In this work, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) FJU-21 was synthesized by solvothermal method. The crystal structure of FJU-21 was characterized by XRD and BET and it was applied to the catalytic hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin. The effects of reaction pH, temperature and reaction time on the catalytic activity of FJU-21 were studied. FJU-21 were found to possess an intrinsic enzyme mimicking activity similar to that found in trypsin. The Michaelis constant (K
m) of the artificial protease (0.18 × 10
-3 - 0.20 × 10
-3 M
-1) was about 15-fold lower than that free trypsin (2.7 × 10
-3 M
-1) and about 3-fold lower than that of soluble Cu(II) oxacyclen (0.54 × 10
-3 M
-1). The Kcat of FJU-21 is 102 times higher than that of soluble Cu(II) oxacyclen catalysts and, indicating a much higher affinity of BSA for FJU-21 surface. FJU-21 could be reused for eleven times without losing in its activity.
The preparation and application of artificial mimic enzymes have become an increasingly important focus for research in recent years because natural enzymes have many problems such as a sensitivity to catalytic activity in the environment condition, lower stability, difficulty in purification and storage [1] [2]. In such context, many mimic enzymes have been discovered [3] [4], such as fullerene derivatives [5], gold nanoparticles [6] [7], rare earth nanoparticles [8] and ferromagnetic nanoparticles [9] [10] [11] and so on. Proteolysis, hydrolysis of protein into amino acids or small fragments, is widely applied to the utilization of agricultural yields, seafood and meat byproducts as well as to the improvement of nutritional and functional properties of proteins. Therefore, a large number of protein mimetic enzymes have also attracted a lot of research interest due to the harsh conditions of natural protease hydrolysis of proteins and the low hydrolysis efficiency, and difficult to reuse repeatedly. Therefore, many kinds of protease-mimics have been developed during the last decades. Such as Hegg [12] and co-workers designed and synthesized Cu ([9] ane N3) C12 hydrolyzed Gly-Gly and bovine serum albumin(BSA) for the first time under physiological pH conditions. The cyclized Cu(II) complex is used as a catalytic center and ruthenium ion as a binding unit to prepare artificial metalloproteinase, i.e. [Cu(II)Cyc]3(Gua)3MeOPCD [13], which catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-globulin at pH 7.0 and 4˚C. Molybdenum peroxide amino complex, MoO(O2)2(a-leucine)(H2O) [14] was synthesized for photocatalytic hydrolysis of human pepsin. However, these protein mimic enzymes have lower catalytic activity and poorer selectivity. Therefore, it is highly desirable to design a mimetic enzyme with high selectivity and large degrees of rate acceleration.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are formed by self-assembly of metal ions or metal cluster units and organic ligand molecules, it is a porous crystalline material having a periodic multidimensional structure and also known as porous codination polymers (PCPs) or organic-inorganic hybrid materials. MOFs also have adjustable pore size, easy functionalization and extremely high specific surface area and porosity, making them suitable for catalysiss [15] [16], separation [17], gas storage [18], sensing, biomedical imaging and drug delivery and has attracted much attention in science and biological systems. These advantages of MOFs suggest that it to be a material suitable for enzyme mimics. Indeed, Cu-MOF [19] was synthesized for catalyzing hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin and casein by solvothermal method. Despite the many achievements in MOF development, we believe that the MOF-based catalytic field is still in the immature stage. Here we report that FJU-21 as protease mimetics to catalyze hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin (BSA).
2. Methods2.1. Chemicals and Instrumentation
All commercial chemicals were used without further purification. Cuprous iodide (CuI) O-xylene, Dichlorosulfoxide (SOCl2), ethanol (99.5%), NaOH, bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) experiments were conducted on a D/max-3B spectrometer with Cu Kα radiation. Scans were made in the 2θ range 3˚ - 40˚ with a scan rate of 10˚ min−1 (wide angle diffraction). BET surface areas and pore volumes were measured through nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements using a Micromeritics Tristar II surface area and porosity analyzer.
2.2. Synthesis of FJU-21
FJU-21 is a copper-based MOFs material with 5-triazole isophthalic acid as ligand copper as the active center of metal. SOCl2 (6 mL) and DMF (150 mL) were mixed and stirred at 5˚C for 24 h, slowly added with hydrazine hydrated DMF solution (5 mL of hydrazine hydrate, 0.1 mM), stirred at room temperature for 48 h, washed three times with DMF and diethyl ether, and filtered to get a white solid. That is N, N-dimethyl-2-azidoethylamine (DMAZ). And then DMAZ (4 g), 5-aminoisophthalic acid (3.38 g) were dissolved in o-xylene (50 mL) and condensed at 120˚C for 16 h to obtain a white precipitate and washed three times with ethanol gave a white solid, 5-triazole isophthalic acid (H2L). CuI (0.0191 g), H2L (0.023 g), DMF (3 mL) and H2O (2 mL) were added to the crystallization flask and stirred for 10 min, and transferred to an oven at 85˚C for 24 h. It was naturally cooled to room temperature and washed with ethanol three times to obtain a green needle-like solid FJU-21.
2.3. Protease-Like Activity of FJU-21
The effect of pH, temperature, FJU-21 concentration on the protease-like activity of FJU-21 was investigated. Add BSA solution (15 mM, 10 mL) to FJU-21 by gentle vortex mixing, and the peroxidase-like activity of FJU-21 was measured at pH 9.0, the temperature at 37˚C, 50˚C and 70˚C, and the time from 0 to 80 min. The FJU-21 concentration was 1.2 mM. Take out of 1 mL of reaction mixture periodically at a fixed shaking speed. Buffers used in this experiment were acetate buffer (pH 4.0 - 6.0) and borate buffer (pH 8.0 - 10.0). The effect of pH on catalytic efficiency was investigated by varying the buffer complex to produce different pH at 50˚C. Fresh solutions were used in all tests.
The peptide solution was separated from the solid composite by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4˚C. Bovine serum protein solutions without added materials were taken as the control group. The degree of cleavage of proteins was measured by SDS-PAGE. The rate of protein cleavage was measured by monitoring the decrease in the intensity of the electrophoretic bands. The kinetic data were collected at various C0 (0 - 1.2 mM) at the optimum pH 9.0 and various temperatures (50˚C, 70˚C).
2.4. Reusability of FJU-21
To evaluate the reusability of FJU-21, the insoluble catalyst has been recycled from the reaction mixture after the catalytic reaction. FJU-21 was reacted with BSA in boric acid buffer for 12 min. After each reaction, it was re-purified by ethanol and centrifuged. The re-purified FJU-21 was used for the next reaction and subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis analysis. The recycling was conducted eleven times. The catalytic activity is not less than 80% compared with the first time, indicating that FJU-21 still maintains high catalytic activity and stability during the reaction.
3. Results and Discussion3.1. The Characterization of FJU-21
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the as-synthesized FJU-21 is shown in Figure 1(a). The diffraction peaks all corresponded to the products synthesized in the literature [20]. The adsorption?desorption isotherms of FJU-21 (Figure 1(b)) are of typeⅣ, the BET specific surface area of FJU-21 is 341 m2/g, the pore volume was 0.1 cm3・g−1 and the average pore size was 3.19 nm. All of the results mentioned above confirmed that FJU-21 was successfully synthesized.
3.2. Protease-Like Activity of FJU-21
The protease-like activity of FJU-21 was measured while varying the pH from 6.5 to 9.0, the temperature from 37˚C to 70˚C using BSA as a substrate. While the buffer solution containing a protein substrate (15 μM) was shaken with FJU-21, the protein disappeared was observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) [21] [22]. When the temperature is 37˚C, hydrolysis was very weak and the intensities of BSA bands reduced slowly within 80 min, which means the catalytic activity of FJU-21was very low at 37˚C. When the temperature was raised from 37˚C to 70˚C, the intensities of BSA bands reduced and a myriad of fragments appeared after 12 min, resulting in a significant loss in intensity of the BSA band and a concomitant smear on the SDS-PAGE gel. The band of BSA disappeared after 12 min, which revealed the enhancement of the digestion activity at 70˚C (Figure 2). Nevertheless, FJU-21 acted as the digestion enzyme and cleaved BSA. Temperature and pH values are key factors influencing the digestion results. We found that pH 9.0 was suitable for the reaction (Figure 3).
The proteolytic activity of FJU-21 was further examined by kinetic measurements. Within the range of the FJU-21concentrations considered, typical
Michaelis-Menten curves were observed (50˚C in Figure 4(a) and 70˚C in Figure 4(b)) and the data were analyzed by a nonlinear regression program from which important kinetic parameters can be extracted (Table 1). The Michaelis constant, Km is a characteristic value irrelevant to the concentrations of substrate and enzyme, and is often associated with the affinity of the catalyst molecules for the substrate [23]. The greater the Km value is, the weaker the binding between the enzyme and substrate. The Km value of FJU-21with BSA as the substrate under the optimum conditions was about 15-fold lower than that free trypsin (2.7 × 10−3 M−1), and significantly lower than artificial metalloprotease Cu(II) complexes in Table 1. In particular, the Kcat value of FJU-21 is 110 times higher than that of soluble Cu(II) oxacyclen catalysts and which is slightly higher than Cu-MOF, interestingly, the value of Kcat/Km is 3.72 s−1 M−1 at 50˚C and pH 9.0 for FJU-21, this is much higher than that for Cu(II) complexes obtained at 50˚C and
Values of kinetic parameters for the cleavage of protein substrates by different catalysts
Catalysts
pH
T(˚)
Kcat(10−4 s−1)
Km(10−3 M)
Kcat/Km(s−1 M−1)
Reference
FJU-21
9.0
50
6.69
0.18
3.72
This work
FJU-21
9.0
70
19.38
0.20
9.69
This work
Cu-MOF
9.0
50
6.28 ± 0.39
0.28 ± 0.04
2.23 ± 0.35
[19]
Cu-MOF
9.0
70
20.98± 0.65
0.27 ± 0.02
7.73 ± 0.68
[19]
Cu(II)A-PS
9.5
50
8.0
0.92
0.87
[24]
Cu(II)B-PS
9.5
50
8.7
1.2
0.73
[24]
Cu(II)oxacyclen
9.5
50
0.19 ± 0.003
0.51 ± 0.03
0.036 ± 0.003
[25]
Cu(II)cyclen
9.5
50
N/A
N/A
0.0005
[25]
Cu(II)C
9.5
50
3.89 ± 0.56
0.11 ± 0.03
3.61 ± 0.83
[26]
Cu(II)D
9.5
50
2.77 ± 0.277
0.52 ± 0.1
0.56 ± 0.11
[26]
Cu(II)E
9.5
50
1.89 ± 0.17
0.17 ± 0.03
1.14 ± 0.19
[26]
Cu(II)H
9.5
50
0.42 ± 0.06
0.14 ± 0.04
0.31 ± 0.083
[26]
Cu(II)I
9.5
50
0.47 ± 0.06
0.53 ± 0.16
0.09 ± 0.024
[18]
pH 9.5, suggesting that FJU-21 has a higher affinity for BSA than trypsin and most of the artificial metalloprotease Cu(II) complexes.
3.3. Reusability of FJU-21
As a novel mimic enzyme, since FJU-21 can be separated from the hydrolysate and used repeatedly, it could also be used as an effective heterogeneous proteolytic catalyst, which gives rise to the most prominent advantages. As shown in Figure 5, even after eleven times use, catalytic activity displayed no significant decrease and at least 80% of the original activity could be maintained. It could be concluded that FJU-21 exhibited both excellent catalytic ability and stability. Therefore, a pleasing prospect is that such artificial protease is safe for mass production in industrial applications.
4. Conclusion
FJU-21 has excellent hydrolysis intrinsic protease-like activity, catalyzing the proteins (BSA) and exhibited surprisingly high catalytic activity over a wide temperature range, event at 37˚C. It also exhibited good stability during hydrolyzing reaction and could be reused at least eleven times without losing a significant amount of its activity. Kinetic analysis indicates that the activity of FJU-21 was consistent with the typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the Km value of FJU-21with BSA as the substrate under the optimum conditions was about 15-fold lower than that free trypsin (2.7 × 10−3 M−1), and significantly lower than artificial metalloprotease Cu(II) complexes, indicating that FJU-21 is superior to trypsin and most of other peroxidase mimetics under the same conditions.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81860532) and Key Research and Development Plan of Yunnan Province (2018BA065). The authors also thank the Industrialization Cultivation Project (2016CYH04), Scientific Research Fund of Department of Yunnan Education (2017ZZX223), the Program for Innovation Team of Yunnan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment of Kunming for financial support. The authors also thank Research Funding of Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation (2017-438) and Yunnan Water Conservancy Science and Technology Plan of the Water Resources Department of Yunnan province and the Program for Science and Technology Projects of Yunnan Industrial of China Tobacco Industry CO., Ltd. (2015CP03, 2017539200370194, 2016539200340108) for financial support.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Li, L.L., Li, B., Chen, D.M., Zhao, J.C., Yang, D.Q., Ma, D.H., Jiang, L., Yang, Y.P., Li, Y.Z. and Wang, J.Q. (2019) MOFzyme: FJU-21 with Intrinsic High Protease-Like Activity for Hydrolysis of Proteins. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 7, 222-230. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2019.75024
ReferencesWulff, G. (2002) Enzyme-Like Catalysis by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Chemical Reviews, 102, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr980039aShoji, E. and Freund, M.S. (2002) Potentiometric Saccharide Detection Based on the pKa Changes of Poly (Aniline Boronic Acid). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124, 12486-12493. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0267371Marinescu, L.G. and Bols, M. (2010) Very High Rate Eenhancement of Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation by an Artificial Enzyme. Angewandte Chemie, 45, 4590-4593.
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600812Günter, W., Chong, B. and Ute, K. (2010) Soluble Single-Molecule Nanogels of Controlled Structure as a Matrix for Efficient Artificial Enzymes. Angewandte Chemie, 45, 2955-2958. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200503926Ali, S.S., Hardt, J.I., Quick, K.L., Kimhan, J.S., Erlanger, B.F., Huang, T.T., et al. (2004) A Biologically Effective Fullerene (C60) Derivative with Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic Properties. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 37, 1191-1202.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.07.002Pasquato, L., Rancan, F., Scrimin, P., Mancin, F. and Frigeri, C. (2000) N-Methylimidazole-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Cleavage of A Carboxylic Acid Ester. Chemical Communications, 22, 2253-2254.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b005244mComotti, M., Pina, C.D., Matarrese, R. and Rossi, M. (2004) The Catalytic Activity of “Naked” Gold Particles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43, 5812-5815.
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460446Seal, S. (2006) Rare Earth Nanoparticles Prevent Retinal Degeneration Induced by Intracellular Peroxides. Nature Nanotechnology, 1, 142-150.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2006.91Gao, L., Zhuang, J., Nie, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Gu, N., et al. (2007) Intrinsic Peroxidase-Like Activity of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles. Nature Nanotechnology, 2, 577-583. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.260Wei, H. and Wang, E. (2008) Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Peroxidase Mimetics and Their Applications in H2O2 and Glucose Detection. Analytical Chemistry, 80, 2250-2254. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac702203fFan, K., Cao, C., Pan, Y., Lu, D., Yang, D., Feng, J., et al. (2012) Magnetoferritin Nanoparticles for Targeting and Visualizing Tumour Tissues. Nature Nanotechnology, 7, 459. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.90Hegg, E.L. and Burstyn, J.N. (1995) Hydrolysis of Unactivated Peptide Bonds by a Macrocyclic Copper(Ⅱ) Complex: Cu([9]anen3)cl2 Hydrolyzes Both Dipeptides and Proteins. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117, 7015-7016.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00131a030Jang, B.B., Lee, K.P., Dalhee Min, A. and Suh, J. (1999) Immobile Artificial Metalloproteinase Containing Both Catalytic and Binding Groups. J.Am.Chem.SOC, 120, 12008-12016. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja981723Jityuti, B., Liwporncharoenvong, T. and Buranaprapuk, A. (2013) Use of a Molybdenum(vi) Complex as Artificial Protease in Protein Photocleavage. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B Biology, 126, 55-59.Kim, H.M., Jang, B., Cheon, Y.E., Suh, M.P. and Suh, J. (2009) Proteolytic Activity of Co(Ⅲ) Complex of 1-Oxa-4,7,10-Triazacyclododecane: A New Catalytic Center for Peptide-Cleavage Agents. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 14, 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-008-0434-zMurray, L.J., Dincäf, M. and Long, J.R. (2009) Hydrogen Storage in Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 1294-1314.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b802256aLi, J.R., Sculley, J. and Zhou, H.C. (2012) Metal-Organic Frameworks for Separatios. Chemical Reviews, 112, 869-932. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200190sLee, J.Y., Farha, O.K., Roberts, J., Scheidt, K.A., Nguyen, S.B.T. and Hupp, J.T. (2010) Cheminform Abstract: Metal-Organic Framework Materials as Catalysts. Cheminform, 40. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200933268Li, B., Chen, D.， Wang, J., Yan, Z., Jiang, L., Duan, D., et al. (2014) Mofzyme: Intrinsic Protease-Like Activity of Cu-MOF. Scientific Reports, 4, 6759.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06759Yao, Z., Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Li, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, Y., et al. (2016) Extraordinary Separation of Acetylene-Containing Mixtures with Microporous Metal-Organic Frameworks with Open Donor Sites and Tunable Robustness through Control of the Helical Chain Secondary Building Units. Chemistry, 22, 5676-5683.
https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201505107Kim, H., Kim, M.S., Paik, H., Chung, Y.S., Hong, I.S. and Suh, J. (2002) Effective Artificial Proteases Synthesized by Covering Silica Gel with Aldehyde and Various Other Organic Groups. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 12, 3247-3250.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(02)00724-2Chang, E.Y., Chae, P.S., Kim, J.E., And, E.J.J. and Suh, J. (2003) Degradation of Myoglobin by Polymeric Artificial Metalloproteases Containing Catalytic Modules with Various Catalytic Group Densities: Site Selectivity in Peptide Bond Cleavage. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 14580.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja034730tFeng, D., Gu, Z.Y., Li, J.R., Jiang, H.L., Wei, Z., Zhou, H.C., et al. (2012) Zirconium-Metalloporphyrin PCN-222: Mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks with Ultrahigh Stability as Biomimetic Catalysts. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 51, 10307-10310. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201204475Yoo, S.H., Lee, B.J., Kim, H. and Suh, J. (2005) Artificial Metalloprotease with Active Site Comprising Aldehyde Group and Cu(II)cyclen Complex. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 9593-9602. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja052191hAnd, S.W.J. and Suh, J. (2008) Proteolytic Activity of Cu(II) Complex of 1-oxa-4,7,10-Triazacyclododecane. Organic Letters, 10, 481-484.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ol702860hKim, M.G., Yoo, S.H., Chei, W.S., Lee, T.Y., Kim, H.M. and Suh, J. (2010) Soluble Artificial Metalloproteases with Broad Substrate Selectivity, High Reactivity, and High Thermal and Chemical Stabilities. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry Jbic A Publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 15, 1023.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-010-0662-x