Introduction and objectives:
Salvage treatment of recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most challenging tasks in neuro-oncology. There is no standard treatment for recurrent GBM as options include resection, chemotherapy, and re-irradiation either separate or in combination. Role of concomitant temozolamide with re-irradiation in recurrent disease is still debatable. Therefore, this study evaluate
s
efficacy of concurrent and adjuvant temozolamide with re-irradiation in management of recurrent GBM. Patients and methods: Twenty two patients with recurrent glioblastoma were eligible. Patients were treated with 3 D conformal radiotherapy. The dose ranged from 30 to 40 Gy in 1.6 to 1.8 Gy per fraction for 5 days per week. Temozolamide was administrated at 50 mg/m2 daily dose during radiation therapy. Adjuvant Temozolomide (200 mg/m2) was given orally for five days every four weeks for 4 - 6 cycles for patients who did not receive temozolamide before, and 150 mg/m2 for pretreated patients. Results: 22 patients received re-irradiation with median dose 38 Gy (range 33 - 40 Gy), concurrent with temozolamide. The time interval between primary and re-irradiation ranged from 6 to 23 months with median 12 months. The re-irradiated volume, median was 101.95 cm3 (range 30 - 375 cm3). The median cumulative maximum dose to optic system and brain stem were 53.5 Gy (range 42 - 63 Gy), and 60 Gy (range 54 - 73 Gy), respectively. Response rate was 72.7%, one patient showed complete response (4.5%), partial response and stable disease registered in 22.7% and 45.5%, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) was 10 months (range 4 - 13 months), and median progression-free (PFS) survival was 7.5 months (range 2 - 11 months). The 6 and 12 months OS rate was 100% and 56.6% respectively, and the 6 months PFS rate was 93.3%. No major acute toxicity was observed. About 70% of patients experienced grade 2 toxicity in the form of headache, nausea & vomiting, skin erythema and alopecia. The late toxicity was minimal as GI & II. Symptoms of radiation necrosis were not recorded in any patient. Conclusion: 3D conformal re-irradiation concomitant with temozolamide and adjuvant temozolamide appears effective treatment in recurrent glioblastoma. The treatment protocol is safe, feasible treatment with limited rate of toxicity and improve survival outcome.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the grade IV glioma [1] which is aggressive and carrys poor prognosis [2] . Treatment of GBM consisted of multimodality form and included surgical excision followed by radiotherapy and systemic treatment given concurrently and adjuvant. Although of this combined treatment, rate of recurrence is still high at median of 8 months [3] .
There is no standard treatment for recurrent GBM as options include resection, chemotherapy, and re-irradiation either separate or in combination [4] [5] .
Re-irradiation used cautiously as line of treatment of recurrent GBM because of risk of radionecrosis. It was first used in 1996 [6] . Improvement of imaging and radiation techniques as fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT), protons, and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) allowed delivering conformal treatment with better efficacy and reduced toxicity and in turn helped use of re-irradiation in recurrent high-grade gliomas with acceptable improvement of survival [7] [8] [9] [10] .
When re-irradiation was selected as a treatment of recurrent GBM it is found that results were better with selection of patients with specific risk factors as age, performance status, size of re-irradiated volume, interval passes after initial irradiation, and resection of recurrent lesion [11] .
Use of systemic therapy with re-irradiation in recurrent high grades gliomas was controversial. Some studies failed to get benefit of giving chemotherapy with re-irradiation [10] [12] . Others proved improved outcome with addition of bevacizumab to re-irradiation with good tolerability [13] [14] .
Temozolamide being proved to improve outcome in GBM when used as concurrent and adjuvant with radiotherapy in primary tumors, enforced researchers to study it in recurrent, even in patients who previously used temozolamide in initial treatment, and resulted in improvement in objective response and stability of disease [15] [16] .
In this prospective study we try to evaluate the efficacy of concurrent and adjuvant temozolamide with re-irradiation in recurrent GBM considering response as primary endpoint and survival together with toxicity as secondary endpoint.
2. Patients & Methods
After approval by Institutional Review Board of Mansoura faculty of Medicine (IRB-MFM), this is prospective phase II trial was conducted in Clinical Oncology & nuclear Medicine department, Mansoura University Hospital between January 2015 and January 2018.
Study objectives
The primary objective of this study was evaluation of efficacy of concurrent and adjuvant temozolamide with re-irradiation in management of recurrent GBM.
The secondary objectives were overall survival, progression-free survival and treatment related toxicity.
Inclusion criteria
Histologically proven Glioblastoma with evidence of tumor recurrence, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤ 2, aged above 18 and below 70 years and had adequate liver, kidney and hematological functions. All patients must receive radiotherapy as apart from their initial treatment. An interval of at 6 months must pass since completion of previous radiation course. Consent was taken from all patients before inclusion into the study.
Definition of recurrence
Recurrence defined as appearance of new enhanced lesion on MRI or increase in the size of the initial lesion according to the MacDonald’s criteria [17] . If the diagnosis of true progression (in contrast to pseudoprogression) was uncertain, MRI repeated after three months. Symptomatic patients suspected to have pseudoprogression were kept on steroids and MRI was repeated after one month.
Treatment protocol
Patients were treated with 3 D conformal radiotherapy. The dose ranged from 30 to 40 Gy in 1.6 to 1.8 Gy per fraction for 5 days per week. Temozolamide was administrated at 50 mg/m2 daily dose during radiation therapy.
Adjuvant Temozolomide (200 mg/m2) was given orally for five days every four weeks for 4 - 6 cycles for patients who did not receive temozolamide before, 150 mg/m2 for pretreated patients.
Re-irradiation 3D conformal radiotherapy technique
Patients were planned via 3 D conformal radiotherapy. Patients planned in supine position and immobilized with thermoplastic devices. CT planning was done every 1 - 3 mm transverse sections from vertex till C4 vertebra.
Target volume definitions
Target volume was defined by CT treatment planning in corporation with MRI data. Gross tumor volume (GTV) was delineated as contrast enhancing tumor in CT images with T1-images on MRI. Clinical target volume (CTV) was defined by T2 weighed and FLAIR images of MRI. The planning target volume (PTV) was defined by adding 1 cm to GTV to include surrounding oedema. PTV was reduced in areas near organ at risks. The organs at risk included optic chiasm, optic nerves, eyes and brain stem. The organ at risk and previously high dose irradiated volumes were delineated and during planning care was undertaken to decrease dose to these structures. The cumulative dose to optic chiasm, optic nerves and brain stem were reported from a composite plan of re-irradiation treatment and primary radiation treatment plan. The guide of treatment planning is towards safety. The target dose is reduced if needed.
Follow-up & toxicity evaluation
Baseline neurological examination and MRI brain were performed before treatment. During treatment protocol, patients were closely followed twice weekly for treatment-related toxicities or any complaints. CBC, liver function and serum creatinine were required before subsequent chemotherapy cycles.
During radiotherapy, patients were kept on dexamethasone 8 mg orally, every 12 hours, with proton pump inhibitor 20 mg orally, twice daily, and antiepileptic prophylaxis.
After treatment completion, patients were evaluated for both subjective and objective response (Table 1) by history, physical examination, laboratory investigation and radiological studies. Patients were followed up regularly as routine follow up visits every month for the first six months then every 3 months thereafter.
MRI brain was done after treatment protocol, and every 2 months in first 6 months, then every 3 months thereafter for follow up.
Toxicity
Toxicity was graded as per Common Terminology Criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 4.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics will be provided to summarize the patient characteristics and toxicities. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of re-irradiation to date of death or last follow up. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from time of re-irradiation until further tumor progression or death, whichever occurred earlier. Qualitative data were presented as number and percent. Non-parametric data was presented as min - max and median. Survival calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate survival analysis was performed with long rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed using OS as outcomes with a significance level of P < 0.05. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 is used for statistical analysis.
3. Results
This is a prospective phase II study included 22 patients attended to Clinical
Response definitions
Response
Definitions
Complete response (CR)
Disappearance of all contrast-enhancing tumors.
Partial response (PR)
50% or more reduction in the size of measurable disease.
Disease progression (DP)
25% or more increase in the size of measurable disease.
Stable disease (SD)
All other situations.
Oncology & Nuclear Medicine department of Mansoura University Hospital in the period between January 2015 and January 2018.
Patients’ characteristics and treatment details:
The patients’ characteristics showed in Table 2. The median age of all patients is 51.5 years with range 20 - 65 years, 63.6% of patients were in age group > 45 years. Sixteen patients were male (72.7%), with male to female ratio 2.6:1. Most of patients (68.2%) presented with ECOG1 performance status. Seventeen patients (77.3%) were operated with subtotal excision of primary tumor. Fourteen patients (63.6%) received temozolamide as concurrent treatment with primary irradiation. The median initial irradiation dose was 60 Gy.
All patients received re-irradiation with median dose 38 Gy (range 33 - 40 Gy), concurrent with temozolamide. The interval time between primary and re-irradiation ranged from 6 to 23 months with median 12 months. As regard the re-irradiated volume, the median volume was 101.95 cm3 (range 30 - 375 cm3). The median cumulative maximum dose to optic system and brain stem were 53.5 Gy (range 42 - 63 Gy), and 60 Gy (range 54 - 73 Gy), respectively (Table 3).
Response rate was 72.7%, one patient showed complete response (4.5%), partial response and stable disease registered in 22.7% and 45.5%, respectively (Table 4).
Survival Outcomes:
The median OS was 10 months (range 4 - 13 months), and median PFS was 7.5 months (range 2 - 11 months). The 6 and 12 months OS rate was 100% and 56.6% respectively (Figure 1), and the 6 months PFS rate was 93.3% (Figure 2).
Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors affecting survival was performed. On univariate analysis, better survival was observed in younger age, male gender, previously excised in primary treatment with (median OS 11, 11, 10.5 months respectively) but not statistically significant (P = 0.105, 0.101, 0.626, respectively). However Performance status was the only factor associated with statistically significant difference (median 11 months, P = 0.036). OS was equivalent in time interval ≤ 12 and >12 months and in treatment volume ≤ 100 and >100 cm3 (median 10, 10 months with P = 0.407, and 0.691, respectively) (Table 5). Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors affect OS, (age, sex, previously excised primary tumor, performance status, time interval, and treatment volume) no factor associated with any significance even Performance status (P = 0.123, 0.114, 0.789, 0.064, 0.543, 0.712, respectively).
Treatment toxicity
No major acute toxicity observed (no grade III, nor grade IV), according to CTCAE version 4. About 70% of patients experienced grade II toxicity in the form of headache, nausea & vomiting, skin erythema and alopecia. The late toxicity was minimal as grade I & II. Symptoms of radiation necrosis were not recorded in any patient (Table 6).
The toxicity related to temozolamide was in the form of grade I nausea/vomiting, anaemia, thrompocytopenia, but not associated with delayed cycle or reduction of dose and not associated with increases radiation toxicity.
4. Discussion
Salvage treatment of recurrent Glioblastoma is one of the most challenging tasks in neuro-oncology [18] . Re-irradiation has been widely accepted as useful therapeutic option in treatment of recurrent Glioblastoma [19] [20] . Stereotactic
Response of tumor to treatment protocol
Response
Number of patients
Percentage (%)
Complete response (CR)
1
4.5%
Partial response (PR)
5
22.7%
Stationary disease (SD)
10
45.5%
Progressive disease (PD)
6
27.3%
Univariate analysis of factors predicting overall survival (OS)
Factors
Median OS (months), range
P value
Age
0.105
≤45
11 (10 - 13)
>45
7.5 (4 - 13)
Sex
0.101
Male
11 (4 - 13)
female
8 (5 - 11)
ECOG performance status
0.036
1
11 (6 - 13)
2
5 (4 - 12)
Primary surgical treatment
0.626
Biopsy
6 (4 - 12)
Subtotal excision
10 (5 - 13)
Total excision
10.5 (10 - 11)
Primary systemic treatment
0.138
Temozolamide
11.5 (6 - 13)
CVP
10 (4 - 13)
Time interval
0.407
≤12 month
10 (4 - 13)
>12 month
10 (6 - 13)
Re-irradiation volume
0.691
≤100 cm3
10 (4 - 13)
>100 cm3
10 (5 - 13)
Acute and late toxicity
Toxicity
Number
%
Acute toxicity
Grade 0
4
18.2%
Grade 1
3
13.6%
Grade 2
15
68.2%
Grade 3
0
0%
Late toxicity
Grade 0
8
36.4%
Grade 1
5
22.7%
Grade 2
9
40.9%
Grade 3
0
0%
radiosurgery and hypofractionated stereotactic radiation are limited to recurrence with small volumes [21] [22] . Conventional fractionated radiotherapy is well tolerated for larger recurrent volumes [9] [23] .
Temozolamide is an effective agent as first line treatment in the vast majority of patients with recurrent high-grade glioma [24] . Role of concomitant temozolamide with re-irradiation is well established in primary treatment of high-grade glioma [3] . On the other hand its value in recurrent disease is still debatable in those patients who received prior temozolamide in their initial treatment and potential development of resistance [25] .
Researchers commonly used temozolamide alone for median eight cycles or combined temozolamide with other agents including radiation for median four to six cycles aiming to achieve survival benefit and good objective response [26] . Furthermore, Van den Bent et al. observed that administration of temozolamide more than six cycles may be associated with more toxicity [27] .
The current study included 22 patients with recurrent Glioblastoma. They treated with concurrent temozolamide with re-irradiation (median dose 38 Gy) followed by 4 - 6 cycles of temozolamide. The current protocol achieved response rate 72.7% (CR 4.5%, PR 22.7%, SD 45.5%). Similarly, Kataria et al. [28] retrospectively analyzed 25 patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Patients were treated with re-irradiation concomitant temozolamide and adjuvant temozolamide. Re-irradiation methods included stereotactic radiosurgery for 2 patients, hypofractionated stereotatic radiation therapy (15 - 40 Gy in 3 - 5 fraction) for 14 patients and conventional fractionated radiotherapy (45 - 54 Gy in 25 - 27 fraction). Tumor response rate was observed in 84% of patients.
Greenspoon et al. [29] prospectively assessed 31 patients with recurrent glioblastoma. All patients were treated with fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery 25 to 35 Gy in five fraction concomitant with temozolamide 75 mg/m2. They observed 60% progression-free survival in 6 months. Another prospective study using 4 - 6 cycles temozolamide followed by re-irradiation with 3D conformal radiotherapy (30 - 40 Gy) in recurrent high-grade glioma (grade III and IV). Overall response rate was 20.6% and stable disease was 45% [30] .
The current treatment protocol was well tolerated, with mild side effects. No grade III or IV toxicities were observed in the patients following re-irradiation during follow up period. Temozolamide related toxicity was mild and relieved by supportive treatment. Similar observation was reported in a study conducted by Kataria et al. [28] . Another retrospective study assessed outcome of 118 patients with recurrent or progressive high grade glioma. Patients were treated with conventional radiotherapy of median re-irradiation dose 41.4 Gy. 56% of patients received temozolamide with re-irradiation. The authors reported that there is no symptomatic persistant brain stem or optic chiasma injury. Grade ≥ 3 late toxicity and radiation necrosis were minimal (less than 5%) [31] .
Radionecrosis was not reported in the current study. Flickinger et al. [32] assessed the probability of necrosis at different stereotactic radiosurgery doses in different versions of integrated logistic formula. Dose volume histograms generate only 3% risk of necrosis. Normalized total dose of conventional re-irradiation was lower than those used in either stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy [33] . Radionecrosis happened at normalized total doses more than 100 Gy. There was no association between risk of radionecrosis and interval time between treatment courses. Due to limiting normal tissue irradiation, re-irradiation using stereotactic and conformal techniques is safe and associated with limited risk of radionecrosis [34] .
The current study demonstrated median overall survival of 10 months and The 6 and 12 months OS rate was 100% and 56.6% respectively. Median progression-free survival was 7.5 months and 6 months PFS rate was 93.3%.,Which relatively better than those reported by Minniti et al. [35] .
Minniti et al. [35] reported on 36 patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Patient received fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (37.5 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks) with concomitant daily temozolamide 75 mg/m2. Median overall survival was 9.7 months the 6- and 12-month survival rates were 84% and 33%, and 5 months of median PFS 6- and 12-month PFS rates were 42% and 8%.
Conti et al. [36] treated 23 patients with Cyberknife stereotactic radiosurgery (median dose 20 Gy in two fractions). Twelve patients received concurrent 0temozolamide. The authors reported 12 months median overall survival for combined modality versus 7 months for stereotactic radiosurgery alone. 6 month progression-free survival was 66.7% for combined treatment versus 18% for radiosurgery alone. Similarly, Grosu et al. observed that fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in combination with temozolamide significantly improve survival compared with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy alone (11 months versus 6 months respectively) [37] .
5. Conclusion
Despite that this study had limited number of cases, 3D conformal re-irradiation concomitant with temozolamide and adjuvant temozolamide appears effective treatment in recurrent glioblastoma. The treatment protocol is safe, feasible treatment with limited rate of toxicity and improve survival outcome.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Eladawei, G.E. and Abdellatif, R.M. (2019) 3D Conformal Re-Irradiation with Temozolamide for Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Cancer Therapy, 10, 619-631. https://doi.org/10.4236/jct.2019.108051
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