This paper compares the intervention degree and effectiveness of social worker intervention in general pension institutions and high-end pension institutions to explore the necessity and importance of it in the construction of elderly self-organization through comprehensive analysis of demand satisfaction, resource allocation, capacity-building and organizational structure, and draws a conclusion that the degree of elderly self-organization is positively related to the effectiveness of social workers intervention.
At present, the high-end pension model has been rising in China’s pension market. Different from the concept of “one bed” in traditional pension institutions, high-end pension institutions meet the needs of daily care, health management, culture and entertainment of the elderly through diversified services [
Self-organization is a kind of bottom-up organization, which is independent, voluntary and unofficial. Through the self-management and service of the elderly, the elderly self-organization can enhance their social communication, mobilize their initiative in community governance, and promote the healthy development of the community while enhancing their sense of belonging and self-worth. At present, most elderly self-organizations are geriatric associations. By the end of 2014, China’s urban and rural community elderly associations had reached 490,000, covering 74 percent [
1) The lack of incentive mechanism and long-term sustainability. Due to the staff’s low expectation on the elderly’s ability value and the lack of perfect system guarantee, the individual’s subjective intention has a great impact on mobilizing the elderly’s enthusiasm [
2) The severe population limitations and narrow coverage. Staffs only focus on the elderly who are healthy and secured while ignore the others. Traditional perceptions of gender roles also limit the participation of members of different genders.
3) The phenomenon of capable person and the concentration of power are prominent [
4) The lack of bottom-up institutional guarantee. Due to the far-reaching influence of bureaucracy in management, it is difficult to change the unequal relationship between management and self-organization. Most self-organizations lack efficient communication channels and sufficient democracy in upward interaction. Their independence is diluted and they are forced to face vertical subordination [
T institution is characterized by large-scale, full-function and combination of medical and nursing services to meet the health, safety, social and cultural needs of the elderly and create a high-quality life for the elderly. There are residential apartments, independent hospitals and various activity rooms, supplemented by a complete service system. At present, T institution has put into operation four parks and built eight medical care communities, with the total number of service households exceeding 100 million.
As analyzed above, self-organization of the elderly has many problems in the initial stage and needs the intervention and guidance of professionals. The goals of social work are “to satisfy the internal needs of individuals more fully and develop the functional performance of individual social relations”, which is consistent with the goals of elderly self-organization [
The elderly self-organization of T is mainly divided into living area self-organization and activity area self-organization, which shows the characteristics of full participation, high enthusiasm and strong personality, and gradually develops towards equality and autonomy.
The self-organization of living area mainly mediates the contradiction of the elderly life and promotes communication and understanding between the upper and lower levels. The elderly elect floor leaders independently to collect their opinions and feedback to the staff in time. This arrangement has greatly aroused the initiative of the elderly to participate in community construction.
The self-organization of activity area is divided into two parts: education for the aged and clubs, in which the elderly teach, rehearse and participate in performances independently, so as to enrich the spiritual and cultural life of the elderly, explore their potential ability and promote the re-development of the elderly. This kind of self-organization has a very perfect operation system, which basically realizes equal dialogue with the management and develops with the instituion itself.
As we can see, there are a large number of elderly self-organizations in the T institution, with different types and uneven development level. The whole organization is in the middle stage of smooth operation. Through the development of the elderly’s self-ability and the improvement of the self-organization operation system by social workers, some organizations have achieved self-feeding, with a clear development plan, considerable independence and autonomy. Others have begun to take shape, the cadres have a clear sense of responsibility, the members have cohesion, and the self-organization expands steadily under the guidance of social workers.
Through further comparative analysis, we find that there are four main differences between ordinary institutions and T institution: demand satisfaction, capacity building, resource allocation and organizational structure construction. The first two points are about the development of the elderly, and the last two points are about the construction of the elderly self-organization. The comparison is shown in
1) The degree of the elderly self-organization is positively correlated with the degree of social workers’ intervention.
Through literature review, and empirical study, this paper concludes that the degree of elderly self-organization is positively correlated with the degree of social worker intervention.
By comparison, we find that most ordinary institutions are not equipped with professional social workers, and their degree of self-organization remains at the initial stage with low independence, autonomy and initiative. The role of elderly self-organization is mainly to solve basic needs and meet the administrative management of the institutions. Under the deep intervention of social workers, most of the elderly self-organizations of T institution have the conditions of independent development. Some of them are even in the middle stage of steady development of independent operation. The goal of mutual promotion between the elderly self-organization and the institution has been preliminarily completed, which meets the low-level physiological and social needs of the elderly and gradually develops the sense of personal worth.
2) Suggestions on measures to promote the coordination of the elderly self-organization and social work intervention are as follow.
a) Explore the resources of the elderly, pay attention to the personalized appeal of the elderly, and realize the common growth of self-organization members.
The purpose of group work is to promote individual growth according to individual abilities and needs, to adapt individuals to other people, groups and society, to motivate individuals to improve their society, and to make everyone realize their rights, abilities and uniqueness [
| Interventional Aspects | Ordinary Institutions | T Institution | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Degree of Intervention | Utility | Degree of Intervention | Utility | |
| Demand Satisfaction | 1) Stay on the surface 2) Unified | Meet only basic survival needs | 1) Establish demand files to keep abreast of demand 2) Provide individualized service for different old people | 1) Meet individualized needs 2) Break crowd limitations 3) Expand the connotation of self-organization |
| Resource Allocation | 1) Link the “visual” resources inside and outside institutions 2) Increase resource utilization | 1) Integrate community resources 2) Expand self-organization development channels | 1) Link various resources to enrich institutional activities 2) Break away from the traditional pessimistic thinking, develop the elderly’s resources, and establish incentive mechanism to ensure the initiation | 1) Reduce labor costs 2) Enhance the elderly’s sense of self-efficacy and promote their participation in institutional governance |
| Capacity Building | Focus on training practical skills and building volunteer organizations | Enhance building ability and advocate elderly’s participation in community development | 1) Develop leadership skills and work skills 2) Balance the distribution of rights and adjust the atmosphere of relations by one-on-one conversations and other ways to eliminate the phenomenon of capacity person | 1) Promote self-development of the elderly 2) Coordinate the internal relations of self-organization 3) Promote sustainable development |
| Organization Structure | Intervene in up-low information transmission and management policies | 1) Influence government and institutional policies 2) Provide institutional guarantee [ | Provide institutional support in terms of communication, operation system and development model | Influence institutional policy decisions to create a good and relaxed environment for self-organization |
should combine the different characteristics of the target group, establish multi-type self-organization, guide the active participation of the elderly, and improve the self-efficacy of the elderly while meeting their various needs.
b) Coordinate the internal relationship of self-organization with humanistic concern.
The interpersonal environment in self-organization is an important factor for sustainable development. Social workers can balance the distribution of rights among self-organizing members by establishing a perfect system and timely mediate the conflicts among members through case management and group activities to enhance mutual understanding and cohesion.
3) Extend the external communication channels of the elderly self-organization and provide macro-institutional guarantee.
Social workers can build a relatively relaxed and equal environment for the development of the elderly self-organization by expanding communication channels, improving the elderly’s ability to express their needs, and influencing institutional policy decisions. Among them, social workers can link the relevant departments inside and outside the community and expand the channels of information circulation, which can greatly improve the communication efficiency between the elderly self-organization and management.
Elderly self-organization is one of the important ways to alleviate the pressure of pension in China. The development of this form urgently needs the guidance and support of professionals. In addition to the service staff should improve their own service level; the government should also expand channels for the introduction of social workers and other professionals in the pension industry. Through policy guidance, the government can vigorously promote the professionalization and humanization of the pension level, to achieve the social goal of active pension.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Hu, Y.Q., Ying, Q.X., Yang, L., Li, W. and Man, L.M. (2019) Research on the Positive Correlation between the Degree of Self-Organization and the Effectiveness of Social Work Intervention in Elderly Care Institutions. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 265-270. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.711019