AJPS American Journal of Plant Sciences 2158-2742 Scientific Research Publishing 10.4236/ajps.2019.103026 AJPS-90886 Articles Biomedical&Life Sciences Lodging Resistance of Aromatic CMS Line Zhongzhe A and Its Derived Lines Peng Zhang 1 * Kunjun Ouyang 1 Zhengzheng Zhong 1 Yu Gao 1 Zhihua Tong 1 Shuirong Sun 1 Hanhua Tong 1 China National Rice Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Hangzhou, China 28 02 2019 10 03 351 368 18, January 2019 26, February 2019 1, March 2019 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Nineteen rice combinations derived from Zhongzhe A and its derived lines, as well as Y Liangyou 1 as the control, were used to study lodging resistance by detecting plant height and some of the traits of culm and panicle that are related to lodging. The results indicated that the lodging resistance of 16 combinations was significantly stronger than that of Y Liangyou 1. Moreover, the lodging resistances of all combinations derived from Zhongzhe 2A, Zhongzhe 3A, Huazhe A and Zhong 1A were significantly higher than that of Y Liangyou 1. Additionally, the traits related to lodging were not identical within different CMS rice lines, and the relationship between plant height and lodging resistance was only significantly ( P < 0.01) detected in Zhongzhe 2A. Some traits of the second internode were closely related to lodging in all combinations, which can be used as an effective index in lodging resistance breeding in rice.

Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line Derived Lines Lodging Resistance Rice 1. Introduction

Oryza sativa L. is one of the most important food crops in the world, and its yield is directly related to the food security of the country. In recent years, with the widespread application of super rice, cultivation and cultivation methods such as less tillage, no tillage, transplanting seedlings, and direct seeding; and the excessive application of fertilizer, the lodging phenomenon of rice is becoming increasingly widespread. Lodging has become a major obstacle to achieving a high yield of rice. The earlier the lodging is, the greater the impact on yield. The lodging of rice not only causes a decrease in production but also affects the quality of rice, and it is time-consuming to harvest. After the lodging of rice during production, photosynthesis will generally decrease by approximately 60% - 80%, and if the lodging is increased by 2%, the yield will be reduced by 1% [1] [2] .

It is the precondition and the basis for the study of the lodging resistance of rice to establish an objective and scientific evaluation method to accurately identify the traits related to lodging in rice. Many studies have shown that the resistance of rice is closely related to the characteristics of plant height, stalk strength, spike type factor and so on. It is generally believed that the height of the plant is positively correlated with lodging, and reducing plant height is the most effective measure to reduce lodging [3] [4] . However, Zhang et al. [5] found that the height of the plant was not directly related to lodging resistance in a certain range. A study by Shen et al. [6] also found that the higher varieties are not necessarily prone to lodging, and the shorter varieties do not necessarily avoid lodging. Studies on the related characteristics of rice stalk show that the elongation length, the fullness (fresh weight), the stem roughness, the stem wall thickness, the biomass yield and other stem morphological characteristics are closely related to the lodging resistance of the crops [3] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Some scholars have studied the relationship between spike type and lodging by measuring the center of gravity and the bending moment. It is considered that the spike type can affect lodging resistance by bending the force-bend distance and center of gravity, thus increasing the bending distance and the center of gravity, decreasing lodging resistance, and, conversely, increasing the lodging resistance [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Because of the different research materials and methods, there is no consistent evaluation index and method in the study of rice lodging. Zhongzhe A is a high-quality CMS line selected from the Chinese Rice Research Institute [16] . It is equipped with Zhongzheyou 1 and Zhongzheyou 8, with a batch from the Zhongzheyou series; due to its characteristics of good plant type, excellent quality, and high yield, it has been widely used in production [17] . In this paper, the high-quality aromatic CMS line Zhongzhe A and its derivative materials were used as experimental materials; in order to improve the lodging resistance of the series of hybrid rice varieties, the hybrid rice variety Y Liangyou 1, with the largest area of production promotion in recent years, was used as a control to further the research on the lodging resistance of the combination of the Zhongzheyou series and provide references for the cultivation of lodging-resistant varieties.

2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials

The research material originates from the group of 6 CMS lines from Zhongzhe A and its derivative lines, which are composed of 19 parts, including Zhongzheyou 1, Zhongzheyou 8 and Zhongzheyou 10, which were hybridized from Zhongzhe A and registered by crop variety approval committee of many provinces in China. The hybrid rice variety Y Liangyou 1, with the largest area in the country in recent years, has been used as a control (Table 1). A total of 20 rice materials

Plant height and panicle characters of rice combinations in the stud
Combinations Plant height (cm) Grain number per panicle Panicle length (cm) Grain density Fresh weight of panicle (g)
CK 122.85 ± 3.04 252.30 ± 42.76 32.23 ± 2.01 7.80 ± 0.98 6.77 ± 1.09
1 123.04 ± 2.85 309.60 ± 28.07a 28.90 ± 0.80 10.70 ± 0.76 7.63 ± 0.72
2 119.16 ± 2.70a 264.90 ± 35.52 29.85 ± 1.50 8.80 ± 0.87 5.84 ± 0.68
3 124.26 ± 3.56 298.50 ± 61.44b 29.64 ± 1.88 10.02 ± 1.70 6.67 ± 1.41
4 116.44 ± 6.85a 239.90 ± 31.47 30.62 ± 2.11b 7.82 ± 0.67 6.06 ± 0.86
5 127.10 ± 4.99a 223.40 ± 33.28 28.11 ± 1.06a 7.92 ± 0.92 5.79 ± 0.87
6 128.84 ± 5.84a 253.10 ± 29.75 29.72 ± 1.23 8.51 ± 0.89 6.18 ± 1.22
7 110.11 ± 5.61a 346.50 ± 72.66b 29.10 ± 1.90b 11.88 ± 2.24a 5.36 ± 1.10a
8 118.59 ± 3.39a 345.00 ± 37.60b 30.61 ± 1.19 11.26 ± 0.98a 7.38 ± 0.89
9 111.93 ± 2.61a 285.70 ± 40.58 25.40 ± 1.10a 11.22 ± 1.33a 5.16 ± 0.73a
10 107.60 ± 2.70a 289.50 ± 43.27 28.27 ± 1.18a 10.23 ± 1.36 5.72 ± 0.92b
11 119.39 ± 3.72a 290.70 ± 39.31 27.42 ± 1.06a 10.59 ± 1.33 6.86 ± 0.62
12 110.82 ± 2.45a 310.30 ± 40.35b 28.42 ± 1.10b 10.91 ± 1.35b 6.75 ± 1.22
13 114.41 ± 2.60a 338.60 ± 25.97a 26.99 ± 1.16a 12.55 ± 0.92a 7.86 ± 0.90b
14 120.35 ± 3.59b 263.00 ± 43.94 27.97 ± 1.33a 9.40 ± 1.48 6.25 ± 1.22
15 126.39 ± 2.55a 293.90 ± 34.89b 26.66 ± 1.20a 11.02 ± 1.17a 6.72 ± 0.65
16 123.45 ± 3.65 288.10 ± 39.32 28.60 ± 1.61a 10.07 ± 1.21 6.21 ± 0.62
17 120.62 ± 2.76b 262.30 ± 33.18 28.28 ± 3.25a 9.39 ± 1.59 5.87 ± 0.69
18 116.75 ± 3.04a 279.50 ± 42.15 29.84 ± 1.98 9.33 ± 0.93 6.34 ± 0.98
19 116.11 ± 3.96a 251.10 ± 52.39 30.29 ± 2.03 8.23 ± 1.31 5.79 ± 1.15b

Note: CK, Y liangyou 1; 1, Zhongzhe A/TP15; 2, Zhongzhe A/TP37; 3, Zhongzhe A/TP49; 4, Zhongzheyou 1; 5, Zhongzheyou 8; 6, Zhongzheyou 10; 7, Zhongzhe 2A/TP7; 8, Zhongzhe 2A/TP36; 9, Zhongzhe 2A/TP37; 10, Zhongzhe 2A/TP66; 11, Zhongzhe 3A/TP49; 12, Zhongzhe 8A/TP18; 13, Zhongzhe 8A/TP37; 14, Zhongzhe 8A/TP40; 15, Zhongzhe 16A/TP15; 16, Zhongzhe 16A/TP37; 17, Zhong 1A/TP15; 18, Zhong 1A/TP18; 19, Zhong 1A/TP37. a, b indicates 0.01 and 0.05 significant, respectively. The same as the following.

were planted in the summer of 2016 in farm of China Rice Research Institute, Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, (30.07˚N; 119.95˚E). The farm is located where the area is characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate with mean temperatures of 24.3˚C, ranging from 16˚C in May to 38˚C in August, with approximately 80% falling between May and September. The soil in this farm is a ferric-accumulic, stagnic anthrosol. Plants were sown on May 25 and transplanted once on June 20, and seedlings were collected at 25 d. The planting area of each material was 33.4 M2, and the planting density was 23.1 cm *26.4 cm; planting was repeated twice. Due to the differences in the growth periods of different materials, the sampling time in the field was 21 to 28 days after panicle.

2.2. Experimental Methods

The characters of 20 test materials, including plant height, stem correlative characters and spike type factor, were investigated. Each material randomly included 10 strains. As the difference between two replications was not significant, the average value of 20 measurements of each trait was taken for statistical analysis. The specific measurement method is as follows:

1) Height (cm): the distance from the ground to the highest point of the plant (excluding awn);

2) of each segment (cm): from the first section of the plant above ground, the length of 4 internodes of the stem at the rice plant above ground;

3) Fresh quality from the base to top of each internode (g): weight of the fresh mass from the base of each section to the top of the ear;

4) Dry quality of each section (g): the dry weight from 4 sections to be included in the oven, after filming at 105˚C for 30 min, baking at 80˚C for 12 h;

5) Flexural strength of each section (N): fixed ends of each section hook at the middle of the stem with a weight weighed just after the stem breaks and multiplied by 9.8 N/kg;

6) Outside diameter of each section (cm): the external diameter of each section measured with a digital display Vernier caliper, and the standard unified to measure the external diameter at 2 cm from the base of the distance section. The calculation formula was (the outer diameter at the roughest part + the outer diameter at the smallest part)/2.

7) Spike length (cm): the length of the spike stem node to the top of the spike (not including the awn) measured with a ruler;

8) Fresh ear weight (g): weight of the fresh weight of each ear;

9) Number of grains per panicle: the number of grains per panicle;

10) Grain density: ratio of the number of grains per panicle to the length of panicle;

11) The bending moment: the length from the base of the node to the top of the ear × the fresh mass from the base of the joint to the top of the spike × 9.8.

 2.3. Calculation and Evaluation of Lodging Index

Lodging index = bending moment/resistance × 100%. The greater the lodging index is, the easier the stalks fall down, and lodging index 200 is the critical value for lodging resistance [3] [18] .

2.4. Analytical Statistical Methods

The correlation analysis and single factor variance analysis (Duncan multiple comparison) of rice lodging-related traits were performed by SPSS 18.0 statistical analysis software. Origin 7.5 analysis software was used.

 3 Results 3.1. Plant Height and Spike Character of the Test Materials

The height of the 19 test materials ranged from 110 - 130 cm, and that of the control Y Liangyou 1 was 122.8 cm. Among them, the combinations of Zhongzhe A and Huazhe A were relatively high (above 120 cm), and the plant heights of combinations of Zhongzhe 2A and Zhongzhe 8A were relatively short (below 120 cm) (Table 1).

The number of grains per panicle for the 19 test materials was between 223.40 - 346.50. Among them, the combinations of Zhongzhe 2A and Huazhe A were more than 280, which was higher than the control Y Liangyou 1 (252.30), and the grain density ranged from 10.23 to 12.55, which was higher than that of the control Y Liangyou 1 (Table 1).

The fresh panicle weight of the control Y Liangyou 1 was 6.77 g, while in 19 test materials, the fresh weight per panicle (7.86 g) of Zhongzhe 8A/TP37 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control Y Liangyou 1. The fresh panicle weights of Zhongzhe 2A/TP7, Zhongzhe 2A/TP37, Zhongzhe 2A/TP66 and Zhong 1A/TP37 were significantly lower than that of the control Y Liangyou 1, while the remaining 14 were not significantly different between the fresh panicle weight and the control Y Liangyou 1 (Table 1).

3.2. Characteristics of the Main Stems of the Test Material

Among the 19 test materials, the lengths of the 1st and 2nd sections were shorter than in the comparison of Y Liangyou 1 (11.01 cm and 19.16 cm), of which the longest among the 1st section was Zhong 1A/TP15 (10.75 cm), the shortest was Zhongzhe 2A/TP66 (7.37 cm), and the longest was between the 2nd section of Zhongzhe A/TP37 (15.44 cm) and the shortest for Zhongzhe 2A/TP37 (9.08 cm). The longest lengths between the 3rd and 4th sections were Huazhe A/TP37 and Zhongzheyou 8, respectively, and the shortest were Zhongzhe 2A/TP37 and Zhongzhe 8A/TP18 (Table 2).

The outer diameter of the first section of Zhongzhe 2A/TP66 was the same as that of the control Y Liangyou 1, both of which were 0.74 cm. The outer diameter of the first section of the other 18 materials was thicker than the control, and the thickest one was Zhongzhe 3A/TP49., which reached 1.02 cm, very significantly different from the control (P < 0.01). In addition to the 2nd section of Zhongzheyou 1, the outside diameter is finer than the control, as well as the 2nd-section OD and control of Zhongzhe A/TP37 and Zhongzhe 2A/TP7. The other materials were thicker than those in the 2nd section, of which the thickest was Zhongzhe 3A/TP49, which reached 0.85 cm, and the control Y Liangyou 1 was only 0.66 cm, with a significant difference compared to the control (P < 0.01). The coarsest outer diameters of sections 3 and 4 were Zhongzhe 3A/TP49, and the shortest was Zhongzheyou 1 (Table 2).

Among the 19 tested materials, except for the dry weight of the first section, Zhongzheyou 8 was lower than that of the control Y Liangyou 1, and the dry weight of the first section of the other 18 materials was higher than that of the control, among which Zhongzhe 8A/TP37 was the highest, reaching 0.58 g, which was extremely significant compared with the control (P < 0.01). The highest dry matter weight in sections 2 and 3 was Zhongzhe 2A/TP37, which was significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.01). The highest dry matter weight in section 4 was Zhongzhe 8A/TP37, which was significantly higher than

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