1. Introduction

AiM

Advances in Microbiology

2165-3402

Scientific Research Publishing

10.4236/aim.2020.103007

AiM-98767

Articles

Biomedical&Life Sciences

Effect of Different Concentrations of the Suspensions of B. amyloliquefaciens and T. harzianum on the Development of C. acutatum

Rababe

Es-Soufi

¹^*Houda

Tahiri

¹Latifa

Azaroual

²Aïcha

El Oualkadi

³Patrick

Martin

⁴Alain

Badoc

⁵Ahmed

Lamarti

Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco

Artois University, UniLaSalle, ULR7519-Transformations & Agroressources Unit, Béthune, France

INRA-CRRA-Tangier, 78. bd. Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Tanger, Morocco

MIB (Molecules of Biological Interest), Research Unit (Enology EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA), UFR of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bordeaux University, ISVV (Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences), Bordeaux, France

Water Laboratory, Environmental Studies and Analyzes (L2EAE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco

04032020

100372817, February 20207, March 2020 10, March 2020

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The effect of nine isolates of Bacillus amyloliquefaciensand one strain of Trichoderma harzianum, TR, on mycelial growth and germination of Colletotrichum acutatum were studied. The nine isolates were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The efficacy of isolates was tested, at different concentrations. Results showed that one Bacillus isolates (Bc2) and TR were more effective at the lower concentration tested (3 × 10 ⁵ CFU/ml and 10 ⁵ conidia/ml).

Biocontrol Concentration Inoculum Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Trichoderma harzianum Colletotrichum acutatum

1. Introduction

Like all living organisms, plants have to cope with infections and diseases following the attacks of a mass of plant pathogens. These diseases may be causing only minor reduction in plant growth and capacity or they can cause much more serious damage leading to plant death in the worst case [1]. To prevent or control these diseases, growers have become increasingly dependent on agrochemicals, especially in recent decades, as agricultural production has intensified. However, despite the high efficiency and ease of use of these products, their use or misuse has caused many problems.

The root zone is surrounded by many microorganisms producing molecules; they contain some volatile compounds that can affect the growth via different mechanisms, such as biochemical signals causing local defense reactions or systemic resistance [2] [3]. The use of these organisms for biological control against plant pathogens has received attention because of the prevalence of pathogens resistant to pesticides and their prohibitions. Benefits include a lower environmental impact, higher specificity, lower costs and identify new mechanisms for the elimination of new diseases. The genus Bacillus encompasses a wide genetic biodiversity.

Bacillus is a genus of bacteria forming endospores shaped Gram positive rod [4]. It is known to produce several antibiotics and is often found in soil and associated plants [5]. Trichoderma (teleomorph Hypocrea) is a fungal genus present in many ecosystems. Some strains have the ability to reduce the severity of plant diseases by inhibiting plant pathogens, mainly in the soil or on plant roots, thanks to their strong potential antagonist and mycoparasitic [6] [7].

The objective of this work is the evaluation of the effectiveness of suspensions of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens at various concentrations to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum acutatum.

2. Material and Methods2.1. Fungal Material2.1.1. Pathogenic

The conidial suspension of the plant pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum (Ca6) was obtained by adding 10 ml of sterile distilled water in Petri dishes containing cultures of C. acutatum of 10 to 15 days old on PDA [8],by gently rubbing the colonies using a sterile Pasteur pipette. To release the spores, the propagules suspension was filtered through sterile nylon gauze with pores of 102 µm diameter. The concentration was determined using a Malassez cell and adjusted to 10⁴ spores/ml.

2.1.2. Antagonist

Each Erlenmeyer flask containing 15 ml of PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) medium was inoculated with a disc of 5 mm diameter from the culture of Trichoderma harzianum and incubated for 12 days at 25˚C ± 2˚C with stirring at 200 rpm. After this period, the suspension was filtered using Whatman paper (150 mm) to remove the spores and mycelium. The suspension was adjusted to 10⁸ spores/ml using a Malassez cell.

2.2. Bacterial Material

Antagonist each bacterial isolate was grown on PCA for 24 h at 37˚C. After, and by using a sterile loop, a bacterial culture was prepared by inoculating 50 ml of the LBB, by a colony of the isolate studied; in an Erlenmeyer flask of 100 ml. Cultures were incubated at room temperature with stirring at 125 rpm for two days. After incubation, a volume of 5 ml of bacterial suspension was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. Cells were washed twice in the same volume of sterile physiological water used, using the centrifuge under the same conditions cited in the above instructions. The bacterial cells were then suspended in 5 ml of sterile physiological water and the suspension was adjusted to 3 × 10⁸ CFU/ml depending on the scale of Mac Farland [9].

2.3. Effect of Different Concentrations of Antagonist on2.3.1. The Mycelial Growth

To evaluate the effect of the antagonist on the pathogenic agent in different concentrations, a disc 5 mm PDA culture medium diameter already prepared and poured into Petri dishes was cut with a prevails sterile in order to perform well in the middle of the dish [10],in the latter, a volume of 20 µl of Colletotrichumacutatum suspension is mixed with 20 µl of sterile distilled water (control), an antagonist bacterial suspension to 3 × 10⁸, 3 × 10⁷, 3 × 10⁶, 3 × 10⁵, 3 × 10⁴, 3 × 10³, 3 × 10², 3 × 10¹ CFU/mlor fungal antagonist suspension 10⁸, 10⁷, 10⁶, 10⁵, 10⁴, 10³, 10², 10¹ spores/ml. The plates were incubated at 25˚C for ten days after which the diameter of Colletotrichum acutatum was evaluated.

Percent inhibition was calculated according to following formula:

P I = ( D t − D i ) D t × 100

PI: Percentage inhibition.

Dt: diameter of the mycelial colony of C. acutatum in the absence of antagonist (control).

Di: diameter of the mycelial colony of Cacutatum in the presence of the antagonist.

The number of repetitions is three dishes for each concentration combination-strain, and the test was repeated three times.

2.3.2. Spore Germination

The effect of the antagonists on spore germination of Colletotrichum acutatum was tested in sterile PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth). A volume of 200 µl of antagonist suspension already prepared and adjusted to various concentrations is mixed with 200 µl of Ca6 of suspension into 10 ml tubes containing 5 ml of PDB liquid medium. The tubes are incubated for 24 h at 25˚C.

To estimate whether there is a difference in the activity of the antagonists over time on the implementation of the spores germination of C. acutatum, this activity was evaluated either by mixing the two suspensions (antagonist and pathogen) simultaneously t₀, adding the suspension conidial suspensions after four hours of incubation of antagonists t₄ [10],or by adding the conidial suspension after eight hours of incubation of antagonists suspensions t₈. After 24 h of incubation, the number of germinated spores was recorded by calculating at least 100 spores germinated in the field optical microscope at a magnification of ×10 [10]. The test was repeated three times.

3. Results3.1. Effect of Different Concentrations of Antagonists on Mycelial Growth

The results of the determination and the effect of different concentrations of antagonists on mycelial growth of Colletotrichum acutatum gave several percentage grades of development inhibiting this pathogen. The comparison of the percentages of inhibition of mycelial growth based bacterial concentration generally shows, for all isolates that inhibition of mycelial growth decreases with decreasing bacterial concentrations (Table 1). The complete inhibition of pathogen development was achieved by all bacterial isolates at 3 × 10⁸ CFU/ml. All bacterial isolates except Bc5 isolate with inhibition of 73.83% at 3 × 10⁷ CFU/ml for the concentration 3 × 10⁶ CFU/ml except for the Bc5 isolate that gave an inhibition of 50.83%, All bacterial isolates inhibited growth completely Ca6. The Bc2 isolate was the only isolate that inhibition of mycelial growth of C. acutatum 100% at 3 × 10⁵ CFU/ml while Bc9 isolates, Bc1, BC3 and BC8 inhibit the growth of the pathogenic agent at higher percentages 50% (68.33; 58.33; 56.67 and 53.33% respectively) (Table 1).

At 3 × 10⁴ CFU/ml, mycelial growth was inhibited to 86.67% by Bc2 isolate; the percentages of inhibition obtained from other isolates are less than 50%.

At 3 × 10³ CFU/ml, the efficiency of isolates begin to decrease at lower inhibitions to 30% apart from the Bc2 isolate that gave an inhibition of 68.33%.

At 3 × 10² CFU/ml, the percentages of inhibition obtained by Bc1 isolates, Bc3, Bc4 Bc6, Bc7, and Bc8 Bc9 is below 10%, the Bc2 isolate showed an inhibition of 29.50%, Isolate Bc5 showed no activity on the pathogen growth.

At the low concentration of 3 × 10¹ CFU/ml, all strains have a minimum inhibition of 0 to 0.33%, while the strain Bc2 inhibition 18.33.

Table 1 Mycelial growth inhibition percentage with different concentrations of bacterial isolates suspensions

Bacterial strains	Concentration CFU/ml
Bacterial strains	3 × 10⁸	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁶	3 × 10⁵	3 × 10⁴	3 × 10³	3 × 10²	3 × 10¹
Bc1	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	58.33 ± 2.01^bc	47.50 ± 1.44^c	15.00 ± 1.23^c	8.33 ± 0.20^cd	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc2	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	86.67 ± 1.00^a	68.33 ± 0.41^a	29.50 ± 1.61^a	8.83 ± 1.92^a
Bc3	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	56.67 ± 1.64^bc	46.50 ± 2.20^c	15.83 ± 1.35^c	8.00 ± 1.32^cd	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc4	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	49.17 ± 0.83^c	47.50 ± 1.63^c	19.17 ± 0.83^bc	11.67 ± 1.67^bc	0.33 ± 0.18^b
Bc5	100.00 ± 0.00^a	73.83 ± 0.73^b	50.83 ± 1.20^b	34.67 ± 0.85^d	13.50 ± 1.00^e	0.67 ± 0.44^d	0.00 ± 0.00^f	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc6	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	20.00 ± 0.33^e	20.00 ± 1.44^de	15.00 ± 0.25^c	5.00 ± 1.44^de	0.50 ± 0.35^b
Bc7	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	32.50 ± 1.44^de	23.67 ± 0.73^d	15.85 ± 0.20^c	9.42 ± 1.54^cd	0.17 ± 0.21^b
Bc8	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	53.33 ± 0.46^c	21.67 ± 2.2^d	12.50 ± 1.44^c	2.17 ± 0.44^ef	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc9	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	68.33 ± 0.41^b	62.83 ± 4.33^b	25.83 ± 0.83^b	15.00 ± 1.44^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b

The averages of the same column with the same letter do not significantly differ from each other at the 5% threshold.

Trichoderma harzianum has completely inhibited mycelial growth of C. acutatum 10⁸, 10⁷ and 10⁶ spores/ml. Its percent inhibition at 10⁵ spores/ml reached 99.33% and 95.66%; 63.66%; 30.00% and 10.27% at 10⁴, 10³, 10² and 10¹ spores/ml respectively (Figure 1).

The results allowed us to infer three minimum inhibitory concentrations of bacterial suspensions ie 3 × 10⁸ CFU/ml (Bc5 isolate), 3 × 10⁶ CFU/ml (Bc1, BC3, Bc4, Bc6, BC7, BC8 and Bc9) and weak inhibitory concentration 3 × 10⁵ CFU/ml represented by Bc2 (Table 2) which is the single isolate was able to give an important control effectiveness in completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum acutatum. And the minimal inhibitory concentration of T. harzianum is 10⁶ spores/ml (Table 2) this antagonist could inhibit mycelial growth Ca6 even at low concentrations (Figure 1).

Table 2 Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of antagonists’ suspensions that completely inhibit mycelial growth Ca6

Antagonist	Minimum inhibitory concentration	Unit
Bacillus bc1	3 × 10⁶
Bacillus Bc2	3 × 10⁵
Bacillus BC3	3 × 10⁶
Bacillus Bc4	3 × 10⁶	CFU/ml
Bacillus Bc5	3 × 10⁸
Bacillus bc6	3 × 10⁶
Bacillus BC7	3 × 10⁶
Bacillus BC8	3 × 10⁶
Bacillus Bc9	3 × 10⁶
Trichoderma harzianum	10⁶	Spores/ml

3.2. Effect of Different Concentrations of Antagonists on Spore Germination of Ca6

The results of this study show the percentage of inhibition of germination by B. amyloliquefaciens strains varies depending on the concentration of the bacterial suspension and the application time (t₀, t₄ and t₈) (Tables 3-5).

The minimum inhibitory concentrations of bacterial isolates remain the same in every application time but there are some isolates that are more effective at t₄ (Bc2, BC3, Bc4, Bc6 and BC7) other at t₀ (Bc1, Bc5, BC8 and Bc9). The application at t₈ reduces the effectiveness of the isolates to inhibit the germination of spores (Tables 3-5).

At 3 × 10⁸ CFU/ml and 3 × 10⁷ CFU/ml all bacterial isolates completely inhibit spore germination of Ca6 in all application time except Bc5 isolate that presented inhibition of 75.33%, 55.67% and 30.00% in t₈, t₄ and t₈ respectively 3 × 10⁷ CFU/ml (Tables 3-5).

Table 3 Percent inhibition of the spores’ germination by different concentrations of the suspensions of the bacterial strains at t0

Bacterial strains	Concentration CFU/ml
Bacterial strains	3 × 10⁸	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁶	3 × 10⁵	3 × 10⁴	3 × 10³	3 × 10²	3 × 10¹
Bc1	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	96.67 ± 0.88^a	72.33 ± 0.88^d	60.00 ± 0.58^f	46.30 ± 2.02^d	29.67 ± 1.48^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc2	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	95.67 ± 2.03^a	83.33 ± 1.07^a	68.00 ± 1.15^a	54.00 ± 2.31^a	17.00 ± 1.53^a
Bc3	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	92.67 ± 1.45^b	63.00 ± 1.73^e	58.00 ± 1.15^b	16.00 ± 1.15^b	3.33 ± 0.88^e	0.33 ± 0.33^b
Bc4	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	86.33 ± 1.83^c	56.00 ± 1.53^f	52.00 ± 1.22^d	3.00 ± 0.58^b	2.00 ± 1.00^e	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc5	100.00 ± 0.00^a	75.33 ± 1.45^b	37.33 ± 1.20^d	27.33 ± 1.45^g	10.00 ± 1.54^f	2.67 ± 0.33^d	2.00 ± 0.58^e	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc6	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	60.67 ± 1.74^e	52.67 ± 1.2^f	52.33 ± 1.85^e	24.00 ± 1.00^c	19.67 ± 0.88^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc7	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	92.67 ± 1.45^b	89.33 ± 1.2^b	75.33 ± 1.45^c	66.00 ± 0.58^b	22.33 ± 1.45^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc8	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	88.67 ± 1.45^c	82.33 ± 1.45^c	39.33 ± 1.76^e	19.00 ± 0.65^d	5.33 ± 1.96^e	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc9	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	88.00 ± 1.53^c	72.00 ± 1.15^d	28.67 ± 0.88^d	29.33 ± 1.45^c	14.33 ± 1.2^d	0.00 ± 0.00^b

The averages of the same column with the same letter do not significantly differ from each other at the 5% threshold.

Table 4 Percent inhibition of the spores’ germination by different concentrations of the suspensions of the bacterial strains at t4

Bacterial strains	Concentration CFU/ml
Bacterial strains	3 × 10⁸	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁶	3 × 10⁵	3 × 10⁴	3 × 10³	3 × 10²	3 × 10¹
Bc1	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	90.00 ± 0.58^cd	17.33 ± 1.45^d	10.67 ± 1.20^c	5.67 ± 0.88^b	4.67 ± 1.45^c	0.00 ± 0.00^c
Bc2	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	95.33 ± 1.76^a	85.66 ± 1.20^a	35.66 ± 0.88^a	18.33 ± 0.88a
Bc3	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	92.00 ± 2.08^c	91.67 ± 1.20^e	66.00 ± 1.15^c	43.33 ± 0.88^e	29.33 ± 2.04^ab	4.00 ± 1.15b
Bc4	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	91.67 ± 1.20^c	60.67 ± 1.08^f	56.66 ± 1.45^d	14.00 ± 1.15^f	7.67 ± 0.88^c	0.00 ± 0.00^c
Bc5	100.00 ± 0.00^a	55.67 ± 1.45^b	25.00 ± 1.15^g	14.67 ± 1.92^g	4.33 ± 0.88^g	3.00 ± 1.15^f	0.67 ± 0.33^d	0.00 ± 0.00^c
Bc6	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	72.00 ± 2.31^e	36.67 ± 0.63^f	36.67 ± 1.45^d	24.33 ± 0.88^d	4.33 ± 1.45^c	0.00 ± 0.00^c
Bc7	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	96.00 ± 1.15^b	96.33 ± 0.77^b	92.00 ± 1.53^b	67.33 ± 1.20^b	26 ± 2.31^b	0.00 ± 0.00^c
Bc8	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	66.00 ± 1.15^f	36.67 ± 0.67^c	15.33 ± 1.76^e	5.00 ± 1.15^e	5 ± 1.15^c	0.00 ± 0.00^c
Bc9	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	86.33 ± 0.88^d	75.33 ± 0.33^d	69.33 ± 1.20^f	35.33 ± 1.20^c	2.33 ± 1.86^c	0.00 ± 0.00^c

The averages of the same column with the same letter do not significantly differ from each other at the 5% threshold.

Table 5 Percent inhibition of the spores’ germination by different concentrations of the suspensions of the bacterial strains at t8

Bacterial strains	Concentration CFU/ml
Bacterial strains	3 × 10⁸	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁶	3 × 10⁵	3 × 10⁴	3 × 10³	3 × 10²	3 × 10¹
Bc1	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	75.00 ± 1.53^c	13.33 ± 2.40^f	6.33 ± 1.45^f	3.67 ± 0.68^e	1.00 ± 0.57^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc2	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100 ± 0.00^a	92.87 ± 1.45^a	81.67 ± 1.68^a	61.00 ± 1.15^a	25.00 ± 1.53^a	10.33 ± 0.88^a
Bc3	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	85.33 ± 0.88^b	70.33 ± 1.34^b	23.00 ± 1.15b^c	6.66 ± 0.66^d	1.33 ± 0.88^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc4	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	75.00 ± 1.15^c	49.33 ± 1.72^c	24.33 ± 1.45^b	2.33 ± 0.79^ef	0.00 ± 0.00^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc5	100.00 ± 0.00^a	30.00 ± 0.58^b	24.67 ± 1.45^f	12.00 ± 1.15^f	2.00 ± 1.15^g	1.33 ± 0.14^g	0.00 ± 0.00^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc6	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	45.33 ± 1.20^e	19.00 ± 1.73^e	17.33 ± 1.77^d	8.33 ± 0.85^c	0.00 ± 0.00^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc7	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	83.67 ± 2.33^b	76.00 ± 2.31^a	58.67 ± 2.41^ab	10.67 ± 0.03^b	0.00 ± 0.00^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc8	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	59.67 ± 1.20^d	20.33 ± 0.88^e	6.67 ± 1.20^e	3.33 ± 1.45^e	0.00 ± 0.00^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b
Bc9	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	71.67 ± 0.88^c	45 ± 2.64^d	12.67 ± 1.76^c	6.33 ± 1.76^d	0.00 ± 0.00^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b

The averages of the same column with the same letter do not significantly differ from each other at the 5% threshold.

Inhibition of spore germination of Ca6 decreases for other decreasing concentrations tested from 3 × 10⁶ CFU/ml. The Bc2 isolate remains effective with inhibitory percent of 95.67%, 100% and 92.87 in t₀, t₄ and t₈ respectively at 3 × 10⁵ CFU/ml (Tables 3-5) and Bc5 is the least effective to inhibit the growth of C. acutatum in all the application times.

T. harzianum completely inhibits the germination of spores of Ca6 at 10⁸, 10⁷, 10⁶ and 10⁵ spores/ml in all the application time. Its inhibition percent at 10⁴ spores/ml reached 97.33; 98.68 and 99.45% in t₀, t₄ and t₈ respectively, since this concentration is decreasing, the inhibition decreases slightly in all the application time but remains important in the t₈ (Figure 2).

Inhibition of spore germination of bacterial isolates decreased from 3 × 10⁶ CFU/ml except inhibition Bc5 isolate that starts to decrease from 3 × 10⁷ CFU/ml and isolate Bc2 retains its power inhibitor at 3 × 10⁶ CFU/ml in all the application times (Table 6).

And the minimal inhibitory concentration of T. harzianum is 10⁵ spores/ml (Table 6) this antagonist was also able to inhibit the germination of spores of C. acutatum even at low concentrations (Figure 1).

4. Discussion and Conclusion

The microorganisms that develop in the rhizosphere are ideal for use as biological control agents, by what the rhizosphere provides as the first defense against the attack of plant pathogens [11].

In recent years, various Bacillus spp. such as B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. atrophaeus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. thuringiensis, and B. pumilis were used as potential biocontrol agents against different Colletotrichum spp. T [12] [13] [14] [15] [16],studies have been made to fight against Colletotrichum spp. using Trichoderma spp. [17] [18] [19].

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of inoculums of nine isolates of B. amyloliquefaciens and an isolate of T. harzianum was tested in vitro

Table 6 Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of antagonists’ suspensions that completely inhibited spore germination of Ca6

bacterial strains	Application time			Concentration
	simultaneous t₀	preventive
	simultaneous t₀	t₄	t₈
bc1	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷
Bc2	3 × 10⁶	3 × 10⁶	3 × 10⁶
BC3	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷
Bc4	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷	CFU/ml
Bc5	3 × 10⁸	3 × 10⁸	3 × 10⁸
bc6	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷
BC7	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷
BC8	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷
Bc9	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷	3 × 10⁷
Trichoderma harzianum	10⁶	10⁶	10⁶	Spores/ml

vis-à-vis a mycelial growth and spores germination of phytopathogenic agent to find the potential of biological control at a low minimal inhibitory concentration against C. acutatum.

We found all the studied antagonists can inhibit or reduce mycelial growth and spore germination of C. acutatum Ca6. The effectiveness of B. amyloliquefaciens isolates to control against C. acutatum isolate differs from one to another, and we deduce that Bc2 submitted a total inhibition of mycelial growth of plant pathogen to MIC = 3 × 10⁵ CFU/ml. And the minimal inhibitory concentration of T. harzianum obtained for inhibiting the mycelial growth of Ca6 is 10⁶ spores/ml.

Comparing the minimal inhibitory concentrations of spore germination of plant pathogen antagonistic, we observe that the majority of isolates give maximum inhibition at a concentration of 3 × 10⁷ CFU/ml within three days of application, except for the isolate Bc2 to 3 × 10⁶ CFU/ml and Bc5 at 3 × 10⁸ CFU/ml. These concentrations are higher than those obtained in inhibiting mycelial growths which are 3 × 10⁵ CFU/ml for Bc2 and 3 × 10⁶ CFU/ml for the other isolates, except for Bc5 isolate that remains the same. Hamdache et al., [10] found that the values of the bacterial concentration of the same isolates used in this study are necessary for a total inhibition Botrytis cinerea and are low compared to those required to inhibit the germination of spores. The Bc2 isolate is the best among B. amyloliquefaciens strains because its percent inhibition is high relative to the others in decreasing concentration.

T. harzianum has a greater efficacy against the development of Ca6, even with the variation of its minimal inhibitory concentration of the mycelial growth and sporesgermination of the plant pathogen.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Es-Soufi, R., Tahiri, H., Azaroual, L., El Oualkadi, A., Martin, P., Badoc, A. and Lamarti, A. (2020) Effect of Different Concentrations of the Suspensions of B. amyloliquefaciens and T. harzianum on the Development of C. acutatum. Advances in Microbiology, 10, 72-81. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2020.103007

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