Functional materials have been developed by modifying organic monolayer onto material surfaces such as metals or semiconductors, etc., and to apply them as various functional surfaces. In particular, single crystal Si is industrially important, and it is drawing attention as a substrate for functional and molecular devices. If the organic monolayer can be controlled and modified on the Si surface, it can be useful next generation devices. Especially in these fields, the researches on electronics and novel materials using self-assembled monolayers (SAM) are actively studied, and many interesting results are reported [1] - [6] . In this study, we have tried to control the Si(111) surface by the organic monolayer.

It is known that the Si oxide layer on the Si(111) surface is etched with an aqueous HF, NH₄F aqueous solution, furthermore, the Si atom on the surface is terminated with hydrogen and becomes a flat surface at the atomic level [7] [8] [9] . Utilization of a surfactant solution to the Si substrate allows self-assembly of monolayer at the solid-liquid interface due to the interaction between the hydrophobicity of the H-terminated Si surface and the hydrophobic portion of the alkyl chain of the surfactant. This is called SAM film, which spontaneously generates a structure according to the properties unique to atoms or molecules, so that it would be possible to precisely manipulate and control atoms. Furthermore, by applying a potential from the outside, if adsorption and orientation of the SAM film can be controlled, a new function will be given [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . In spite of that, there are not many detailed reports including their in-situ measurement.

In particular, notice on biological membranes, phospholipids, which are the main substances constituting them, constructed by amphiphilic substances having a hydrophobic group consisting of two alkyl chains and a hydrophilic group. The biomembrane is formed on the basis of a bilayer membrane of this phospholipid, and has a structure in which the hydrophobic groups face each other and the hydrophilic groups are directed to the aqueous phase on both sides of the membrane. When one of the phospholipids is considered as a hydrophobic substrate, the structures of the two are very similar, and an adsorbed monolayer consisting of a double-stranded surfactant is a model for elucidating the function of a biological bilayer. Therefore, in this study, we investigated in detail the adsorption monolayer of double-stranded surfactant using in situ ATR-FTIR.

The Si wafer was used as single crystal n-type Si(111) (CZ, <500 Ω·cm). The 0.5 mm thick wafer was cut into 50 mm × 17 mm, both ends were mirror polished at 45˚ and processed into a prism shape for ATR measurement. RCA cleaning was performed as pretreatment for the Si prism. First boiled for 10 minutes in a solution of conc. H₂SO₄:30% H₂O₂ = 4:1, and washed with deionized water (Milli-Q, 18 MΩ). Then it was immersed in 5% HF for 5 minutes and washed with deionized water. Subsequently, the sample was immersed in a solution heated to 80˚C which was 25% NH₄OH:30% H₂O₂:H₂O = 1:1:5, and rinsed with deionized water. It was immersed in a solution which was conc. HCl:30% H₂O₂:H₂O = 1:1:6 heated to 80˚C for 10 minutes, and rinsed with deionized water. By these operations, organic substances, fine particles and metal ions on the Si surface were removed. Finally, it was boiled for 10 minutes in a mixed solution of conc. H₂SO₄:30% H₂O₂ = 1:1 to form a chemically oxidized film on the Si surface, and washed with deionized water. Thereafter, the water adhering to the Si surface was removed with N₂.

The Si prism was set in the electrochemical ATR cell of Figure 1, and an In-Ga alloy was applied to the back surface of the Si prism to establish conduction with the Cu wire by ohmic contact for forming a working electrode. The reference electrode was Ag/AgCl, and the counter electrode was Pt wire wound in a coil shape.

Next, deionized water was circulated by a bellows pump as shown in Figure 2, infrared light was incident on the Si prism at an incident angle of 45˚ while circulating deionized water, and the spectrum was used as a reference. Further, while circulating 5% HF aqueous solution for 10 minutes, the Si surface was hydrogen-terminated and washed with deionized water by circulating it. Subsequently, while circulating a 40% NH₄F aqueous solution for 7 min, the Si surface

was flattened at the atomic level and washed with deionized water by circulating it. At this stage, IR measurement was carried out while circulating deionized water.

Subsequently, an aqueous solution of 1 × 10⁻² M di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd) was passed for 240 min, and then in situ IR measurement was conducted under no imposing bias. Furthermore, the potential was imposing to −700 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) or +700 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) to the surface modified Si(111), and the change over time was measured.

An oxide thin film on Si(111) was formed by cleaning the surface previously with H₂SO₄/H₂O₂ solution. After setting up the Si(111) to this circulation system as shown in Figure 2, hydrogen termination on the Si(111) surface was carried out by etching with circulating NH₄F solution. In order to ascertain hydrogen termination on the surface was carried out, Si(111) was taken out of the system and IR measurement was carried out ex situ. This result is shown in Figure 3. This peak is assigned to the Si-H vibration peak at the terrace formed on the Si(111) surface. From such a very sharp observation, this result suggests that the etching while circulating the NH₄F solution in the cell was done without problems, and the sharp peak results that Si surface flat and hydrogen-terminated at the atomic level was formed [15] [16] [17] .

Di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (Aerosol OT) as a double-stranded surfactant was used to investigate adsorbed monolayers. In situ ATR-FTIR measurement was carried out by circulating 1 × 10⁻² M aerosol OT in this system. The structural formula of the aerosol OT is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 5 shows the IR spectrum after flowing the aerosol OT solution for 240 minutes with no bias. Thereafter, the IR spectrum after holding the potential for 240 minutes by applying a potential to the Si(111) at −700 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), or no bias were shown. At this time, no current almost flowed.

The peak intensity of CH_x hardly changed even after applying the potential. Also, the peak intensity ratio of methyl group and methylene group did not change. Therefore, these results would indicate that the amount and orientation of the adsorption layer would not change by imposing less-noble bias [18] [19] .

Similarly, after flowing the aerosol OT solution for 240 min with no bias, a noble potential was applied to the Si(111) at +700 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), and the in situ imposing bias ATR-FTIR spectra were shown in Figure 6. At this time, no current almost flowed. The peak intensity of CH_x by the aerosol OT modified on the Si(111) surface decreased by imposing +700 mV. These results suggest that this adsorbed aerosol OT gradually desorb by imposing the noble bias. Furthermore, the peak intensity ratio of the methyl group and the methylene group also varies. Hence, the adsorption amount of the surfactant does not only decreases but the orientation might become random by applying the noble potential [20] [21] .

Therefore, the spectral changes of Si-H peak by imposing +700 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) have been investigated with the state of hydrogen-terminated Si surface shown in Figure 7. After applying the noble potential, the Si-H (terrace)

peak intensity decreased. On the other hand, SiHO₃ peak intensity increased as silicon oxide. These results suggest that oxidation of Si(111) surface proceeded by applying a noble potential. Oxidation of the hydrogen-terminated Si surface will be back-bond oxidation type in which oxygen atoms bonded at the behind of hydrogen-terminated Si atoms are conceivable as the SiHO₃ as shown in Figure 8. In this system, as the sample solution flows through the hydrogen-terminated Si surface, the peak of 2250 cm⁻¹ based on Si back-bond oxidation type would appear over time, and it gradually increases. Therefore, the oxidation of hydrogen-terminated Si(111) due to the applying of the noble potential will be caused by three oxygen atoms into Si back-bond.

From the above, when the no potential or the less-noble potential is applied, the surface of hydrogen-terminated Si(111) is maintained as shown in Figure 9(a). These results will suggest that the surface is modified by the aerosol OT whose orientation is maintained by the alkyl group having hydrophobicity. On the other hand, when the noble potential is applied, this result will suggest that the aerosol OT was desorbed by the back-bond oxidation at the Si(111) as shown in Figure 9(b).

Hydrogen-terminated Si(111) was formed by using the circulation system. After that, when the aerosol OT solution was circulated, it was found from the IR spectrum that a monolayer was formed on the Si(111) by the adsorption. No change was observed in the IR spectrum when the less-noble potential was applied. On the other hand, when the noble potential was applied, the decrease in adsorption amount was observed. This result will suggest the oxidation by three oxygen atoms in the back-bond of silicon.

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15K05602.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Ohtake, T. and Iijima, K. (2019) In Situ Imposing Bias ATR-FTIR Observation at Hydrogen Terminated Si(111) Electrode Surface-Modified with Adsorbed Monolayer. Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology, 9, 29-37. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsemat.2019.93003