Objectives: 1) To correlate the methylation status of the O - 6-methylguanine- DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT promoter gene) and response to alkylating agent - based treatment in high - grade gliomas. Background: The MGMT gene is epigenetically silenced by promoter hypermethylation in gliomas and this modification has emerged as a relevant predictor of therapeutic response. Methods: 20 cases of high - grade glioma were analyzed for MGMT promoter methylation by methylation-specific PCR. Response to treatment and overall survival data w ere recorded and data analysed. Results: MGMT promoter methylation was found in 60% of gliomas by methylation-specific PCR. The mean survival time of glioblastoma patients submitted to adjuvant therapy was significantly higher among patients with MGMT promoter methylation (P = 0.035) and methylation status was an independent predictive factor that was associated with improved prognosis. Discussion and Conclusion: MGMT promoter methylation status was a more reliable predictor of response to adjuvant therapy and prognosis of high - grade gliomas. A subset of patients received irinotecan and bevacizumab in the second line setting and patients with unmethylated MGMT seemed to do better than the MGMT promoter methylated group.
Patients with MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) promoter methylation have been associated with longer survival in high-grade glioma patients who have received treatment with alkylating chemotherapy in addition to radiotherapy.
This epigenetic silencing of the MGMT promoter region confers a survival advantage to patients who received carmustine or temozolomide along with radiation and as part of adjuvant therapy [
The MGMT gene is located on chromosome 10 q26 and codes for a DNA repair protein which removes alkyl groups from the O6 position of guanine—a hotspot of DNA alkylation. If left unrepaired the DNA damage by chemotherapy especially at the O-6-methylguanine position triggers cytotoxicity and apoptosis [
As a result, epigenetic silencing of MGMT promoter region is associated with loss of MGMT expression and reduced DNA repair activity [
GBMs (glioblastoma multiforme) are classified as grade 4/4 by the WHO and have a very dismal prognosis in most patients surviving only 1 - 2 years despite aggressive management [
Although age, the extent of resection and performance status remain the most reliable prognostic markers in patients survival, MGMT expression has gained interest as a predictive marker for response to chemotherapy, especially with alkylating agents like temozolomide and carmustine.
The current standard treatment of high-grade glioma is based on a Phase III trial conducted by the EORTC, which showed a significant improvement in survival in the radiation plus concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide arm when compared to radiation alone [
From the subset analysis, the authors concluded that MGMT promoter methylation conferred a survival advantage in patients receiving temozolomide which was not observed in the only radiotherapy arm.
Interestingly, the time to progression of patients in the control arm (radiotherapy alone) also appears to be more favourable in the patient whose tumors had MGMT promoter methylation suggesting that this biomarker is associated with improved radiation response. This is more so relevant considering radiation response has been shown as a strong predictor of survival in patients with GBM [
Therefore, the aim of our study was to look for any correlation between MGMT methylation status and treatment outcomes in patients with glioma.
Inclusion criteria
Patients above the age of 18 years with tissue confirmed that the diagnosis of glioma was selected from our institution. All patients with tissue sufficient for MGMT promoter methylation assessment were considered evaluable. All samples were from patients with newly diagnosed glioma who had not received prior treatment.
Exclusion criteria
Grade I tumors and patients with a PS of 4 were excluded from our study.
A retrospective analysis of the patient charts was done to collect patient data such as demographics, the extent of surgical resection, treatment modalities & time to progression. Patients were treated with concurrent/adjuvant temozolomide post-surgery as part of standard therapy. Patients who had an unsatisfactory response or early disease progression post completion of primary treatment, received treatment with second line treatment which included bevacizumab and irinotecan.
Twenty cases with sufficient tissue for molecular analysis were identified. All patients were treated initially with temozolomide and concurrent RT. Patients whose disease response was unsatisfactory to first line chemo-RT or who progressed early received second line treatment in the form of irinotecan & bevacizumab.
Routinely processed formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded GBM samples were selected from the 20 cases. The hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were reviewed by a neuropathologist, and appropriate blocks were selected for tumor. Following deparaffinization, DNA extraction was performed following which Bisulfite treatment was then performed on the methylation-specific qRT-PCR and determination of MGMT Promoter Methylation. qRT-PCR was performed using the eluted bisulfite-treated DNA. PCR reactions were set at 20 mL volumes using up to 5 mL of bisulfite-treated DNA, methylation-specific primers and probes.
The above results were then correlated with the patient variables, response to treatment and survival.
Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis has been carried out in the present study. Results on continuous measurements are presented on Mean SD (Min-Max) and results on categorical measurements are presented in Number (%). Significance is assessed at 5% level of significance. The following assumptions on data are made: 1) Dependent variables should be normally distributed; 2) Samples drawn from the population should be random, cases of the samples should be independent.
Chi-square/Fisher Exact test has been used to find the significance of study parameters on categorical scale between two or more groups, Non-parametric setting for Qualitative data analysis. Fisher Exact test used when cell samples are very small.
Overall survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier technique and compared with use of the two-sided log-rank test.
Significant figures
+Suggestive significance (P-value: 0.05 < P < 0.10);
*Moderately significant (P-value: 0.01 < P ≤ 0.05);
**Strongly significant (P-value: P ≤ 0.01).
The Statistical software namely SPSS 18.0, and R environment ver.3.2.2 were used for the analysis of the data and Microsoft Word and Excel have been used to generate graphs, tables etc.
Baseline characteristics of the patients are represented in Tables 1-3. Most of our patients were above the age of 50 years, male and had a good performance status of 1.
Out of the 20 patients studied, 12 patients had MGMT promoter methylation while 8 had an unmethylated status as depicted in
As noted in
| Age in years | MGMT Status | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methylated | Unmethylated | ||
| <50 | 4 (33.3%) | 3 (37.5%) | 7 (35%) |
| 50 - 60 | 6 (50%) | 1 (12.5%) | 7 (35%) |
| 61 - 70 | 1 (8.3%) | 2 (25%) | 3 (15%) |
| 71 - 80 | 1 (8.3%) | 2 (25%) | 3 (15%) |
| Total | 12 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 20 (100%) |
| Mean ± SD | 50.67 ± 12.10 | 50.63 ± 24.76 | 50.65 ± 17.62 |
| Gender | MGMT Status | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methylated | Unmethylated | ||
| Female | 5 (41.7%) | 2 (25%) | 7 (35%) |
| Male | 7 (58.3%) | 6 (75%) | 13 (65%) |
| Total | 12 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 20 (100%) |
| Performance status | MGMT Status | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methylated | Unmethylated | ||
| 1 | 9 (75%) | 3 (37.5%) | 12 (60%) |
| 2 | 2 (16.7%) | 5 (62.5%) | 7 (35%) |
| 3 | 1 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) |
| Total | 12 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 20 (100%) |
| MGMT Status | No. of patients | % |
|---|---|---|
| Methylated | 12 | 60.0 |
| Unmethylated | 8 | 40.0 |
| Total | 20 | 100.0 |
| Diagnosis | MGMT Status | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methylated | Unmethylated | ||
| Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)—grade IV | 9 (75%) | 6 (75%) | 15 (75%) |
| Anaplastic astrocytoma—grade III | 2 (17%) | 2 (25%) | 4 (20%) |
| Gemistocytic astrocytoma—grade II | 1 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) |
| Total | 12 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 20 (100%) |
P = 0.437, Not significant, Fisher Exact test.
and the remainder made up the anaplastic astrocytoma and gemistocytic astrocytoma groups.
As noted there was no correlation of MGMT promoter methylation status and grade of the tumour.
7 patients had a complete resection, 12 had subtotal resection and in one patient only a biopsy was possible as depicted in
They were more or less almost equally distributed between the MGMT methylated and non-methylated groups.
The patients with MGMT promoter methylated status had a higher percentage of response to treatment as compared to the MGMT unmethylated group. 50% of patients in the unmethylated group had progressive disease compared to only 17% in the methylated group. The following findings are represented in
The following data shows a trend towards better responses in the MGMT methylated arm, however, P-value is not significant.
11 out of the 20 patients had a relapse on follow up and received second line treatment.
18 out of the 20 patients could achieve some objective response following one and/or two lines of therapy. 2 patients were too frail to withstand therapy and were supported with palliative treatment.
Out of the 7 patients who had completed concurrent RT with Temozolomide and adjuvant temozolomide for 1 year, 5 of the patients had MGMT methylated status. Among the patients with progressive disease and treated with second line treatment irinotecan + bevacizumab, interestingly, patients with MGMT unmethylated status had a better response to irinotecan (5 patients) when compared to MGMT methylated status (1 patient). However, the above data do not meet statistical significance. The other forms of second line treatment administered are bevacizumab alone (2) and stereotactic radio surgery (1). Two patients were lost to follow up. The entire data is depicted in
As evident from
| Surgery | MGMT Status | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methylated | Unmethylated | ||
| Biospy | 1 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) |
| Subtotal resection | 7 (58.3%) | 5 (62.5%) | 12 (60%) |
| Total resection | 4 (33.3%) | 3 (37.5%) | 7 (35%) |
| Total | 12 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 20 (100%) |
| Post RX Magnetic resonance imaging | MGMT Status | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methylated | Unmethylated | ||
| PR | 2 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (10%) |
| SD | 8 (66.7%) | 4 (50%) | 12 (60%) |
| PD | 2 (16.7%) | 4 (50%) | 6 (30%) |
| Total | 12 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 20 (100%) |
P = 0.330, Not significant, Fisher Exact test; PR—partial response, SD—stable disease, PD—progressive disease.
| MGMT Status | Total (n = 20) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Methylated (n = 12) | Unmethylated (n = 8) | ||
| Nil response | 1 (8.3%) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (10%) |
| Yes | 11 (91.7%) | 7 (87.5%) | 18 (90%) |
| TMZ with RT ® adj TMZ * 1 year | 5 (41.7%) | 2 (25%) | 7 (35%) |
| Irinotecan+ bevacizumab | 1 (8.3%) | 5 (62.5%) | 6 (30%) |
| Bevacizumab alone | 2 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (10%) |
| Lost follow up | 2 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (10%) |
| SRS | 1 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) |
TMZ—temozolomide, SRS—sterotactic radiosurgery.
| Follow up | MGMT Status | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methylated | Unmethylated | ||
| Expired | 5 (42%) | 6 (75%) | 11 |
| On follow up till Dec. 18 | 7 (58%) | 2 (25%) | 9 |
| Total | 12 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 20 |
P = 0.035*, significant, Fisher Exact test.
were still alive and doing well on follow up (58%) as compared to patients with an unmethylated MGMT promoter phenotype (25%). The P-value of 0.035 is significant.
The above data can be further illustrated and seconded by the Kalpan-meier estimates of overall survival (
We found that MGMT promoter methylation is associated with a favorable outcome after temozolomide chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioma. Our data suggest that the methylation status of the MGMT promoter may be a relevant predictor of benefit from temozolomide chemotherapy and may even have prognostic value.
Determination of MGMT promoter methylation status by methylation-specific PCR may allow for the selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from temozolomide treatment. Patients whose tumors are unmethylated at the MGMT promoter region appear to derive little benefit from the addition of temozolomide to radiotherapy. For these patients, alternative treatments with a different mechanism of action or methods of inhibiting MGMT should be developed [
The difference in survival between patients with a methylated MGMT Promoter (12 patients, 5 of whom died) and those with an unmethylated MGMT promoter (8 patients, 6 of whom died) was significant (P-0.035 by the log-rank test), indicating that the MGMT methylation status has prognostic value.
Interestingly, we also found a subset of patients who received irinotecan and bevacizumab in the second line setting, where the unmethylated MGMT group of patients seemed to do better than the MGMT promoter methylated group. This finding has also been reported in other studies like the one done by Lamiss Mohamed A.E. et al. in Egypt who found that MGMT promoter unmethylated patients did better with irinotecan + bevacizumab-based treatment rather than standard temozolomide treatment [
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Sarathy, V., Jayappa, S.B., Lalkota, B., Krishnamurthy, K.P., Kulkarni, V., Koramati, S.L., Mohammad, N. and Naik, R. (2019) Impact of MGMT Promoter Methylation as a Prognostic Marker in Patients with High Grade Glioma: A Single-Center Observational Study. Journal of Cancer Therapy, 10, 806-814. https://doi.org/10.4236/jct.2019.110068