Patients with dense breasts
on mammography have a higher risk of developing breast cancer and missing a tumor mass than those with non-dense breasts. Whether examinees who have dense breasts should be notified is currently under consideration in Japan; however, there is concern about the low level of understanding regarding dense breasts. A questionnaire survey on the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was conducted among 409 general women of >20 years of age in Hachinohe city in October 2017 and 2018. The results showed that the degree of comprehension was extremely low, as only 35 people (8.5%) responded with, “I know the meaning”; however, 32 of them (91.5%) stated that th
ey would like to be notified in they had dense breasts. In addition, the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was significantly greater among those who had
a
breast cancer screening history (OR = 6.4; 95% CI = 2.0
-
19.8; P = 0.001) and a self-examination history than among those with no such history (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.1
-
5.8; P = 0.03). However, the degree of comprehension did not differ between participants of <40 and ≥40 years of age or between participants with and without a breast cancer sufferer among their close blood relatives. The present findings
to
reflect a low understanding
of
dense breasts on mammography screening and suggest that the degree of comprehension is influenced by t
he presence or absence of a consultation history and a self-examination history.
Dense Breasts Comprehension Notification Breast Cancer Screening Japan1. Introduction
Although screening mammography is the only examination that has been proven to lead a decrease in the mortality rate of breast cancer patients [1] [2] , it is difficult to detect mass lesions in patients with dense breasts [3]. Thus, the topic of dense breasts has been a frequent point of discussion since screening mammography was introduced for Japanese women in their 40 s [4] [5]. The screening sensitivity in patients with dense breasts is lower than that in patients with non-dense breasts [6]. The proportion of Japanese women with dense breasts is approximately 40%; importantly, 54.9% - 68.8% of Japanese women in their 40 s have dense breasts [7]. For this reason, the patient association wished to notify examinees with dense breasts. In 2018, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan recommended that the recommendation of uniform notifications is premature. However, according to the survey, the notification of women with dense breasts had already been implemented by of 13.5% of the 1700 municipalities that responded, and 7.8% of the municipalities that had not implemented this practice expected to do so in the future [8].
Currently, there is no evidence-based standard for the handling notifications regarding dense breasts. The practice varies from country to country. Notification has not been implemented in any countries in Europe [9]. In the United States, legislation on the notification of mammary gland density was enacted in 2009 (Breast Density Notification Laws), and 31 of the 50 states notify women about dense breasts [10]. A review reported that most women with dense breasts in the United States were unaware that they had dense breasts, and that some women do not understand the meaning of the term “dense breasts” [11]. Dense breasts are recognized as a risk factor for breast cancer [12]. Thus, more people feel uneasy about the risk of developing breast cancer when they learn about their mammary gland density [13]. It is possible that a low level of understanding regarding dense breasts, leads to increased anxiety and additional examinations. In Japan, the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts is not clear. In addition, women under 40 of age will soon be subject to mammography and it is important to assess whether or not they understand the concept of dense breasts. However, little research has been done to investigate the actual level of understanding.
The aim of this study was to clarify the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts, the wishes of women regarding notification about dense breasts, and the factors influencing the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts among women older than 20 years of age.
2. Methods2.1. Study Participants and Survey Method
This study examined women ≥ 20 years of age who visited a shopping mall in Hachinohe, and who agreed to participate in the questionnaire survey (the place of residence was not specified). We surveyed 187 women in October 2017 and 241 women in October 2018. Nineteen women who had been investigated at both points were excluded, giving a final sample of 409 women. The data were collected by four surveyors who were medical radiologists and clinical laboratory technicians. They asked the participants the questions on the sheet and filled in their answers. The questionnaires included three major items: 1) participant characteristics (age, birth experience, breast-feeding experience, presence of breast cancer sufferers among close blood relatives); 2) behavior regarding breast cancer screening (history of breast cancer screening, interval of examination, content of examination); and 3) questions related to dense breasts (degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts, sources of information about dense breasts, wishes regarding dense breast notification). The sources of information on dense breasts were only investigated in 2018.
This study received the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University (Reference number: 2017-035). The choice to participate in the survey was freely made. The purpose of the survey was explained and informed consent was obtained from the study participants, including consent to participate and to publish the findings.
2.2. Data Analyses
The breast cancer screening behavior was compared between participants of <40 years of age and those of ≥40 years of age using the χ2 test. The relationship between the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts and the characteristics of the participants and the history of breast cancer screening was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. The degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was the objective variable. Participants were classified into three groups according to their degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts. Those who responded “I know the meaning of the term” were considered to understand the term, while those who responded that “I have only heard the term” and “I do not know the meaning of the term” were considered to not understand the meaning of the term and were grouped together. Four items were included as explanatory variables: <40 and ≥40 years of age, presence of breast cancer sufferers among close blood relatives (first-degree and second-degree relatives), history of breast cancer screening, and history of breast self-examination. All statistical analyses were performed using the Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and R (version 2.8.1, The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) software programs. P-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
3. Results3.1. Participant Characteristics
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the participants; 37.6% of the participants were in their 30 s and 22.7% were in their 40 s; these 2 groups accounted for 60.3% of the overall population. Among the participants 91.9% of the women had birth experience 89.2% had breast-feeding experience, and 13.0% had a breast cancer sufferer among their close blood relatives (first-degree and second-degree relatives; grandmother or aunt, 54.7%; mother, 30.2%).
3.2. Breast Cancer Screening Behavior
Table 2 shows the breast cancer screening behavior. In Japan, mammography screening for breast cancer is targeted at women ≥ 40 years of age. Therefore, we compared women < 40 years of age who were not targets of mammography screening and those ≥ 40 years of age who are targets. In the overall population, 57.5% of the women had experienced breast cancer screening, 49.8% of these women underwent regular screening (every year or every other year). 43.8% of the women received mammography alone, 13.2% of the women received ultrasonography alone, and 43.0% of the women received both. In the overall population, 53.8% of women performed self-examinations, with 20.0% performing self-examinations monthly. When the women were divided according to their
Participant characteristics
n (%)
Age
20 s
54
(13.2)
30 s
154
(37.6)
40 s
93
(22.7)
50 s
35
(8.6)
60 s
49
(12.0)
70 s+
24
(5.9)
Birth experience
Yes
376
(91.9)
No
33
(8.1)
Breastfeeding experience
Yes
365
(89.2)
No
44
(10.8)
Presence of breast cancer sufferers
Yes
53
(13.0)
Among close blood relatives
mother
16
(30.2)
sister
7
(13.2)
children
1
(1.9)
grandmother/aunt
29
(54.7)
No
356
(87.0)
n = 409
Breast cancer screening behavior
Overalla n (%)
<40b n (%)
≥40c n (%)
Have you ever undergone breast cancer screening? screening? examination?
Yes
235 (57.5)
69 (33.2)
166 (82.6)d
Interval of examination
regularly
117 (49.8)
32 (46.4)
85 (51.2)d
sometimes
50 (21.3)
14 (20.3)
36 (21.7)d
previous once
68 (28.9)
23 (33.3)
45 (27.1)d
Content of examination
mammography
103 (43.8)
18 (26.1)
85 (51.2)d
ultrasonography
31 (13.2)
27 (39.1)d
4 (2.4)
both
101 (43.0)
24 (34.8)
77 (46.4)d
No
174 (42.5)
139 (66.8)d
35 (17.4)
Do you conduct breast self-examination?
Yes
220 (53.8)
93 (44.7)
127 (63.2)d
Interval of examination
monthly
44 (20.0)
15 (16.1)
29 (22.8)d
sometimes
176 (80.0)
78 (83.9)
98 (77.2)
No
189 (46.2)
115 (55.3)d
74 (36.8)
an = 409; bn = 208; cn = 201; dP < 0.05 < 40 vs. ≥ 40.
age (<40 and ≥40 years of age), the percentages of women ≥ 40 years of age with a history of breast cancer screening and self-examination were 82.6% and 63.2%, respectively. The percentages of women with a history of breast cancer screening and self-examination in this age group were significantly larger in comparison to the women of <40 years of age (P < 0.05). Among women who were <40 years of age, 33.2% of the participants had a history of breast cancer screening, with 46.4% undergoing regular screening. Ultrasonography was the most frequent mode of examination; only 26.1% received mammography alone. Among women of <40 years of age, 44.7% of the participants performed self-examinations, with 16.1% performing monthly examinations.
3.3. Degree of Comprehension Regarding Dense Breasts and Desires Regarding Notification
Figure 1 shows the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts among the overall population, women of <40 years of age and women of ≥40 years of age. We divided and compared women < 40 years of age who were not targets of mammography screening and those ≥ 40 years of age who were targets. Figure 2 illustrates the desires of the respondents regarding notification about dense breasts. Regarding the degree of comprehension among women of all ages, 8.5% indi
cated that they knew the meaning of the term, 12.5% had only heard the term, and 79.0% did not know the term. Among women of <40 years of age, 6.7% understood the term, 9.1% had only heard the term, and 84.2% did not know the term. Among women of >40 years of age, 10.5% understood the term, 15.9% had only heard the term, and 73.6% did not know the term (Figure 1). Sources of information regarding dense breasts included media (TV/magazines) 60.0%, the place of examination 6.7%, and other 33.3%.
Among the women who knew the meaning of the term “dense breasts”, we examined the proportion of women who indicated that they wished to be notified about dense breasts. As a result, if it was judged 91.4% would want to know if they had dense breasts, 5.7% indicated that it would not matter, and 2.9% indicated that they would not want to know (Figure 2).
3.4. Factors Related to the Degree of Comprehension Concerning Dense Breasts
Table 3 shows the factors related to the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts among the characteristics of participants and the behavior of breast cancer screening. A correlation was identified between the degree of comprehension and a history of breast cancer screening and self-examination. The degree of comprehension was significantly greater among women with a breast cancer screening history than in those with no breast cancer screening history (OR = 6.4; 95% CI = 2.0 - 19.8; P < 0.05), and those who had a self-examination history than in those with no self-examination history (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.1 - 5.8; P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the degree of comprehension of dense breast between participants of <40 and ≥40 years of age, between participants with and without a breast cancer sufferer among their close blood relatives.
4. Discussion
In this study, we conducted a survey to investigate the comprehension regarding dense breasts among women (over 20 years of age) in the general population. Although we found that the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was low, most of the women who understood the meaning indicated that they would like to be notified if they were found to have dense breasts. Furthermore, the degree of comprehension was related to the history of breast cancer screening and self-examination.
A previous study in the United States reported that 58% of women “had heard” about dense breasts, 62% “had heard” about the risk of dense breasts, and 49% - 53% “knew” about the risk of dense breasts [14] [15]. However, a recent study reported that women who “knew” about the risk of dense breasts tended to increase [16]. The degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts in this study population was extremely low in comparison to the United States. This discrepancy is due in part to differences in breast cancer screening behavior among
Relationship to the degree of comprehension on dense breast
Odds ratio
95% CI
P-value
low
up
<40 vs. ≥40
0.7
0.3
1.5
0.39
Breast cancer sufferers
Yes vs. No
1.4
0.6
3.2
0.48
Examination history
Yes vs. No
6.4
2.0
19.8
0.001
Self-examination history
Yes vs. No
2.5
1.1
5.8
0.03
participants in the study. Participants in the study in the United States, 83.3% - 91% received breast cancer screening within 1 - 2 years [14] [15]. In this study, 42.3% (85/201) of participants over 40 years old regularly received for breast cancer screening.
Factors reported to be related to the understanding of dense breasts were reported to include age, academic background, income, race/ethnicity, which are also factors that influence whether patients undergo breast screening examinations [11]. In this study and a previous study, comprehension of the term “dense breasts” was associated with a breast cancer screening history [17]. A close relationship can be presumed to exist between the comprehension of the term “dense breasts” and breast cancer screening history. However, more than half of the participants indicated that the media was their source of knowledge on dense breasts, and few were indicated that they received information from the place of examination. Thus, many of the participants who understood the term “dense breasts” did not receive their information from the place of examination. The participants who understood the term “dense breasts” were presumed to be interested in breast cancer screening.
The breast cancer screening rate in Japan is 41%, which is lower than the rate in the United States (80.8%; OECD, Health Statistics 2017 [18] ). In addition, as a result of this survey, the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts among women of <40 years of age was lower than among women of ≥40 years of age. In order to improve the degree of understanding regarding dense breasts, it is necessary for women, including young women, to have more interest in breast cancer screening.
This study revealed that a large percentage of women would wish to be notified if they had dense breasts. In the United States, a survey indicated that 43% of women had an increased feeling of unease about developing breast cancer when they were informed that they had dense breasts [13]. Furthermore, notification was associated with an increase in the number of additional examinations [19]. There is a possibility that notification may be a cause of unease for the examinee and lead to an increase in additional examinations. Further studies are needed to investigate approaches regarding the notification of women with dense breasts.
This study is associated with some important limitations. The data were small and only obtained from one area of the countryside in Japan. In the future, consideration should be given to making the sample size more appropriate. The present findings, therefore, cannot be generalized to studies conducted in other regions of Japan. However, it was confirmed that these research data were similar to the data from Kawasaki City obtained by the examination committee of cancer screening of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. The data from Kawasaki City showed that, of the 1064 women who received a medical examination, 10.1% - 20.2% understood the meaning of breast density [20]. According to the data from the present study, 13.2% of women who had a breast cancer screening history understood the meaning of dense breasts. This suggests that the degree of understanding the meaning of dense breast does not differ by area. Also, the breast cancer screening rate in the surveyed region is almost the same as the average breast cancer screening rate in Japan [18].
5. Conclusion
Our investigation showed that the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was low, but that most women would wish to be notified of dense breasts. It is important that many women improve their understanding of dense breasts, become interested in breast cancer screening, and undergo breast cancer screening.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the contribution of the Hachinohe Pink Ribbon Project, Aomori Prefecture Pink Ribbon Project, Aomori Prefecture Laboratory Technical Association, Aomori Prefecture Medical Radiation Technical Association. This study received a Grant for Scientific Research in the Master Course in Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Kataoka, I., Kawashima, R., Tsubota, Y., Fukkoshi, Y., Kawashima, H., Fukuta, H. and Kashiwakura, I. (2019) Survey on the Consciousness of Japanese Women Regarding Dense Breasts on Mammography. Advances in Breast Cancer Research, 8, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.4236/abcr.2019.84010
AppendixReferencesFrisell, J., Lidbrink, E., Hellstrom, L. and Rutqvist, L.E. (1997) Follow up after 11 Years—Update of Mortality Results in the Stockholm Mammographic Screening Trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 45, 263-270.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005872617944Bjurstam, N., Bjorneld, L., Warwick, J., Sala, E., Duffy, S.W., Nystrom, L., Walker, N., Cahlin, E., Eriksson, O., Hafstrom, L.O., Lingaas, H., Mattsson, J., Persson, S., Rudenstam, C.M., Salander, H., Save-Soderbergh, J. and Wahlin, T. (2003) The Gothenburg Breast Screening Trial. Cancer, 97, 2387-2396.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11361Kolb, T.M., Lichy, J. and Newhouse, J.H. (2002) Comparison of the Performance of Screening Mammography, Physical Examination, and Breast US and Evaluation of Factors that Influence Them: An Analysis of 27,825 Patient Evaluations. Radiology, 225, 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2251011667Endo, T., Ohuchi, N., Tsuji, I., Tohno, E., Fukuda, M., Fujita, H., Ichihara, S., Takahashi, K. and Asato, Y. (2002) Studies on the Appropriateness of Breast Cancer Screening for Women under 50 Years of Age: An Interim Report. Journal of Japan Association of Breast Cancer Screening, 11, 137-142.
https://doi.org/10.3804/jjabcs.11.137Morimoto, T. (2009) A History of Breast Cancer Screening and Future Problems in Japan. Journal of Japan Association of Breast Cancer Screening, 18, 211-231.
https://doi.org/10.3804/jjabcs.18.211Suzuki, A., Kuriyama, S., Kawai, M., Amari, M., Takeda, M., Ishida, T., Ohnuki, K., Nishino, Y., Tsuji, I., Shibuya, D. and Ohuchi, N. (2008) Age-Specific Interval Breast Cancers in Japan: Estimation of the Proper Sensitivity of Screening Using a Population-Based Cancer Registry. Cancer Science, 99, 2264-2267.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00926.xThe Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2017) Report on the Response to “Dense Breasts” Problem in Breast Cancer Screening.
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-10901000-Kenkoukyoku-Soumuka/0000158057.pdf (In Japanese)The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2017) Survey Results on Breast Cancer Screening.
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-10901000-Kenkoukyoku-Soumuka/0000158048.pdf (In Japanese)European Society of Breast Imaging (2016) State of Screening in Europe.
https://www.sbi-online.org/Portals/0/Breast%20Imaging%20Symposium%202016/Final%20Presentations/4-9%20930am%20Forrai%20-%20EUSOBI%20State%20of%20Screening%20in%20Eurpoe.pdfAre You Dense Advocacy, Inc. (2018)State Mandatory Breast Density Notification. https://www.areyoudenseadvocacy.org/Santiago-Rivas, M., Benjamin, S. and Jandorf, L. (2016) Breast Density Knowledge and Awareness: A Review of Literature. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 7, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131916633138Pettersson, A., Graff, R.E., Ursin, G., Santos, Silva, I.D., McCormack, V., Baglietto, L., Vachon, C., Bakker, M.F., Giles, G.G., Chia, K.S., Czene, K., Eriksson, L., Hall, P., Hartman, M., Warren, R.M., et al. (2014) Mammographic Density Phenotypes and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 106, dju078. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju078Moothathu, N.S., Philpotts, L.E., Busch, S.H., Gross, C.P., Staib, L.H. and Hooley, R.J. (2017) Knowledge of Density and Screening Ultrasound. The Breast Journal, 23, 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.12734Rhodes, D.J., Radecki, Breitkopf, C., Ziegenfuss, J.Y., Jenkins, S.M. and Vachon, C.M. (2015) Awareness of Breast Density and Its Impact on Breast Cancer Detection and Risk. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33, 1143-1150.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.57.0325O’Neill, S.C., Leventhal, K.G., Scarles, M., Evans, C.N., Makariou, E., Pien, E. and Willey, S. (2014) Mammographic Breast Density as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: Awareness in a Recently Screened Clinical Sample. Women’s Health Issues, 24, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2014.02.005Cappello, N.M., Richetelli, D. and Lee, C.I. (2018) The Impact of Breast Density Reporting Laws on Women’s Awareness of Density-Associated Risks and Conversations Regarding Supplemental Screening with Providers. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 16, 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2018.08.009Kataoka, I., Kawashima, R., Tsubota, Y., Fukkoshi, Y., Kawashima, H., Fukuda, H. and Kashiwakura, I. (2019) Consciousness Survey of Dense Breast in Mammography Screening. Hirosaki Medical Journal, 69, 28-34.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Health Statistics (2017) Health Care Utilisation: Screening.
https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT&_ga=2.242315650.187906774.1548453053-712172069.1548453052Hooley, R.J., Greenberg, K.L., Stackhouse, R.M., Geisel, J.L., Butler, R.S. and Philpotts, L.E. (2012) Screening US in Patients with Mammographically Dense Breasts: Initial Experience with Connecticut Public Act 09-41. Radiology, 265, 59-69.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120621The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2017) Current Status of Notification Regarding Breast Composition in Kawasaki City.
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-10901000-Kenkoukyoku-Soumuka/0000158050.pdf (In Japanese)