1. Introduction

AiM

Advances in Microbiology

2165-3402

Scientific Research Publishing

10.4236/aim.2020.103006

AiM-98692

Articles

Biomedical&Life Sciences

An Attempt to Classify Gram-Stained Vaginal Smears with a Nugent Score of 4 into Four Bacterial Morphotypes at First Prenatal Visit

Satoshi

Shimano

¹^*Atsushi

Yasuda

²Takashi

Ogaya

²Sachiko

Miura

²Hideaki

Negishi

³Masahiro

Mizunuma

³Tsuyoshi

Saito

⁴

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nakashibetsu Municipal Hospital, Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kitami Red Cross Hospital, Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan

Clinical laboratory, Kitami Red Cross Hospital, Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan

04032020

1003607129, January 20202, March 2020 5, March 2020

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

It is controversial whether universal screening for bacterial vaginosis (BV) should be done in the early stages of pregnancy in order to prevent preterm birth. In particular, whether the intermediate vaginal flora type should be included in the group to be treated for BV. This vaginal smear type is a mixture of Lactobacillus and Gardnerella or Bacteroides spp. We examined three vaginal flora types, excluding the mixed-type, with a Nugent Score of 4 and evaluated their significance in achieving term delivery. The subjects were pregnant women who were examined at our Hospital between June 2009 and December 2010. Their vaginal swabs were taken at their first prenatal visit and were studied by Gram staining. The resulting Nugent Score 4 organisms were further classified into the following four types: mixed-type, gram-positive cocci type, Bifidobacterium type, and non-bacterial type. The clinical courses for all the types except “mixed-type” were followed-up. Among the 566 pregnant women, 58 (10.2%) had a Nugent Score of 4. There were 38 cases of mixed-type (65.5%), 3 cases of gram-positive cocci type (5.2%), 10 cases of Bifidobacterium type (17.2%), and 7 cases of non-bacterial type (12.1%). The three women with the gram-positive cocci type attained successful term delivery despite two of them experiencing GBS infection and requiring treatment with penicillin and tocolytics. Among the 10 cases of Bifidobacterium type, 5 cases were term delivery with no therapy, 3 cases were term delivery with metronidazole treatment and 2 cases were preterm birth with maternal complications. Among the 7 cases of non-bacterial type, 6 cases were diagnosed with preterm PROM, and 5 of them resulted in preterm birth despite prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Classification of smears with a Nugent score of 4 into four bacterial morphotypes may be effective, for required treatment may vary depending on the morphotype.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Nugent Score 4 Pregnancy GBS (Group B Streptococcus) <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp.

1. Introduction

Until now, it was controversial whether universal screening for bacterial vaginosis (BV) should be done in the early stages of pregnancy followed by eventual treatment of BV in order to prevent preterm birth due to ascending bacterial infection into the uterus from the vagina [1] [2].

Two reviews, one negative [1] and one positive [2], have been published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews on the prevention of preterm birth by treating BV. In the negative review published in 2013 [1], the use of antibiotics did not reduce the risk of preterm birth before 37 weeks in a subgroup of pregnant women with BV, which excluded those with intermediate vaginal flora. However, in a subgroup of women with intermediate flora or BV, the use of antibiotics was associated with a significant reduction in preterm birth before 37 weeks [3] [4]. These results suggest that treating pregnant women with an intermediate vaginal flora along with those with BV in early gestation reduces the risk of preterm birth. The intermediate vaginal flora type here likely refers to a mixture of Lactobacillus and Gardnerella or Bacteroides spp.

We have studied the Gram-stained vaginal smears from pregnant women since 1991 [5] [6] [7] and during that time we began to question whether women with an intermediate vaginal flora, especially a Nugent Score of 4, should all be treated regardless of the types of bacteria observed in their vaginal smear. According to the Nugent scoring system, gram-positive cocci were removed from the diagnostic morphotype system because that group had the poorest agreement concerning the detection of morphotype both within and between centers [8]. In the end, we reached the conclusion that the gram-positive cocci were easily detected in vaginal smears of Nugent score 4 bacteria when they were present alone. However, when this type of bacteria was present mixed with gram-positive or -negative rods such as Gardnerella vaginalis or Bacteroides spp., this bacterial morphotype was not detected easily.

Similarly, if Bifidobacterium spp. were present alone, they were easily detected in a vaginal smear and diagnosed as Nugent score 4. It is a question whether the Bifidobacterium spp. should be included in the treatment of BV in order to prevent preterm birth.

A Nugent score of 4 was assigned to the smears from pregnant women who had experienced preterm PROM (Premature rupture of membrane) and were transferred to our hospital from other prenatal units because there were no bacteria on their vaginal smear slides. Supposedly, the bacteria had been washed out by amniotic fluid during the preterm PROM. We have now further investigated the pregnancy course and outcome for women with vaginal smears of Nugent Score 4, except for those with mixed bacterial types.

2. Materials and Methods2.1. Patients

The subjects were 566 pregnant women who visited the Kitami Red Cross Hospital (KRCH) in Hokkaido. Japan, to receive prenatal care and give birth or who were transferred to the KRCH for the treatment of prenatal complications requring prenatal intensive care between June 2009 and December 2010.

Their average age was 30.7 ± 4.9 years (mean ± SD). Their gestational weeks were: <12 GW in 288 cases, 12 GW ≤ - <16 GW in 33 cases, 16 GW ≤ - <20 GW in 44 cases, 20 GW ≤ - <24 GW in 15 cases, 24 GW ≤ - <28 GW in 21 cases, 28 GW ≤ - <32 GW in 50 cases, 32 GW ≤ - <36 GW in 92 cases, 36 GW ≤ - <40 GW in 23 cases. KRCH is the third prenatal hospital in Japan that admits pregnant women with no risk as well as those with high risk.

2.2. Sample Collections and Diagnosis of BV

Vaginal swabs and medical histories were obtained from the women at their first prenatal visit. A clean non-lubricated speculum was placed in the vagina. A sterile cotton transfer swab (by COPAN ITALIA S. p. A.) [9] was used to obtain the vaginal swabs from the lateral wall. The cotton swab was rolled on glass slides, and the specimen was stained by the Gram stain according to the Bartholomew and Mittwer method. Each Gram-stained smear was observed under a microscope at a magnification of X1000, and BV was diagnosed according to Nugent scoring system [8].

2.3. Subclassification of Nugent Score of 4

A Nugent score of 4 was classified into the following four types: mixed-type of Lactobacillus and Gardnerella or Bacteroides spp. (Figure 1), gram-positive cocci type (Figure 2), Bifidobacterium type (Figure 3), and non-bacterial type in which the smear consists of epithelial cells (Figure 4). These bacteria were identified by culturing in an atmosphere of 7% carbon dioxide and were not identified by anaerobic culturing. Bifidobacterium spp. in Figure 3 were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (The methods are shown in Figure 5 and the results in Figure 6) [10].

2.4. Study Area

Kitami City is located in the eastern part of Hokkaido, the northern island of

Table 1 The pregnant women with Nugent score 4 except for mixed type

Case	Age	Parity	Gravidity	GW of FV	PL	NS	GW of D	PB	FW (g)	bacterial morphotypes or culture	MT	note
1	39	0	1	10	+	4	41w2d		3240	GBS		penicillin + tocolytics
2	27	2	3	8	+	4	39w2d		3350	GBS		penicillin + tocolytics
3	25	0	0	18		4	41w2d		3600	Enterococcus sp.		no therapy
4	35	0	0	31	+	4	33w6d	+	1778	Bifidobacterium sp.	+	fetal anomaly, polyhydramnios
5	36	0	0	21	+	4	36w5d	+	2548	Bifidobacterium sp.	+	ileus of mother
6	34	1	2	11		4	37w2d		2734	Bifidobacterium sp.		metronidazole
7	31	1	1	7		4	39w0d		2776	Bifidobacterium sp.		no therapy
8	27	2	2	7	+	4	37w0d		2892	Bifidobacterium sp.		metronidazole
9	35	1	1	12		4	39w4d		3126	Bifidobacterium sp.		metronidazole
10	28	1	1	7		4	39w5d		3194	Bifidobacterium sp.		no therapy
11	37	0	0	28		4	40w0d		3108	Bifidobacterium sp.		no therapy
12	31	1	1	34		4	40w1d		2509	Bifidobacterium sp.		no therapy
13	27	0	1	36		4	40w5d		2608	Bifidobacterium sp.		no therapy
14	24	0	1	23	+	4	24w4d	+	622	negative	+	PROM, prophylactic antibiotics + tocolytics
15	29	0	0	34	+	4	34w3d	+	2284	negative	+	PROM, prophylactic antibiotics
16	30	1	1	35	+	4	35w2d	+	2028	negative	+	PROM, prophylactic antibiotics
17	28	0	0	35	+	4	35w6d	+	1488	negative	+	PROM, prophylactic antibiotics
18	35	0	0	36	+	4	36w6d	+	1955	negative	+	PROM + IUGR, prophylactic antibiotics
19	28	1	2	34		4	38w4d		3240	negative	+	PROM, prophylactic antibiotics
20	35	1	1	27	+	4	unclear		unclear	negative	+	transferred to previous HP

GW: Gestational Week, FV: First Visit, PL: Preterm Labor, NS: Nugent Score, D: Delivery, PB: Preterm Birth, FW: Fetal Weight, MT: Maternal Transferred.

Japan (Figure 7), and has a population of approximately 120,000. The number of deliveries in the city is about 1000 per year.

2.5. Ethics Statements

This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of KRCH (18-06).

3. Results3.1. Rates of Four Classifications of Nugent Score of 4

A total of 58 patients of the 566 cases had a Nugent score of 4 (Figure 8). Among these, there were 38 cases (65.5%) of mixed-type, 3 cases (5.2%) of gram-positive cocci type, 10 cases (17.2%) of Bifidobacterium type, and 7 cases (12.1%) of non-bacterial type (Figure 9).

There were 20 cases of other than mixed-type, and these are indicated in Table 1: The gestational week at the first prenatal visit, the clinical diagnosis, the

results of the bacterial morphotypes and culture, prescribed antibiotics and tocolytics, medical history and pregnancy outcome.

3.2. Pregnant Course and Outcome for Three Types of Nugent Score of 4

In three gram-positive cocci type cases, two cases of GBS (cases 1, 2) and one case of enterococcus spp. (case 3) were identified. There was a threatened preterm labor in the two cases that had the GBS (group B streptococcus) so we admitted them to hospital, prescribed penicillin and treated them with tocolytics. In one of the two cases, the lactobacillus started to appear after 5 weeks of therapy (Figure 10), and the GBS was present until delivery in week 41. All of the three cases resulted in term deliveries.

Case 4 resulted in preterm birth by polyhydramnios and fetal malformation, while case 5 resulted in preterm birth with maternal ileus. The clinician had administered metronidazole in three of eight cases of Bifidobacterium type because he misidentified them as mixed bacterial type. In all three cases, the Nugent score went down, and these cases resulted in term delivery. The other five cases of Bifidobacterium type resulted in term delivery with no therapy.

All of the seven pregnant women of non-bacterial type (Figure 4) were transferred to our hospital because they were suspected to be preterm PROM; Six of them were actually preterm PROM, and five of them experienced preterm birth despite prophylactic antibiotic therapy recommended in the 2017 Guidelines for Obstetrical Practice in Japan and obstetrics textbooks [11] [12]. In the last case, the pregnant woman was not diagnosed with preterm PROM at our hospital. Her vaginal bacterial flora was totally eradicated, because she had received antibiotic treatment as a potential preterm PROM patient at the previous hospital. She recovered fully and was retransferred to the previous hospital.

4. Discussion

We adopt the Nugent scoring system of gram-stained vaginal smears for the diagnosis of BV in our daily practice, with additional aerobic culture for the confirmation of bacteria including GBS and E. coli. Anaerobic culture is not performed in routine practice, based on Hillier’s statement that “Cultures for G. vaginalis or other individual microbes have little utility for diagnosis of BV.” [13] Thus, in this study, confirmation of Bifidobacterium spp., which are anaerobic bacteria, is based on the bacterial morphotype instead of anaerobic culture, except for the diagnosis in case 7 (Figure 3), in whom Bifidobacterium spp. was confirmed by the 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of DNA extracted from gram-stained smears taken eight years prior to this study (Figure 6). The results reported in this paper are based on the above conditions.

In the intermediate type, Nugent scores of 5 or 6 are almost the same as that of the mixed-type except for a smear with less than one or less than five gram-positive or -negative rods such as Gardnerella vaginalis or Bacteroides spp., respectively (Figure 11). These mixed-types are involved in BV and should be treated in order to prevent preterm birth, according to the reports by Ugwumadu [3] and Lamont [4]. However, we would like to point out that 34.5% of pregnant women with a Nugent Score of 4 are not all mixed-type. At least 22.4% of them are the gram-positive cocci type and Bifidobacterium type which should not be involved in BV. It may be necessary to have different kinds of treatment for each type of case.

Gram-positive cocci were excluded from the group of diagnostic bacteria in the Nugent Scoring system because there was poor agreement about their morphotype both within and between centers [8]. However, we thought that we could detect gram-positive cocci as long as these bacteria were present by

themselves. Also, in two of the cases with the GBS vaginal flora, the patients suffered threatened preterm labor; they were prescribed penicillin and tocolytics, and their clinical course resulted in term delivery. It has been reported that GBS may directly invade the chorioamnion and cause chorioamnionitis [14] and that they could not be totally eradicated by penicillin administration [15]. If preterm labor symptoms appear, the physician should consider prescribing penicillin in order to prevent a secondary-bacterial infection in the uterus.

Pregnant women with the Bifidobacterium type were judged to require no treatment of their vaginal flora because Bifidobacterium spp. are generally regarded as non-pathogens except for Bifidobacterium dentium and members of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are considered health-promoting constituents of the gut microbiota and are mainly, but not exclusively, used as probiotic micro-organisms [16]. Especially Bifidobacterium bifidy and Bifidobacterium breve were present at higher concentrations and prevalence in the normal vagina than in the BV group, which may mean that they could be important for maintaining a healthy vaginal microenvironment [17]. In our study, there were five cases of Bifidobacterium type that resulted in term delivery with no therapy. Therefore, it may not be necessary to treat women carrying Bifidobacterium type for BV.

All of the pregnant women with a Nugent Score of 4 and a smear showing the non-bacterial type were transferred to the hospital during their mid or third trimester. Their vaginal flora was difficult to identify because their amniotic fluid had washed it out. We do not have information on whether the pregnant women presenting with mid- or third trimester preterm PROM had been screened for BV in their first trimester for the purpose of preventing preterm birth. We would like to emphasize the importance of screening for abnormal vaginal flora during the first prenatal visit in order to prevent and treat unexpected preterm PROM and threatened preterm labor. For reference, it has been reported that universal screening of pregnant women for BV is adopted in 67.1% (47/70) of facilities in Hokkaido [18].

5. Limitations

As the sample size in this study is limited, further investigation with an increased number of patients will be required. In particular, while pregnant patients with GBS and preterm PROM have been treated according to obstetrical textbooks, therapeutic approaches for Bifidobacterium spp. infections require further examination based on the study of more patients.

6. Conclusion

Among the pregnant women with a Nugent Score of 4, 34.4% had gram-positive cocci type, Bifidobacterium type, or non-bacterial type smears. Women with gram-positive cocci type smears, in which the coccus has been identified as GBS, should be monitored for signs of threatened preterm birth due to ascending infection into the uterus from the vagina and be given penicillin in case of threatened preterm birth. Women with Bifidobacterium type smears should be monitored throughout the natural course of pregnancy as these bacteria are not pathogenic in pregnant women. Women with non-bacterial type smears should be suspected of PROM or that bacteria have been eradicated with antibiotic therapy. Thus, recording the presence of these three types of vaginal smears is considered necessary for later treatment decisions.

Authorship Statement

All authors meet the ICMJE authorship criteria.

Disclosure

This research did not receive any grants or financial support. Sample processing was done in Kitami Red Cross Hospital.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. Kiyoshi Tyoji from the Nakashibetsu Municipal Hospital for his thoughtful suggestions and to Yoko Nagai from Varinos, Inc., Tokyo, Japan for the detection of Bifidobacterium spp. by 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (Figure 3, Figure 5 and Figure 6).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Shimano, S., Yasuda, A., Ogaya, T., Miura, S., Negishi, H., Mizunuma, M. and Saito, T. (2020) An Attempt to Classify Gram-Stained Vaginal Smears with a Nugent Score of 4 into Four Bacterial Morphotypes at First Prenatal Visit. Advances in Microbiology, 10, 60-71. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2020.103006

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