Endometrial carcinoma is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in females; its incidence is rising and it comes after breast, colorectal and lung cancer. Endometrial carcinoma remains the most fatal female cancer. Endometroid carcinoma is the commonest subtype of endometrial carcinoma and there is a little improvement in treatment strategies and patients’ survival which has been achieved recently, highlighting the need for novel targeted therapies and more individualized patients’ treatment [1]. Despite the marked improvement of endometrial carcinoma surgical management approaches and the discovering recent adjuvant therapies; the prognosis of such cancer has not been improved. So, it is important to discover new biomarkers that can guide physicians to plan treatment for individual patients who are highly needed. Identifying molecular mediators which are conferring more malignant potential to cells of endometrial carcinoma could be used as novel predictive tumor biomarkers for the risk of progression of endometrial carcinoma [2]. V-Crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CRKL) is an adapter proteins family member of the CRK; that has many biological roles, like cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, cell cycle progression, cell survival, and cell invasiveness [3]. CRKL protein was reported to be dysregulated in many malignant cancers [2]. But, its expression pattern in tumor cells, its biological and clinical roles in endometrial carcinoma patients remain uncertain. Protein kinase CK2 is a protein kinase which has more than 300 substrates with multifunction. It is composed of 2 catalytic subunits (CK2a or CK2a’) and 2 regulatory β subunits. CK2 β is involved in normal cell growth, proliferation and differentiation [4]. Dys-regulation of CK2 expression plays a role in the pathogenesis of cancer. CK2 regulates essential cellular processes, many of which are deregulated in cancer cells; cell proliferation, growth, survival, changes cell morphology and it is incriminated in promoting angiogenesis [5]. So, CK2 is considered a suitable target for cancer therapy and there are several CK2 inhibitors which are being tested in clinical trials in targeted therapy against cancer [6]. The significance of expression of CRKL and CK2 β in endometrioid carcinoma and relation to its progression and patient’s survival are not well clarified.

So in the current study we aimed to assess the prognostic values and clinicopathological roles of CRKL and CK2 β expression in endometrioid carcinoma by correlation their expression levels with clinicopathological parameters, response to therapy, and recurrence of the tumor and patients survival.

This is a prospective cohort analysis of 50 patients with endometrioid carcinoma who were operated in Gynecology and Obstetrics Department and General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University and Mansoura University. The operation was Total Abdominal Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo-ophrectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Specimens were sent to Pathology department, faculty of medicine Zagazig University, for processing, grading, staging and preparation for further evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis. For grading and staging we have used international-federation-of-gynecology-and-obstetrics’ (FIGO) staging system [7]. The routine histological diagnosis was assessed according to the World Health Organization guidelines of endometrial carcinoma classification [8]. Patients were followed up for 5 years in the period from November 2013 to November 2018 for response to therapy, recurrence and survival. Follow up of patients and survival data were obtained from patients files in; Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine Departments, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University and Mansoura University and in Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University. Follow up dead line for all included cases was November 2018. Laboratory tests which were done for all included patients preoperatively, postoperatively and those which were needed during follow-up time were done at Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine Zagazig University and Mansoura University. Adjuvant radio-therapy with or without platinum-based chemotherapy were given to patients according to surgical stage and risk stratification of the included patients.

We analyzed correlations between the levels of CRKL and CK2 β expressions, clinicopathological and follow up parameters of our patients.

Endometrioid carcinoma is the commonest subtype of endometrial carcinoma

which is considered one of the commonest gynecological cancers worldwide [2].

^‡Chi-square test.

^†Log rank test.

Former researchers showed that disordered expression of certain proteins in endometrioid carcinoma tissues could contribute to its progression and malignant behavior [2] , but novel bio-markers which are responsible for malignant initiation and progression and that which predict the aggressive behavior have been still urgently needed aiming at discovering novel targeted therapy. CRKL protein was found to be upregulated in many cancers, moreover, CRKL amplification was observed in bronchogenic carcinoma, colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer [2]. Additionally, CRKL was found to facilitate malignant cells invasion and spread, so, it is correlated with poor patient prognosis [10]. Taken together, these findings revealed that CRKL might be considered an important oncoprotein in malignant development and progression. But, its expression pattern and clinicopathological and prognostic roles in endometrioid carcinoma remain unexplored.

The current study examined CRKL expression in fifty cases of endometrioid carcinoma cells, and CRKL overexpression was positively correlated with higher tumor grade, thus suggesting its association with aggressive malignant behavior. The current data have been found to be in accordance with results of previous reports which confirmed increased CRKL expression in endometrial carcinomas. These results were explained by that CRKL has a role in oncogenesis of malignant tumors through controlling their biological behavior, as proliferation, invasion and spread [2]. Additionally, cell cycle tests revealed that the number of dividing cells which are located in the S phase has increased CRKL expression, which pointed to role of CRKL in cell growth promotion by increasing the G1-S transition [2]. Moreover, cell cycle factors; cyclins E and D1, that have been found to control the progression of cell cycle, were associated with CRKL over expression [11]. The current results were in line with role of CRKL in controlling cell cycle. The association of CRKL with apoptosis is not previously fully clarified. In the present research, increased CRKL expression decreased cisplatin-associated apoptosis in endometrioid carcinoma cells. It was previously reported that, CRKL caused decreased cleavage of caspase-three and caspase-nine, which suggested that CRKL functions as an apoptosis modifier in cells of endometrioid carcinoma [2]. Moreover, CAI et al. [2] , showed that high CRKL expression in cancer cells could lead to elevation of the levels of Bcl-2 and survivin, both of them have been found to be responsible for inhibition of apoptosis in cells of the endometrial carcinoma [12] [13]. CAI et al. [2] , data support the role of CRKL in controlling malignant cell apoptosis. Our results were in line with results of previous studies that, CRKL are found to be overexpressed in many malignancies and have been found to play essential roles in tumor initiation and progression [14].

Franke et al. [15] , provided another explanation of the role of CRKL in cancer progression through stimulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is responsible for cancer spread and metastases.

Our results identified CRKL as novel prognostic marker in endometrioid carcinoma through several mechanisms but as its role in cancer cell apoptosis in such type of cancer is still not fully clarified we chose another marker; CK, which is related to apoptosis in endometrioid carcinoma and assessed its protein expression.

Protein kinase CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that is distributed in eukaryotic organisms. Several studies have demonstrated the elevated CK2 activity in several malignancies, and changes in the intracellular location with an enhanced nuclear translocation [16]. But its role in endometrioid carcinoma is not well clarified.

We have found that the level of CK2 is correlated with tumor grade, stage, and clinical outcome. This is near results of, Pallares, et al. [16] , in endometrial carcinoma and results of Ma et al. [4] , in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Dys-regulation of CK2 has been found in several cancers [17] [18]. Taken together results of the current study and results of previous studies revealed that, CK2 overexpression is a risk factor of poor patient prognosis for cancers of many organs and it is considered a potential novel cancer therapeutic target. Similarly Ma et al. [4] , proved that CK2 was shown to be overexpressed in malignant ovarian tissue and it plays a role in tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis suggesting its role in cancer progression. Ortega et al. [19] , found that is also overexpressed in ovarian cancer tissues and it was associated with lower patient survival rate.

CK2 is found to be involved in protein kinase networks which are responsible for controlling tumor cell growth, proliferation and suppression of apoptosis. Pallares, et al. [16] , were able to demonstrate for the first time that CK2 is frequently over expressed in endometrial carcinoma and it played an important role in TRAIL- and Fas-induced apoptosis in such malignancy, by regulating FLIP. Pallares, et al. [16] , confirmed their results at the mRNA level by RT-PCR and proved that CK2 expression was associated with increased cell proliferation.

Additionally previous studies proved the requirements for CK2 at various stages of the cell cycle, including G1 phase and the G1/S and G2/M transitions [20] [21]. So CK overexpression is responsible for cancer progression through activation of cell cycle in cancer cells.

The possibility of using targeted therapy against CK was previously studied as Llobet et al. [22] , demonstrated that inhibition of CK2 could sensitize endometrial carcinoma to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. TRAIL has been discovered emerged as a promising antineoplastic agent, so, it was found that pharmacological inhibition of CK2 might be considered an interesting target for combination therapies for endometrial carcinomas, as, CK2 was found to have obvious effects on cancer proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and the cell cycle [23] , additionally, CK2 is proposed to regulate cell transformation and cancer-associated angiogenesis [6]. There are many CK2 inhibitors which are being tested in clinical trials as targeted therapies for cancer [6] [24].

In addition to its roles in cell cycle progression and inhibition of apoptosis in cancer cells, CK can regulate signaling pathways like (Hh), JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and PTEN/PI3K/Akt-PKB. CK2 can activate Wnt signaling by phosphorylating and up-regulating the transcriptional co-factor, β-catenin [1].

The development of specific inhibitors against CK2 for clinical use is now being paralleled by targeted drug delivery methods, e.g. nanocapsules which are targeted to cancer cells [25].

In the current study we found a positive association between both CRKL and CK expression in endometrial carcinoma tissues which both are associated with poor clinicopathological parameters and worse patients survival, and we explained such results that both markers are associated with cell cycle progression and inhibition of apoptosis in such type of cancer which highlighted the possibility of using such markers as targeted therapy in combination with the currently used therapies so as to improve the prognosis of such common cancer.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Kaf, R.M., El-Beshbishi, W., Obaya, A.A., Ahmed, R.Z., Helal, K.F., Ramadan, M.SH., Almoregy, A.S., Heggy, I.A. and Harb, O.A. (2019) CRKL and CK2 β over Expression Are Independent Predictors of Patients Survival in Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 9, 479-493. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2019.94047