In this paper, through symbolic computations, we obtain two exact solitary wave solitons of the (2 + l)-dimensional variable-coefficient Caudrey-Dodd- Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada equation. We study basic properties of l-periodic solitary wave solution and interactional properties of 2-periodic solitary wave solution by using asymptotic analysis.
Nonlinear evolution equations appear in many fields of physics, such as fluids, quantum mechanics, condensed matter, superconductivity and nonlinear optics. Due to the fact that most systems in nature are complicated, many nonlinear evolution equations may possess variable coefficients. Recently, the investigation on exact solutions of the variable-coefficient nonlinear evolution equations has become the focus in the study of complex nonlinear phenomena in physics and engineering [
In this paper, we study the (2 + 1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada (vc-CDGKS) Equation (see [
u t + a 1 ( t ) u x x x x x + a 2 ( t ) u x u x x + a 3 ( t ) u u x x x + a 4 ( t ) u 2 u x + a 5 ( t ) u x x y + a 6 ( t ) ∂ x − 1 u y y + a 7 ( t ) u x ∂ x − 1 u y + a 8 ( t ) u u y + a 9 ( t ) u = 0 , (1.1)
where a i = a i ( t ) , ( i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 9 ) are analytical functions with respect to the variable t. When a 1 ( t ) = − 1 , a 2 ( t ) = a 3 ( t ) = a 4 ( t ) = a 5 ( t ) = a 7 ( t ) = a 8 ( t ) = − 5 , a 6 ( t ) = 5 , a 9 ( t ) = 0 and a 1 ( t ) = − 1 , a 2 ( t ) = − 25 / 2 , a 3 ( t ) = a 4 ( t ) = a 5 ( t ) = a 7 ( t ) = a 8 ( t ) = − 5 , a 6 ( t ) = 5 , a 9 ( t ) = 0 , two reduced (2 + 1)-dimensional equations were first proposed by Konopelchenko and Dubovsky through Lax pairs [
For the vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1), the bilinear form, bilinear Bäcklund transformation, Lax pair and the infinite conservation laws have been studied by Bell polynomials in [
In this paper, we consider periodic solitary wave solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1). The periodic solitary wave solution in this paper comes from Zaitsev [
In the following section, we deduce the 1-periodic solitary wave solution which is periodic in the direction of one curve and decays exponentially along the proper transverse direction of the corresponding curve. We analyze the propagating curve and the center of the periodic solutions. We also deduce the 2-periodic solitary wave solution which is periodic in the direction of two curves and decays exponentially along two proper transverse directions of the corresponding curves. The interactional properties with a 1 ( t ) = t 2 n − 2 and a 1 ( t ) = t 2 n − 1 for n = 1 , 2 , ⋯ are analyzed separately.
In this paper, we study periodic solitary wave solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1) with the following constraints in [
a 2 ( t ) = a 3 ( t ) = 15 a 1 ( t ) c 0 e ∫ a 9 ( t ) d t , a 5 ( t ) = 5 c 1 a 1 ( t ) , a 6 ( t ) = − 5 c 1 2 a 1 ( t ) , a 4 ( t ) = 45 a 1 ( t ) c 0 2 e 2 ∫ a 9 ( t ) d t , a 7 ( t ) = a 8 ( t ) = 15 c 1 a 1 ( t ) c 0 e ∫ a 9 ( t ) d t (2.1)
where c 0 and c 1 are nonzero real constants.
To obtain periodic solitary wave solutions, by using of the transformation in [
u = 2 c 0 e − ∫ a 9 ( t ) d t ( ln G ) x x , (2.2)
with
G = 1 + e η 1 + e η 2 + e η 1 + η 2 + A 12 , (2.3)
or
G = 1 + e η 1 + e η 2 + e η 3 + e η 4 + e η 1 + η 2 + A 12 + e η 1 + η 3 + A 13 + e η 1 + η 4 + A 14 + e η 2 + η 3 + A 23 + e η 2 + η 4 + A 24 + e η 3 + η 4 + A 34 + e η 1 + η 2 + η 3 + A 12 + A 13 + A 23 + e η 1 + η 2 + η 4 + A 12 + A 14 + A 24 + e η 1 + η 3 + η 4 + A 13 + A 14 + A 34 + e η 2 + η 3 + η 4 + A 23 + A 24 + A 34 + e η 1 + η 2 + η 3 + η 4 + A 12 + A 13 + A 14 + A 23 + A 24 + A 34 , (2.4)
we can get two types of solitary wave solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1), where
η j = k j x + k j p j y + ω j ( t ) + η j 0 , (2.5)
ω j ( t ) = − ( k j 5 + 5 c 1 k j 3 p j − 5 c 1 2 k j p j 2 ) ∫ a 1 ( t ) d t , (2.6)
e A i j = ( k i − k j ) 2 [ c 1 ( p i + p j ) + k i 2 − k i k j + k j 2 ] + c 1 ( k i − k j ) ( k i p i − k j p j ) + c 1 2 ( p i − p j ) 2 ( k i + k j ) 2 [ c 1 ( p i + p j ) + k i 2 + k i k j + k j 2 ] + c 1 ( k i + k j ) ( k i p i + k j p j ) + c 1 2 ( p i − p j ) 2 , (2.7)
and k j , p j and η j 0 are arbitrary constants.
In the following discussion, we let a 9 ( t ) = 0 for G in (2.3) and (2.4) and we can obtain 1-periodic and 2-periodic solitary wave solution of the (2 + 1)-dimensional vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1) by choosing special parameters of k j and p j ( j = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) .
In order to get 1-periodic solitary wave solution of the (2 + 1)-dimensional vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1), we take parameters k j , p j and η j 0 for j = 1 , 2 in (2.3) as
k 1 = α 1 + i β 1 = k 2 * , p 1 = γ 1 + i δ 1 = p 2 * , η 10 = σ 1 + i φ 1 = η 20 * , (2.8)
where α 1 , β 1 , γ 1 , δ 1 , σ 1 and φ 1 are real constants. Substituting (2.8) into (2.3), we obtain
G = 1 + 2 e η 1 R cos ( η 1 I ) + K 1 e 2 η 1 R , (2.9)
where
η 1 R = α 1 x + ( α 1 γ 1 − β 1 δ 1 ) y + ω 1 R ∫ a 1 ( t ) d t + σ 1 , (2.10)
η 1 I = β 1 x + ( β 1 γ 1 + α 1 δ 1 ) y + ω 1 I ∫ a 1 ( t ) d t + φ 1 , (2.11)
K 1 = α 1 2 β 1 2 − 3 β 1 4 + 3 c 1 β 1 2 γ 1 + c 1 α 1 β 1 δ 1 + c 1 2 δ 1 2 α 1 2 β 1 2 − 3 α 1 4 − 3 c 1 α 1 2 γ 1 + c 1 α 1 β 1 δ 1 + c 1 2 δ 1 2 , (2.12)
with
ω 1 R = − α 1 5 + 5 α 1 3 ( 2 β 1 2 − c 1 γ 1 ) + 15 c 1 α 1 2 β 1 δ 1 − 5 c 1 β 1 ( β 1 2 + 2 c 1 γ 1 ) δ 1 − 5 α 1 ( β 1 4 − 3 c 1 β 1 2 γ 1 + c 1 2 ( δ 1 2 − γ 1 2 ) ) ,
ω 1 I = − β 1 5 + 5 β 1 3 ( 2 α 1 2 + c 1 γ 1 ) + 15 c 1 α 1 β 1 2 δ 1 − 5 c 1 α 1 ( α 1 2 − 2 c 1 γ 1 ) δ 1 − 5 β 1 ( α 1 4 + 3 c 1 α 1 2 γ 1 + c 1 2 ( δ 1 2 − γ 1 2 ) ) . (2.13)
Substituting (2.9) into (2.2), with K 1 > 1 , we get a nonsingular exact solution of the (2 + 1)-dimensional vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1)
u = 2 c 0 α 1 2 K 1 − β 1 2 + K 1 [ ( α 1 2 − β 1 2 ) A + 2 α 1 β 1 B ] [ K 1 cosh ( η 1 R + ln K 1 ) + cos ( η 1 I ) ] 2 , (2.14)
where A = cosh ( η 1 R + ln K 1 ) cos ( η 1 I ) and B = sinh ( η 1 R + ln K 1 ) sin ( η 1 I ) .
The above solution describes a sequence of lumps, which is periodic in the direction of η 1 R + ln K 1 = 0 .
The centers of the lumps are located at
η 1 R + ln K 1 = 0 , 2 β 1 2 − cos ( η 1 I ) K 1 ( α 1 2 − β 1 2 ) − K 1 ( α 1 2 + β 1 2 ) = 0 . (2.15)
The lumps decay exponentially along the proper transverse direction and this exact solution is called the 1-periodic solitary wave solution. The plots of the solution at y = 0 are given in
In order to obtain 2-periodic solitary wave solution of the (2 + 1)-dimensional vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1), we take parameters k j , p j and η j 0 for j = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 in (2.4) as
k 1 = α 1 + i β 1 = k 2 * , k 3 = α 2 + i β 2 = k 4 * , p 1 = γ 1 + i δ 1 = p 2 * , p 3 = γ 2 + i δ 2 = p 4 * , η 10 = σ 1 + i φ 1 = η 20 * , η 30 = σ 2 + i φ 2 = η 40 * , (2.16)
where α j , β j , γ j , δ j , σ j , φ j ( j = 1 , 2 ) are real constants. In order to analyze the asymptotic properties of the solutions, we rewrite the function G in (2.4) as
G = 1 + 2 e η 1 R cos ( η 1 I ) + 2 e η 2 R cos ( η 2 I ) + K 1 e 2 η 1 R + K 2 e 2 η 2 R + K 1 K 2 e 2 ( η 1 R + η 2 R + d 1 + d 2 ) + 2 e η 1 R + η 2 R + d 1 cos ( η 1 I + η 2 I + b 1 ) + 2 e η 1 R + η 2 R + d 2 cos ( η 1 I − η 2 I + b 2 ) + 2 K 1 e 2 η 1 R + η 2 R + d 1 + d 2 cos ( η 2 I + b 1 − b 2 ) + 2 K 2 e η 1 R + 2 η 2 R + d 1 + d 2 cos ( η 1 I + b 1 + b 2 ) , (2.17)
where
η j R = α j x + ( α j γ j − β j δ j ) y + ω j R ∫ a 1 ( t ) d t + σ j , (2.18)
η j I = β j x + ( β j γ j + α j δ j ) y + ω j I ∫ a 1 ( t ) d t + φ j , (2.19)
K j = α j 2 β j 2 − 3 β j 4 + 3 c 1 β j 2 γ j + c 1 α j β j δ j + c 1 2 δ j 2 α j 2 β j 2 − 3 α j 4 − 3 c 1 α 1 2 γ j + c 1 α j β j δ j + c 1 2 δ j 2 , j = 1 , 2 , (2.20)
d 1 = 1 2 ln [ ( Re e A 13 ) 2 + ( Im e A 13 ) 2 ] , b 1 = arctan Im e A 13 Re e A 13 , (2.21)
d 2 = 1 2 ln [ ( Re e A 14 ) 2 + ( Im e A 14 ) 2 ] , b 2 = arctan Im e A 14 Re e A 14 , (2.22)
with
ω j R = − α j 5 + 5 α j 3 ( 2 β j 2 − c 1 γ j ) + 15 c 1 α j 2 β j δ j − 5 c 1 β j ( β j 2 + 2 c 1 γ j ) δ j − 5 α j ( β j 4 − 3 c 1 β j 2 γ j + c 1 2 ( δ j 2 − γ j 2 ) ) ,
ω j I = − β j 5 + 5 β j 3 ( 2 α j 2 + c 1 γ j ) + 15 c 1 α j β j 2 δ j − 5 c 1 α j ( α j 2 − 2 c 1 γ j ) δ j − 5 β j ( α j 4 + 3 c 1 α j 2 γ j + c 1 2 ( δ j 2 − γ j 2 ) ) . (2.23)
Substituting (2.17) into (2.2), we can get 2-periodic solitary wave solution of the (2 + 1)-dimensional vc-CDGKS Equation (1.1), which is composed of two sequences of lumps and the lumps decay along two directions.
In the following we study the interactional properties of this solution by using asymptotic analysis. Without loss of generality, we assume α 1 > 0 , α 2 > 0 , and α 1 ω 2 R − α 2 ω 1 R > 0 .
Case (1): Let a 1 ( t ) = t 2 n − 2 , n = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , and we get
u → { u 1 P ( Λ 1 − , Γ 1 − ) + u 2 p ( Λ 2 − , Γ 2 − ) , t → − ∞ u 1 P ( Λ 1 + , Γ 1 + ) + u 2 p ( Λ 2 + , Γ 2 + ) , t → + ∞ (2.24)
where
u j P ( Λ , Γ ) = 2 c 0 α j 2 K j − β j 2 + K j [ ( α j 2 − β j 2 ) cosh Λ cos Γ + 2 α j β j sinh Λ sin Γ ] [ K 1 cosh Λ + cos Γ ] 2 , j = 1 , 2 (2.25)
with
Λ 1 − = η 1 R + ln K 1 , Γ 1 − = η 1 I , Λ 1 + = η 1 R + ln K 1 + d 1 + d 2 , Γ 1 + = η 1 I + b 1 + b 2 ,
Λ 2 − = η 2 R + ln K 2 + d 1 + d 2 , Γ 2 − = η 2 I + b 1 + b 2 , Λ 2 + = η 2 R + ln K 2 , Γ 2 + = η 2 I .
From the above analysis, we find that the shifts of the 2-periodic solitary waves before and after interactions are d 1 + d 2 .
Case (2): Let a 1 ( t ) = t 2 n − 1 , n = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , and we get
u → { u ⌢ 1 + u ⌢ 2 , t → − ∞ u ⌢ 1 + u ⌢ 2 , t → + ∞ (2.26)
where u ⌢ 1 and u ⌢ 2 are defined by u 1 P ( Λ 1 + , Γ 1 + ) and u 2 P ( Λ 2 + , Γ 2 + ) , respectively. We find that there is no shift for the 2-periodic solitary waves before and after interactions.
Taking the following set of parameters
α 1 = 1 2 , β 1 = 3 5 , α 2 = 2 3 , β 2 = 7 8 , γ 1 = 2 3 , δ 1 = 4 5 , γ 2 = 7 100 , δ 2 = 1 3 , σ 1 = 1 6 , φ 1 = 1 , σ 2 = 1 3 , φ 2 = 1 2 , c 0 = c 1 = 1 (2.27)
The plots of the 2-periodic solution are given in
In this paper, we considered periodic solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional variable
coefficient Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada equation by using of two solitary wave solutions. By selecting different a 1 ( t ) , we study basic properties of 1-periodic wave solution and interactional interactions of 2-periodic wave solution with asymptotic analysis method theoretically and graphically.
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Zhou, Y. (2020) Periodic Solitary Wave Solutions of the (2 + 1)-Dimensional Variable-Coefficient Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada Equation. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 10, 60-68. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2020.103005