The vegetative growth of rubber tree is an important basis for rubber tree cultivation and economic management. Stem diameter and height growth patterns of rubber seedlings and the seasonal variability are still poorly understood. Studying the annual growth patterns and seasonal variation of rubber seedling will help understanding biological characteristics of rubber tree and provide a reference for field cultivation and management. Height growth and stem diameter of field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation and polybag-raised cultivation all displayed a distinct annual pattern of “slow-fast-slow”. Height growth and stem diameter growth response fitted the logistic equation preferably, supporting the observed pattern. Fast-growth of plant height for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation occurred from June to November and May to November, respectively. This period saw the greatest accumulations of plant height growth for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation accounting for 83.99% and 86.65% of total growth, respectively. Fast-growth of stem diameter for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation occurred from June to November and May to November, respectively. This period saw the greatest accumulations of stem growth for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation accounting for 86.71% and 84.60% of total growth, respectively. Polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation for the whole year had nine extension units and each month had one extension unit from May to November. Extension unit of for the whole year did not stop period and plant height growth rate has the seasonal difference. However, leaf phenophase of field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation was earlier than that of polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and each extension unit of field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation was greater than that of poly-bag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation. The precipitation had the greatest impact on seedlings growth under different cultivation. There was no period annually in which height growth and stem diameter growth did not occur and the fastest growth occurred during the rainy season. Plant height and stem diameter of rubber seedlings under different cultivation showed isogony phenomenon. Extension unit and leaf phenophase of polybag-raised rubber seedlings and field-sown rubber seedlings showed consistency and synchronization characteristic. Different cultivation of rubber seedling should take corresponding measures tending management and operation.
Industrial cultivation of rubber trees is carried out in more than 60 countries in Asia, Africa, South America, Central America and Oceania between the latitudes of 10˚N and 15˚S (Mo, 2014) . These areas farmers’ income mainly comes from the rubber tree planting (Qi et al., 2016) . It is an important part of height growth and diameter growth for plant vegetative growth and its growth is directly related to crop growth quality. The vegetative growth of rubber is main index to measure the rubber forest uniformity, no matter that rubber trees reach the standard for open tapping, but also an important basis for rubber Cultivation and economic management (Wu, 2007) . Therefore, it is very meaningful to study on annual growth patterns of rubber. Construction of mathematical model is an effective way to quantitative research of plant growth dynamic process (Razali Wan et al., 2015; Zuhaidi, 2013) . Vertical distribution of rubber groups’ photosynthetic capacity varied under different crown density (Zhou et al., 1995) . The predictions of rubber yield per unit area yearly by the joint Logistic-Markov forecasting model were actually matched and its predictive error was smaller than the predictive error of a single Logistic Model (Tang et al., 2009) . Total biomass of forest stands increased with forest age by biomass estimation and biomass organ allocation of dry wood was the largest proportion (Obouayeba et al., 2000; Chandrasekhar, 2012) . Annual diameter growth rates of rubber reduced after the first increase (Philippe & Loïc, 1998; Tian et al., 2012) , between ground organs and underground organs of rubber presented allometric phenomenon (Philippe & Loïc, 1998; Tian et al., 2012) . Rubber canopy photosynthesis simulation models were constructed based on the single leaf photosynthetic rate of the light distribution model (Xie et al., 2010) . Stem diameter and height growth patterns of rubber seedlings and the seasonal variability are still poorly understood. Studying the annual growth patterns and seasonal variation of rubber seedling will help understanding biological characteristics of rubber tree and provide a reference for field cultivation and management. Here we analyze annual growth patterns of field-sown rubber seedlings by using of Logistic curve equation. The findings will provide reference for the Hevea brasiliensis seedling cultivation and production.
The study area is located in the fifth experimental test area, Experiment Farm, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Danzhou city in the west of Hainan Province, China (109˚29''N, 19˚29'E). The area is classified as a subtropical monsoon climate zone with annual temperature between 23˚C - 25˚C and annual rainfall of 1500 - 1900 mm. Soil belongs to lateritic soil in tropical areas of southern China.
Field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation:
Rubber seeds were sown on September 19, 2013, and then transplanted from the seedbed to the field on October 15, 2013. According to 50 cm × 25 cm, these seedlings were managed according to conventional measures.
Polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation:
Rubber seeds were sown in seedbeds on September 19, 2013, and the seedlings were picked off, raised in polybags and arranged in the nursery on October 15, 2013 at a spacing of (100 cm + 11 cm) × 11 cm in accordance with conventional management.
Four plots were designed with 6 rows each plot. The seedlings in the central two 2 rows were marked with paint 5 cm from the raised bag soil, at which their height and stem diameter were measured with a vernier caliper. The measurement was done at the end of each month from December 2013 to December 2014. Extension unit and leaf phenophase activities were recorded at the time of each observation.
Logistic equation was selected to fit growth process of rubber seedlings under different cultivation, which was expressed as follows:
Y = c 1 / ( 1 + exp ( c 2 + c 3 t ) )
In the above formula, c1, c2 and c3 are the growth parameters. t is the amount of growth of the final value, and represents the blending coefficient is determined using the appropriate R2. Where Y is accumulation of rubber seedling growth, and t is the rubber seedlings growth days.
Net growth was set as the reference sequence X0, and sunshine, precipitation and temperature were set as comparison sequence Xi (i = 1 - 3) to formulate a grey system to correlate the growth with meteorological factors.
These data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS analysis software.
Plant height growth of polybag-raised rubber seedlings and field-sown rubber seedlings had an S-shaped curve (
| Cultivation method | Item | Growth period | Starting and ending month | Cumulative time/d | Net growth/cm | Proportion of the total amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polybag-raised rubber seedlings | Plant height | Early-slow-growth | January to May | 151 | 9.03 | 11.33% |
| Fast-growth | June to November | 183 | 66.93 | 83.99% | ||
| Late-slow-growth | December | 31 | 3.73 | 4.68% | ||
| Stem diameter | Early-slow-growth | January to May | 151 | 0.46 | 5.82% | |
| Fast-growth | June to November | 183 | 6.85 | 86.71% | ||
| Late-slow-growth | December | 31 | 0.59 | 7.47% | ||
| Feld-sown rubber seedlings | Plant height | Early-slow-growth | January to April | 120 | 13.45 | 10.59% |
| Fast-growth | May to November | 214 | 110.30 | 86.65% | ||
| Late-slow-growth | December | 31 | 3.50 | 2.76% | ||
| Stem diameter | Early-slow-growth | January to April | 120 | 1.29 | 9.15% | |
| Fast-growth | May to November | 214 | 11.92 | 84.60% | ||
| Late-slow-growth | December | 31 | 0.88 | 6.25% |
Stem growth of polybag-raised rubber seedlings and field-sown rubber seedlings had also an S-shaped curve showing a clear “slow-fast-slow” growth trend (
Height growth process curve and diameter growth process curve were depicted in the same coordinate system (
An extension unit is together constituted from the stems, leaves and buds, which parts form a continuous growth of the stem growing point of rubber seedling. Leaf phenology reflects phenomenon of canopy leaf morphology regular change for growth state of rubber seedling. In general, according to the headliner leaf blade morphology, leaf phenology is divided into elongating stage, leaf-expansion stage, light green stage and stationary stage. Extension unit and leaf phenophase of polybag-raised rubber seedlings and feld-sown rubber seedlings showed consistency and synchronization characteristic (
| Growth time (M) | Polybag-raised rubber seedlings | Feld-sown rubber seedlings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extension unit | Leaf phenophase | Extension unit | Leaf phenophase | |
| January | First | Elongating stage | First | Elongating stage |
| February | Second | Elongating stage | Second | Light green stage |
| March | Second | Light green stage | Second | Stationary stage |
| April | Second | Stationary stage | Second | Light green stage |
| May | Third | Stationary stage | Third | Light green stage |
| June | Fourth | Stationary stage | Fourth | Leaf-expansion |
| July | Fifth | Leaf-expansion stage | Fifth | Leaf-expansion stage |
| August | Sixth | Elongating stage | Sixth | Leaf-expansion |
| September | Seventh | Leaf-expansion | Seventh | Leaf-expansion |
| October | Eighth | Stationary stage | Eighth | Stationary stage |
| November | Ninth | Stationary stage | Ninth | Stationary stage |
| December | Ninth | Stationary stage | Ninth | Stationary stage |
between polybag-raised rubber seedlings and field-sown rubber seedlings for the whole year had nine extension units and each month had one extension unit from May to November. Extension unit of for the whole year did not stop period and plant height growth rate has the seasonal difference. Howeverr, leaf phenophase of feld-sown rubber seedlings cultivation was earlier than that of polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation, and each extension unit of feld-sown rubber seedlings cultivation was greater than that of polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation.
High growth and stem diameter growth models were developed using high and stem diameter observational data and Logistic equation were formulated to describe the height growth and diameter growth dynamics. The results showed the actual observations of high and stem diameter for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation made by the growth curve fitting curve consistent with the predicted values was high, the coefficient of determination, respectively, 95.68% and 95.12%, and the choice of Logistic curve was fitted rubber seedlings height and stem diameter growth. Meanwile, the actual observations of high and stem diameter for field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation made by the growth curve fitting curve consistent with the predicted values was high, the coefficient of determination, respectively, 98.76% and 97.50%, and the choice of Logistic curve was fitted rubber seedlings height and stem diameter growth (
| Item | Regression equation | Sources of variance | Quadratic sum | df | Mean square | F value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation | Return variance | 10435.7478 | 2 | 5188.7783 | 106.6694 | 0 | |
| Plant height | Y = 151.1238/(1 + exp(2.1144 − 0.008441t)) | Remaining variance | 449.1744 | 9 | 49.9083 | ||
| Total variance | 10884.9222 | 11 | 948.2182 | ||||
| R = 0.9782 | R2 = 0.9568 | ||||||
| Return variance | 97.9806 | 2 | 49.1819 | 93.7926 | 0 | ||
| Stem diameter | Y = 42.8505/(1 + exp(2.8662 − 0.162773t)) | Remaining variance | 5.153 | 9 | 0.554 | ||
| Total variance | 103.1336 | 11 | 9.4008 | ||||
| R = 0.9753 | R2 = 0.9512 | ||||||
| Field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation | Return variance | 27032.0321 | 2 | 14,103.1011 | 368.4851 | 0 | |
| Plant height | Y = 182.6208/(1 + exp(2.5609 − 0.011803t)) | Remaining variance | 332.1691 | 9 | 36.9077 | ||
| Total variance | 27364.2012 | 11 | 2435.3507 | ||||
| R = 0.9938 | R2 = 0.9876 | ||||||
| Return variance | 343.4606 | 2 | 164.2229 | ||||
| Stem diameter | Y = 30.5550/(1 + exp(2.5715 − 0.007963t)) | Remaining variance | 8.2687 | 9 | 0.9116 | ||
| Total variance | 351.7293 | 11 | 29.4591 | ||||
| R = 0.9874 | R2 = 0.9750 |
Coarse gray correlation analysis between seedling growth of polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and feld-sown rubber seedlings cultivation and main environmental factors indicated the meteorological factors had different impacts, of which the precipitation had the greatest impact on seedlings growth (
Annual diameter growth of mature rubber tree is generally stabile (Guilherme et al., 2014) . Stem diameter growth of a Hevea brasiliensis clone CATAS7-33-97 from first seven years of growth showed regular linear growth (Zhou et al., 2013) . Cumulative stem diameter growth is for six years after Ivorian planting reached standards of tappability (Obouayeba et al., 2000) . The characteristics of inter annual change around India’s major cultivar RRII 105 growth rate after planting for second to twelfth years firstly increased and then decreased (Chandrasekhar, 2012) . Ariff E et al. (2011) studies have also shown that the diameter of rubber tree was a significant difference in immature growth stage. In this study, the annual growth patterns of polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and feld-sown rubber seedlings cultivation are partitioned into three periods of time, namely early-slow-growth, fast-growth, and late-slow-growth stage. Kathy et al. (Kathy et al., 2015) thought it was still lacking an integrative framework to assess impacts of climate on stem growth in trees studied in anatomical, ecophysiological, and ecological disciplines, but an integrative framework to those impacts remains lacking.
In this study, the greatest impact environmental infector on the height growth and stem diameter growth under different cultivation all is precipitation, and which could result in the isogony phenomenon of plant height and stem diameter. The result showed one growth index selected from among height growth and stem diameter can be monitored the seedlings growth dynamic. Otherwise, two different cultivations between polybag-raised rubber seedlings and field-sown rubber seedlings each month had one extension unit from May to November.
| Correlation degree | Aerial temperature/˚C | Precipitation/mm | Solar radiation hours/h |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation | |||
| Plant height | 0.2845 | 0.4003 | 0.3491 |
| Stem diameter | 0.2248 | 0.3915 | 0.2164 |
| Field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation | |||
| Plant height | 0.3622 | 0.4764 | 0.3937 |
| Stem diameter | 0.3726 | 0.5223 | 0.3657 |
Fast-growth of field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation is earlier than one month that of polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation. Combined with seedling growth rhythm, different cultivation has different strategies of cultivation and management techniques can be developed, then which can realize the fast-growing rubber seedlings.
The Logistic equation successfully fitted the stand volume and hectare of rubber plantations in Malaysia (Suratman et al., 2004) . Logistic equation was fitted to the growth of rubber tree in order to assess intercropping effect in immature period (Rodrigo et al., 2005) . Logistic equation fitted the height growth and stem diameter growth of the polybag-raised rubber seedlings in this study.
This study is geographically and temporally limited. Whether results are applicable to other regions in China and whether there is substantial interannual variation in growth still needs to be studied.
There was no period annually in which height growth and stem diameter growth did not occur and the fastest growth occurred during the rainy season. Plant height and stem diameter of rubber seedlings under different cultivation showed isogony phenomenon. Extension unit and leaf phenophase of polybag-raised rubber seedlings and field-sown rubber seedlings showed consistency and synchronization characteristic. Different cultivation of rubber seedling should take corresponding measures tending management and operation.
This research was funded by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-34-ZP3).
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Qi, D. L., Xie, G. S., & Wu, Z. X. (2019). Seasonal Changes Impact on Growth of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Seedlings under Different Cultivation. Open Journal of Forestry, 9, 397-406. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2019.94022