Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is an intra-channel monomorphic cell proliferation with certain cytological and architectural characteristics of ductal carcinomas in situ (CCIS) [1] . The variable clinical significance between marker and precursor of breast cancer, of these atypical hyperplasias is discussed; they are classified into three types: HCA, lobular neoplasia (NL), and cylindrical metaplasia with atypia [1] . The discovery of HCA is often fortuitous on breast tissue [1] , and management is not consensual [2] . There are no specific recommendations on the technique for removing atypical hyperplasia lesions discovered on percutaneous biopsy; these lesions are often subclinical. This surgery requires preoperative identification [1] . Many advances have been made in their histological diagnosis, classification and pathogenesis, but there is still no consensus on their management, particularly surgical management, which remains controversial [3] . We report one case with a literature review.

Mrs. G, 50 years old, single, nulligest, nulliparous, consults January 26, 2019 for left breast ball at autopalpation. She has no notion of oral contraception or cancer in the family, but a history of right Patey mastectomy in 2004. Histology confirmed a multifocal invasive ductal invasive carcinoma with carcinoma in situ, the surgical limits were healthy. Axillary cleaning had reported 2 N+/14 (2 positive nodules out of 14). The hormone receptors were positive. The treatment received was limited to chemotherapy, then radiotherapy and hormone therapy for five years. No secondary complications were noted during this period and during the five years following the discontinuation of her treatment during the surveillance, and she was then lost sight of until the day of her consultation.

Upon admission, the general condition is preserved. But the patient is anxious because of the cancer.

On physical examination, the patient presented at the left contralateral breast level, a mass of the superior external quadrant of 3 cm in diameter, mobile, hard, without inflammatory signs. The surgical scar of the contralateral breast is without particularity, the rest of the clinical examination shows no particularity. At para-clinical exploration, the CA15-3 assay was normal. Mammography (Figure 1 and Figure 2) and left breast ultrasound show a BIRADS 4 lesion, while micro-biopsy shows an intradural papillomatous lesion requiring verification of the myoepithelial layer (P63 and CK5/6). Immuno-histochemistry, is in favor of atypical ductal hyperplasia (HCA) by confirming myoepithelial and epithelial cells that are without immunolabelled atypia at CK 5/6.

Therapeutic management, with the patient's informed consent, required a multidisciplinary consultation meeting or a surgical decision was made.

The treatment was broad surgical excision with oncoplasty by the external technique which made it possible to remove the tumor and skin facing away from the body, to readapt the skin sheath to the new glandular volume and thanks to the repositioning of the areola at the top and inside to avoid it being attracted outside.

The postoperative outcomes were simple, anxiety disappeared and oncoplastic surgery with a flap of the large dorsal is planned for the right breast to improve the aesthetic appearance of the breasts and the patient’s femininity.

A complete analysis of the operating room shows a lesion with all the criteria of an HCA measuring only 2 mm of the largest axis.

In our clinical case, the diagnostic referral to ADH was the presence of micro calcifications on mammography that corroborate some assertions in the literature [1] [4] . However, HCAs do not have a specific radiological translation, the most frequent sign of call is that of an isolated micro calcification site, histological evidence is obtained by macro biopsy to target the micro calcification site [5] . Histological diagnosis is difficult, with great inter-observer variability. Breast samples obtained by the per cutaneous route are small and fragmented, leading to underestimation of lesions and variability in false-negative rates depending on the techniques used (needle size, aspiration system) [5] [6] . For some authors, histological evidence is obtained by stereotactic macrobiopsy, making it possible to target micro calcification foci by calculating spatial coordinates on so-called stereotactic clichés [5] . Sometimes, atypical hyperplasia result in abnormal masses or ranges on ultrasound, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an increase in focal distribution mass can be observed after injection of gadolinium [5] . The “atypical” nature of hyperplasia has been established by immunohistochemistry as reported by some authors [7] .

In front of an ADH, doubt is a source of fear: lifting doubt by monitoring or operating to have the lesion as a whole? In ADH, the carcinological risk corresponds to the probability of malignant degeneration of the lesion [8] . There are several of them:

Histological risk (increase in relative risk in case of ADH), genetic risk (BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation), age-related risk (breast cancer incidence increases sharply from 35 to 50 years with a peak at 60 years), radiological risk (the image gives a diagnostic presumption, the evidence being provided by histology) [8] . For some authors [3] , the risk of breast cancer occurring later is 4 to 5 times higher than in the control population, as this cancer can affect both the same breast and the lateral control breast. HCA is often associated with pejorative lesions of the ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma type, for this reason, some authors consider ADH as a precursor to invasion [9] , it would seem that epithelial atypia is a marker of both concomitant and secondary cancer risk [10] . However, compared to the general population, the relative risk of breast cancer after ADH is less than 5, whether on surgical biopsy or with a needle [11] . Other authors question whether there are arguments to assert pre-cancerous lesions, if they are not, surgical removal of the breast will have no preventive role [12] .

Due to the personal history of breast cancer, the patient's age, the localized nature of the lesion, and psychological factors (the patient's cancer phobia), we performed extensive excision. Indeed, surgery allows the analysis of the entire part to eliminate false negatives [1] [7] . For some authors, when the lesion is localized, excision surgery is the most appropriate therapeutic method; however, when they are extensive or bilateral, management is more difficult [8] . In the case of high-risk lesions requiring a surgical decision, when skin samples are diagnosed, a diagnostic zonectomy is performed for a complete morphological assessment of the operating part in order to look for a possible lesional multifocality, quantification of the neoplastic charge or association of carcinoma territories in situ or infiltrating [13] . For others, the indication for prophylactic mastectomy is highly controversial, based exclusively on the assessment of a “high risk” [1] .

The recommendations of the Léon Bérard Center (CLB) [14]

If an atypical lesion is found on a biopsy, the current standard attitude is to perform an exeresis [2] . In the postoperative period, we did not recommend any particular treatment. Some authors use hormone therapy. Hormone therapy has been evaluated, the benefit-risk balance does not encourage its prescription [15] , in fact, hormone replacement therapy in a patient with atypical hyperplasia increases the relative risk of breast cancer [16] (Figure 3, Figure 4).

In case of surveillance, the clinical examination is carried out every 6 months for 2 years, then every year; the annual unilateral or bilateral mammography and possibly the ultrasound after a period of 10 years [17] .

The management of atypical hyperplasia is not consensual and is often undervalued.

The type of lesion characterizing ADH is decisive for therapeutic orientation towards either surveillance or prophylactic mastectomy.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

M’bongo, J.A., El Alami, Y., Meukem, W.L.T., Ananas, S., Tijami, F., El Zaki, H. and Hafid, H. (2019) Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia of the Breast: Management of a Clinical Case at the IBN SINA Hospital Centre with Literature Review. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 9, 1161-1167. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2019.98112