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The Movement of Orbits and Their Effect on the Encoding of Letters in Partition Theory

Rahmah

J. Shareef

¹Ammar

S. Mahmood

University of Mosul, Department of Mathematic, College of Education for Pure Science, Mosul, Iraq

05112019

0611178, October 20195, November 2019 8, November 2019

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This research aims to study the movement of orbits proposed by Mohammed et al. in 2015 and 2016, and their impact on the encoding of letters adopted by Mahmood and Mahmood in 2019 in order to make the latter more difficult when read in the theory of partition.

Partition Theory Encoding E-Abacus Diagram

1. Introduction

Let r be a non-negative integer. A partition μ = ( μ 1 , μ 2 , ⋯ , μ n ) of r is a sequence of non-negative integers such that | μ | = ∑ i = 1 n μ i = r and for all i ≥ 1 , μ i ≥ μ i + 1 . Fix μ is a partition of r, choosing an integer b greater than or equal to the number of parts of μ and defining β i = μ i + b − i , 1 ≤ i ≤ b . The set { β 1 , β 2 , ⋯ , β b } is said to be the set of β-numbers for μ , see [1].

Let e be a positive integer number greater than or equal to 2, we can represent β-numbers by a diagram called e-Abacus diagram.

e-Abacusdiagram.

where every β will be represented by a bead (●) which takes its location e-abacus diagram [2].

2. Orbits

The logic by which the value of partition is found has led some researchers to choose the concept of orbits for any form of e-abacus diagrams, see [3] and [4].

The basic idea of forming these orbits where e ≥ 2 then e-abacus diagram will appear in an order that is very similar to (matrix mode). Now, if we consider that all that exists within the outer frame of this (matrix) frame is a second orbit and so we will have Table 1.

Table 1 The relation between the value of e and the number of orbits

E	No. of orbits
2	1
3	2
4	2
5	3
6	3
⋮	⋮

For example, if e = 3 . See Figure 1.

And if e = 4 . See Figure 2.

This concept will be applied with the coding that has been adopted on the English letters by Mahmood and Mahmood in [5] and [6].

3. Encoding English Letters

It is well known that there is a lot of research concerning coding or encoding on English letters, they all depend on each letter having a corresponding number from 0 to 25, hence a particular process begins with special conditions and takes a concept (mod 26), with the exception of Mahmood and Mahmood [5] and [6], they made a change to this concept through the use of e-abacus diagram away from the concept of (mod 26), as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 The partition of each English letters

Letters	Partition	Letters	Partition
A	( 11 , 8 2 , 5 7 , 2 , 1 3 )	B	( 11 3 , 10 , 8 , 6 3 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )
C	( 13 3 , 12 , 9 , 5 2 , 1 3 )	D	( 12 3 , 11 , 9 , 8 , 6 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )
E	( 12 4 , 8 , 6 3 , 2 , 1 4 )	F	( 12 , 8 , 6 3 , 2 , 1 4 )
G	( 11 3 , 10 , 7 4 , 6 , 2 , 1 3 )	H	( 13 , 11 , 10 , 8 , 7 4 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 1 )
I	( 15 3 , 12 , 8 , 4 , 1 3 )	J	( 14 , 11 , 10 , 8 , 4 , 1 3 )
K	( 15 , 13 , 11 , 10 , 7 2 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 1 )	L	( 17 4 , 13 , 9 , 5 , 1 )
M	( 12 , 9 2 , 8 , 7 2 , 6 , 5 2 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 )	N	( 11 , 9 , 8 2 , 7 , 6 4 , 5 , 4 2 , 3 , 1 )
O	( 12 3 , 11 , 8 2 , 5 2 , 2 , 1 3 )	P	( 11 3 , 8 , 6 3 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )
Q	( 11 4 , 10 2 , 8 2 , 5 2 , 2 , 1 3 )	R	( 13 , 11 , 10 , 8 , 6 3 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )
S	( 13 3 , 12 , 7 2 , 2 , 1 3 )	T	( 14 , 10 , 6 , 2 , 1 5 )
U	( 14 2 , 12 , 10 , 9 , 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 1 )	V	( 16 , 13 , 12 , 11 , 8 2 , 5 )
W	( 14 , 13 , 12 , 11 , 10 2 , 9 , 8 2 , 5 )	X	( 13 , 10 , 9 , 8 , 5 , 2 , 1 )
Y	( 16 , 12 , 9 3 , 8 , 5 )	Z	( 13 5 , 10 , 7 , 4 , 1 4 )

Note that, they are based on the value of e and the number of rows is equal to 5, for example R and H write.

Based on Figure 3, we have three orbits for each letter as shown below.

3.1. Behavior of Each Orbit in e = 5

1) 1st-orbit: It is the outer orbit and the largest of all orbits where are 16 sites, we can change the locations according to the clock with one movement, two movements, … and up to 16 movements until we reach the origin of orbit. Since we always need to have the first location of this orbit empty so we can read the partition; see Mahmood in [7], we cancel this course and keep it as it is to preserve the overall frame of the form of partition.

2) 2nd-orbit: It is the middle orbit and has 8 locations.

3) 3rd-orbit: It is the last orbit that is usually fixed in place because it contains only one location.

If we assume that w_t is the motion of the t-orbit where t = 1 , 2 , 3 , then we have the following.

[ w 1 ; w 2 ; w 3 ] such that

w 1 = w 3 = 0 and w 2 = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , 7 or ( w 2 mod 8 )

3.2. w 2 = 1

The locations of the 2nd-orbit are

Its movement will be according to Figure 4.

Thus, we can make the following proposition:

Rule 3.2.1: when choosing a partition for any letter of the English language where e = 5 and the value of β i was equal to the location a α λ within [0; 1; 0] will be

a α λ → a α ( λ ∓ 1 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 , 3 ( or 3 , 4 ) respectively

a α λ → a ( α ∓ 1 ) λ , ∀ α = 2 , 3 ( or 3 , 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 ( or 4 ) respectively

Then, we have Table 3.

Table 3 The partition of each English letter after application w<sub>2</sub> = 1

Letter	Origin partition	[0; 1; 0]	Partition when w 2 = 1
A	( 11 , 8 2 , 5 7 , 2 , 1 3 )	A [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 11 , 8 3 , 6 2 , 5 , 4 2 , 2 2 , 1 3 )
B	( 11 3 , 10 , 8 , 6 3 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )	B [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 11 3 , 10 2 , 5 2 , 4 , 3 2 , 1 3 )
C	( 13 3 , 12 , 9 , 5 2 , 1 3 )	C [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 13 3 , 12 , 9 , 5 2 , 2 , 1 3 )
D	( 12 3 , 11 , 9 , 8 , 6 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )	D [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 12 3 , 11 , 7 , 5 , 4 , 3 2 , 1 3 )
E	( 12 4 , 8 , 6 3 , 2 , 1 4 )	E [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 12 4 , 10 , 5 2 , 2 2 , 1 4 )
F	( 12 , 8 , 6 3 , 2 , 1 4 )	F [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 12 , 10 , 5 2 , 2 2 , 1 4 )
G	( 11 3 , 10 , 7 4 , 6 , 2 , 1 3 )	G [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 11 3 , 10 2 , 8 2 , 7 , 6 , 2 , 1 3 )
H	( 13 , 11 , 10 , 8 , 7 4 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 1 )	H [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 13 , 11 , 10 2 , 7 , 6 2 , 5 , 4 2 , 3 , 1 )
I	( 15 3 , 12 , 8 , 4 , 1 3 )	I [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 15 3 , 11 , 8 , 5 , 1 3 )
J	( 14 , 11 , 10 , 8 , 4 , 1 3 )	J [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 14 , 10 2 , 8 , 5 , 1 3 )
K	( 15 , 13 , 11 , 10 , 7 2 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 1 )	K [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 15 , 13 , 10 , 7 3 , 4 2 , 3 , 1 )
L	( 17 4 , 13 , 9 , 5 , 1 )	L [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 17 4 , 8 , 5 2 , 1 )
M	( 12 , 9 2 , 8 , 7 2 , 6 , 5 2 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 )	M [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 12 , 9 2 , 7 3 , 6 , 5 3 , 3 , 2 , 1 )
N	( 11 , 9 , 8 2 , 7 , 6 4 , 5 , 4 2 , 3 , 1 )	N [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 11 , 9 , 8 3 , 6 , 5 2 , 4 4 , 3 , 1 )
O	( 12 3 , 11 , 8 2 , 5 2 , 2 , 1 3 )	O [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 12 3 , 11 , 8 2 , 5 2 , 2 , 1 3 )
P	( 11 3 , 8 , 6 3 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )	P [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 11 3 , 10 , 5 2 , 4 , 3 2 , 1 3 )
Q	( 11 4 , 10 2 , 8 2 , 5 2 , 2 , 1 3 )	Q [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 11 4 , 10 , 9 , 8 2 , 5 2 , 2 , 1 3 )
R	( 13 , 11 , 10 , 8 , 6 3 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )	R [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 13 , 11 , 10 2 , 5 2 , 4 , 3 2 , 1 3 )
S	( 13 3 , 12 , 7 2 , 2 , 1 3 )	S [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 13 3 , 11 , 7 , 2 2 , 1 3 )
T	( 14 , 10 , 6 , 2 , 1 5 )	T [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 14 , 9 , 6 , 3 , 1 5 )
U	( 14 2 , 12 , 10 , 9 , 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 1 )	U [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 14 2 , 12 , 8 , 6 , 5 , 4 2 , 3 , 1 )
V	( 16 , 13 , 12 , 11 , 8 2 , 5 )	V [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 16 , 12 , 10 , 8 3 , 5 )
W	( 14 , 13 , 12 , 11 , 10 2 , 9 , 8 2 , 5 )	W [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 14 , 13 , 12 , 10 3 , 9 , 8 2 , 5 )
X	( 13 , 10 , 9 , 8 , 5 , 2 , 1 )	X [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 13 2 , 11 , 5 , 4 , 2 , 1 )
Y	( 16 , 12 , 9 3 , 8 , 5 )	Y [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 16 , 13 , 12 , 9 , 7 , 5 2 )
Z	( 13 5 , 10 , 7 , 4 , 1 4 )	Z [ w 1 , 1 , w 3 ]	( 13 5 , 7 3 , 1 4 )

3.3. 2 ≤ w 2 ≤ 7

When 2 ≤ w 2 ≤ 7 and applied to Table 2 separately, we produce the following rule:

Rule 3.3.1: when choosing a partition for any letter of English language where e = 5 and the value of β i was equal to the number of location a α λ within [0; 1; 0] will be:

1) If w 2 = 2 , then we have:

a α λ → { { a α ( λ ∓ 2 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 ( or 4 ) respectively a ( α ∓ 2 ) λ , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 4 ( or 2 ) respectively { a ( α + 1 ) ( λ ∓ 1 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 3 ) ∧ λ = 3 ( or 4 ) respectively a ( α − 1 ) ( λ ∓ 1 ) , ∀ α = 3 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 ( or 3 ) respectively

2) If w 2 = 3 , then

a α λ → { { a ( α ∓ 1 ) ( λ + 2 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 3 ) ∧ λ = 2 respectively a ( α ∓ 1 ) ( λ − 2 ) , ∀ α = 3 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 4 respectively { a ( α + 2 ) ( λ ∓ 1 ) , ∀ α = 2 ∧ λ = 3 ( or 4 ) respectively a ( α − 2 ) ( λ ∓ 1 ) , ∀ α = 4 ∧ λ = 2 ( or 3 ) respectively

3) If w 2 = 4 , then

a α λ → { { a ( α ∓ 2 ) ( λ ∓ 2 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 ( or 4 ) respectively a ( α ∓ 2 ) ( λ ± 2 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 4 ( or 2 ) respectively { a ( α ∓ 2 ) λ , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 3 respectively a α ( λ ± 2 ) , ∀ α = 3 ∧ λ = 4 ( or 2 ) respectively

4) If w 2 = 5 , then

a α λ → { { a ( α ∓ 2 ) ( λ ∓ 1 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 ( or 4 ) respectively a ( α ∓ 2 ) ( λ ± 1 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 3 respectively { a ( α ∓ 1 ) ( λ ∓ 2 ) , ∀ α = 3 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 ( or 4 ) respectively a ( α ∓ 1 ) ( λ ± 2 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 4 ( or 2 ) respectively

5) If w 2 = 6 , then

a α λ → { { a ( α ∓ 2 ) λ , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 ( or 4 ) respectively a α ( λ ± 2 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 4 ( or 2 ) respectively { a ( α ∓ 1 ) ( λ ∓ 1 ) , ∀ α = 3 ∧ λ = 2 ( or 4 ) respectively a ( α ∓ 1 ) ( λ ± 1 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 3 respectively

6) If w 2 = 7 , then

a α λ → { a ( α ∓ 1 ) λ , ∀ α = 2 , 3 ( or 3 , 4 ) ∧ λ = 2 ( or 4 ) respectively a α ( λ ± 1 ) , ∀ α = 2 ( or 4 ) ∧ λ = 3 , 4 ( or 2 , 3 ) respectively

For example (See Table 4).

Table 4 The partition of R and N after application 2 ≤ w 2 ≤ 7

Letter	Partition	Letter	Partition
R	( 13 , 11 , 10 , 8 , 6 3 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )	N	( 11 , 9 , 8 2 , 7 , 6 4 , 5 , 4 2 , 3 , 1 )
R [ w 1 , 2 , w 3 ]	( 13 , 11 , 10 , 9 , 5 , 3 4 , 1 3 )	N [ w 1 , 2 , w 3 ]	( 11 , 9 , 8 , 7 2 , 6 3 , 4 4 , 3 , 1 )
R [ w 1 , 3 , w 3 ]	( 13 , 11 , 10 , 8 , 6 2 , 4 3 , 1 3 )	N [ w 1 , 3 , w 3 ]	( 11 , 9 , 8 2 , 7 , 6 4 , 5 3 , 3 , 1 )
R [ w 1 , 4 , w 3 ]	( 13 , 11 , 10 2 , 6 3 , 5 2 , 1 3 )	N [ w 1 , 4 , w 3 ]	( 11 , 9 , 8 3 , 6 4 , 5 2 , 4 , 3 , 1 )
R [ w 1 , 5 , w 3 ]	( 13 , 11 , 10 3 , 7 2 , 5 , 3 , 1 3 )	N [ w 1 , 5 , w 3 ]	( 11 , 9 , 8 4 , 7 3 , 5 , 4 2 , 3 , 1 )
R [ w 1 , 6 , w 3 ]	( 13 , 11 , 10 4 , 7 , 5 , 4 , 1 3 )	N [ w 1 , 6 , w 3 ]	( 11 , 9 , 8 4 , 7 , 6 2 , 5 3 , 3 , 1 )
R [ w 1 , 7 , w 3 ]	( 13 , 11 , 10 , 9 2 , 6 2 , 5 2 , 1 3 )	N [ w 1 , 7 , w 3 ]	( 11 , 9 , 8 , 7 2 , 6 4 , 5 2 , 4 , 3 , 1 )

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Shareef, R.J. and Mahmood, A.S. (2019) The Movement of Orbits and Their Effect on the Encoding of Letters in Partition Theory. Open Access Library Journal, 6: e5834. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105834

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