that any element u ∈ H enjoys the desired property u ( 0 ) = 0 , where B R : = { ( x , y ) ∈ ℝ 2 : x 2 + y 2 ≤ R 2 } .

Lemma 2.1. From the inequalities

( 1 + u 2 − 1 ) 2 ≤ 1 4 u 4 for     u ∈ ℝ (9)

and

∫ 0 R   r u 2 d r ≤ R 2 ∫ 0 R u 2 r d r (10)

we get that there exists a constant C > 0 , such that I α ( u ) ≤ C ‖ u ‖ H 2 .

For convenience, we define the “energy” functional as

ε ( u ) = 1 2 ∫ 0 R { r u r 2 + u 2 r + 4 r 1 + u 2 } d r (11)

Now, we state our main theorem in this paper.

Theorem 2.2. For any parameters | n | ≥ 1 , consider the n-vortex Equation (5) with boundary conditions, describing ring-profile vortex solitons in a square-root nonlinear media, with the prescribed energy flux Φ ( u ) = Φ 0 > 0 , and R > 0 .

1) There exists a solution pair ( u , α ) with u ( r ) > 0 , r ∈ ( 0, R ) and α ∈ ℝ .

2) For r ∈ [ 0, R ] , the energy flux Φ ( u ) = Φ 0 ≤ 1 4 , and there exists no nontrivial solution, if n 2 + 2 r 2 α > 0 .

In this section, we consider the wave propagation constant α as a Lagrange multiplier, we prove the existence of solution of the Equation (5) with constrained minimization approach.

We rewrite the n-vortex Equation (5) as

{ ( r u r ) r − n 2 r u + 2 r u − 2 r u 1 + u 2 = 2 α r u u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ( R ) = 0 (12)

Define the function I and the soliton energy flux as

I ( u ) = 1 2 ∫ 0 R { r u r 2 + n 2 r u 2 − 2 r u 2 + 4 r 1 + u 2 } d r

Φ ( u ) = ∫ 0 2 π   d θ ∫ 0 R   r u 2 d r = 2 π ∫ 0 R   r u 2 d r

Thus, to get a solution of (12), it suffices to show that a solution to the following exists:

min { I ( u ) | u ∈ Λ , Φ ( u ) = Φ 0 } , Φ 0 > 0 (13)

where the nonempty admissible class Λ is defined by

Λ = { u ( r ) isabsolutelycontinuousover [ 0 , R ] , u ( 0 ) = u ( R ) = 0 , ε ( u ) < ∞ } (14)

with ε ( u ) being defined by (11).

The proof of Theorem 2.2. 1) Using the energy flux Φ 0 , we have

I ( u ) ≥ 1 2 ( ∫ 0 R   r u r 2 d r + n 2 ∫ 0 R u 2 r d r ) − Φ 0 2 π (15)

Let be a minimizing sequence of (13). Then (15) gives the bound

where is a constant independent of m. We know the fact that the distributional derivative of u must satisfy, and the functionals I and are even. Thus, we may assume that the sequence consists of non-negative valued functions. Therefore, it is clear that we may view these functions as radially symmetric over the disk and vanishing on its boundary. Moreover, with (16) and (10), it can be seen that belongs in under the reduced norm,

Therefore, is bounded in. Without loss of generality, we get the weak convergence of to an element. Using the compact embedding for, strongly in as. Hence, u is radially symmetric as well with.

In view of (16) and Fatou’s lemma, Let be a measure space and a sequence of nonnegative measurable functions. Then the function is measurable and

we have

Therefore, from (10) and (19)-(21), we get

Following as in [13]. Let be a sequence in where. It is clear that for any, is bounded in. We may get that uniformly over as applying the compact embedding. Thus, we have for any pair, with (16),

Taking, we get

Since, the right-hand side of (23) tends to zero as. Hence,

As a consequence, the boundary condition is achieved. With (13), u is a solution to (13), and there is a real number such that satisfies (12).

Moreover, we may suppose that there is a point such that, then since is a minimum point for the function. By the uniqueness theorem of the initial value problem of ordinary differential equations, we have for all, thus contradicting the fact. Hence, for all.

2) We establish

Suppose otherwise that (24) is not valid, equivalently, , then there is a and so that for all. However,

which contradicts with. So, (24) is valid. From (24), we can find a sequence such that as and

Multiplying (5) by u, integrating over, letting. Appealing to (26), we obtain

Using, we have that

We may treat u as a radially symmetric function defined over with its support contained in the disk. Hence, from the classical inequality over, we deduce

with, we have

Therefore, when for,. as claimed.

Through the prove of the theorem 2.2, we get that the existence of positive solution pairs by a constrained minimization approach. In other words, we get the existence of ring-profiled optical vortex solitons propagating in a square-root nonlinear media. Moreover, we obtain that there is no nontrivial small-energy-flux solution satisfying, if for.

The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Chen, W.K. (2020) Vortex Solitons for a Class of Schrödinger Equation with Square Root Nonlinear Term. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 10, 174-180. https://doi.org/10.4236/apm.2020.104011