The mosque-Kutab & Sabil of Hasan Pasha Tahir belonged to Ottoman period. It was built in 1809 ad-1224 h by Hasan pasha Tahir and his brother Abdin Bey Tahir in Sayyida Zaynab. The complexes take No. 210, located in the banks of Birkat al-Fil (elephant pond¹), Port Said Street, Cairo.

Architecture elements of Sabil and Kuttab

The main façade it is characterized by the main entrance, which contains two mastapa and a three-pronged orthodontic arc. The entrance is topped by a marble lintel carved with the foundation text of the mosque. The facade was deformed by the earthquake. It is characterized by excessive ornamentation. It represents a model of the beauty and development of the beautiful stone decoration in the Ayyubid and Mamluk buildings.

Window of Sabil is a local Style with one window, and a marble slab and window consist of metal sticks; behind its wooden veil, the top consists of Nested Stones its button above a stone bar by floral and geometric and identifies all by hexagonal style Gavetto. The wooden ceiling is decorated with the Ottoman decorations in a floral plantation of fruit plants. The decoration is made of oil paints. The floor is carefully decorated with marble tiles and behind sabil window there the Water basin made of one piece from marble (Figure 1(a), Figure 1(b)).

Kuttab: It in above of Sabil and lake on out by tow windows in form ring horse arches style, based on wall from sides and on marble column in the middle and this windows filled by either italic Maymouni and wooden work with white glass.

Decorated structure: This façade is characterized by over-ornate decoration, where a huge collection of vegetal and geometric motifs was dug in the stone, which meticulously digs into the mind the beauty and beauty of the stone motifs in which the Ayyubid and Mamluk buildings were decorated (Figure 2(a)-(c)).

Bearing walls construction: The facade was constructed with limestone bearing

walls. This system is based on the continuity of the walls to ensure the regular distribution of the loads. Therefore, we notice that the openings are not increased by one third of the length of the wall in the horizontal plan. In addition, the thickness is gradually increased in the lower floors and strip foundations. In the direction of the forces―horizontally and vertically―that is, bending resistance, for example, of a horizontal beam is different from the bending resistance of a vertical beam, which is the result of the nature of the walls and that it is executed in the form of horizontal pillars overlapping in the horizontal direction and not overlapping in the vertical direction, such as wood, for example, as their properties change towards the natural fibers of wood.

Ceiling construction techniques: Ceiling as part of the decorations of this architectural Complex has some diversity in the context of the decoration and construction techniques. The construction and decoration techniques differ according to the wealth of the owner, talent of the craftsman and the function of the Complex. These factors affected the ceiling type of the complex; wood is the intended coverage of the flat or slanted surfaces of the ceiling; different sectors of the veins with 11 dimensions 10 × 10 cm to wooden beams sectors of 30 × 30 cm were used. Wooden beams (Baratim) Wooden blocks extending between the sides of the building have several labels such as squares and Almarbu’at, they are called “tide” (Figure 3). The Baratim settle on the stone walls, while the rest of the walls are built above the Baratim. Thus appear as if buried in the walls for the installation, these are placed at equal distances due to the number and size of the area needed to be covered, by the course of time, the Bartom consists either of a hull of a squared sector (with perpendicular angles) and sometimes rinsed edges in the central region or the body of a squared sector towards the wall and a semi-circular sector from the bottom in the middle, and convert from the square to the semi-circular work by stalactites (to convert the square to the circular). The confined spaces between each other either cover the decorated panels and demonstrate the highest in the unseen parts, the carpenter fix in the space between each Brtom perpendicular opposite beams to comprise the shallow grooves divided into regions of Marbu’at and crocodiles and fastens in the top of the Baratim and beams consisting of pallets and crocodiles by thin wooden boards

bearing the decorative elements and there on the square (right-angled) from both sides of it an installed wooden decoration which is known to the workmen as the sole and extends by a tongue between the stalactites that helps in protecting the bottom of both sides of the Baratim from the effects of air on the decorations or it may be an installed one on the Baratim angles for a decorative purpose, on both sides of it there are wooden ornaments called “the swimmer”, proving the hull sides of it In addition to the decorative form, it works to fill any holes between the Baratim and wooden pallets and crocodiles (Figure 4).

Complementary elements of wooden ceilings

1) Hernaúa: Known to the workmen by that name, which is a rectangular piece of wood placed between each two Brtom when, and fixed with nails, it hides behind the walls and the rest of it which is uncoated, and maintains the distance confined between the wood beams and the others.

2) Alqtronah: Which is fixed to the bottom of wooden planks with nails, and to be perpendicular to the wall to hide the Baratim overlap in the wall, and be a liaison between the wood beams, the Izar and Hernaúaat.

Several weathering forms were identified and recorded at the façade of the Sabil & Kuttab of Hassan Taher Pasha. The foundations were hidden below the layers of fill and indicate the poor condition of the general tendency of the structural elements starting from the base, indicating the positional crushing of the foundations and lower pillars. Partial collapse and serious tendencies in arches and vertical elements such as walls and columns in the facade were clearly noticed, mainly due to the dynamic factors (earthquake) which occurred on October 1992. The bearing walls under the influence of the wheel of vibration and horizontal pressures due to earthquakes send a range of wave shocks and have a mechanical effect on the strength of structural elements, causing partial and totally collapse because the building under the pressure of a sharp vibration wheel led to that each structural element takes an independent behavior according to its properties (Figure 5) [1] . Seismic performance is affected to any premises with two main factors soil properties that it is building, and earthquake waves depending on soil type and shape layers and their characteristics in terms of solidity and coherence, as well as seismic performance is affected by the properties

of the building itself, whether the underground or the tip above in terms of guiding a projected interfaces and type of construction in the building [2] . Tendencies and incline the marble column and fall off area of gravity and move the wooden pillow top of the crown. Many vertical, diagonal cracks in the walls as shown in which led to dangerous deterioration in the architectural elements like arches, gifts and threshold more cracks were found at top of the façade. The cracks at top of facade and at the end of facade are indicating to continuous wave movements. Vertical cracks generally indicate poorly bonded material that has, vertical cracks generally indicate to poorly bonded material that has lost its cohesion and is therefore weak. Black crust and soiling were coated the surfaces of Sebil and Kutab building materials resulting from atmospheric pollution from the center of Cairo (Figure 6). The main of stone deterioration of the façade results from combination of raised groundwater level and the capillary transport of salt laden water due to the actual level of humidity and its continuous mechanism. The pressure of salt crystallization enhances the growth and development of micro and macro fractures and consequently leads to granular disintegration, scales, spalling, flaking prevail inside and breaks up stone surface and also decrease the overall strength of the stone especially in the lower parts of the walls [3] .

Several weathering forms were identified and recorded at the celling of the Sabil & Kuttab of Hassan Taher Pasha:

- Bending in the wooden beams and receding in the riding area on the walls (Figure 7).

- No Wooden Pillow bottom of beams which led to bad in distribution of loads in the headrest’s areas.

- The wood ceiling and its decorative paintings on the Sabil and Kuttab were in a very bad condition, which created by a combination of organic and inorganic materials. It had several different deterioration marks, as; warps, twists and irregular shape dry wood used in the ceilings, to shift mostly to curly plates wrapped wooden beams as a result of changes in temperatures and humidity daily, seasonally and annually, which lead to the separation of wood panels that carry layers of color, which lost large parts of them.

- Spread of cracks and deep cracks between wooden panels: that comprises the ceilings as well as the proliferation of these cracks in colorful layers above those panels.

- Colored material used in decoration had an occurred chromatic as color shift phenomenon of change as a result of chemical degradation resulting from the impact of heat and humidity and air pollution and the material became darker and lost its originality and beauty.

- The ceiling had been damaged and loss of many architectural elements as a result of biological attack.

- In addition to insects attack ceilings and caused tearing wood fiber with microorganisms and turned large parts of that to weak soft wood.

- All of this type of physical damage has had a direct impact in the collapse of these ceilings, especially with the continuous movement and collapse of the walls carrying them. All deterioration aspects shown in (Figure 8, Figure 9).

The decorative motifs of wooden ceiling wear applied as follows: the wood panels were covered with ground layer and painted with paint layer with pigments.

■ Decomposition of wooden ceilings

- The different elements of the ceilings were deconstructed as one unit with carful and assembled according to the technical specifications, after recording their sectors and the structural system for them on drawings with a suitable scale to restore the object to its original after restoration and reinforcement.

- Make a layer of foam panels on top of the decorated ceiling.

- Installation of wooden beams (8 × 6) inch down and top of the ceiling perpendicular to the direction of the ceiling sections and are connected by Stainless nails.

■ Reconstruction of wood ceiling

- The flat ceilings consist of a group of wood beams based on the walls according to the distance between the walls and then come a vertical layer of wood panels (Figure 19).

- In the reconstruction, wooden beams added on the walls so that they can distribute loads along the wall (Figure 20).

- Construction filling layers and the necessary tendencies for water drainage.

■ Cleaning

- Mechanical cleaning: This method is implemented by using multiple types of Brushes with soft hairs to remove dust and use medical and metal scalpels edges to remove salts and dust layered roofs colored glue. It was also using electrical appliances that push or pull to dust and damage output. And these stages must be done very carefully so as not to cause damage to photographic layers.

- Chemical cleaning: This method relies on using different detergents and organic solvents special if mechanical cleaning methods have not succeeded in removing some of the outputs of the damage. Since organic solvents used to remove products of organic damage like drops of grease, fats and oils and residues of bird and microorganism, the following organic solvents has good success in removing this damaged outputs, Tetralene, Ethyl alcohol mixed with acetone and neutral Soap. We do not use water in clean-up operations for the previous test results proved that the colored material used in this ceiling is influenced by water as it mixed with animal glue substance.

■ Treatment of wooden ceilings from remnants of biological outputs

- Possible test many deadly pesticides to microorganisms and insects or limiting their activity over a long period of time. Experience has shown that pesticide which consists of penta sodium chlorophenol came good results in reducing the severity of insect insects such as termites and fungi timber pesticide in acetone was used in concentrations ranging between 30% and 40% wood panels were sprayed and colored layers that Consist Of this ceiling in this solution.

■ Filling gaps

- Either the spending gaps in the ceiling were filled with a paste consisting of fine powder of wood material mixed with Paraloid B.72 dissolved in acetone by concentration of 10% as a proportion of the pesticides were added and last entomological innate components of this Putty (Figure 21).

■ Consolidation

- Microscopic analysis results showed that most of the wood panels and the overlying colored layers in a severe case of weakness and incoherence. To strengthen these panels and those layers chemically using modern chemical polymers that are suitable for such cases has been tested many polymers such as polymerized vinyl acetate, caltone and area gal all which were Acrylic polymers, but they did not give good results (Figure 22).

- So, we turned to the use of Paraloid B.72 is a Poly-methyl methacrylate acrylic material which gave good results in treatment where the melting Polymer in acetone and get a homogeneous solution concentration 3% used a spray Spraying several times to colored layers as well as wood panels that consist of the Ceilings.

- Experience has shown that this Polymer resists the effects of heat and humidity and does not change color over time has proven that microorganisms can devour thin protective made this colorful substrates and wood panels prior to that was a former exterminator for limiting the gravity of these objects to this solution during treatment.

The dismantling and reconstruction operations were an exceptional solution to the extreme necessity, especially with the structural and architectural deterioration due to the various soil problems on which the building was built. Therefore, all measures and precautions were taken to ensure that the components that were decomposed according to their Original location. The Reconstruction process was carried out as follows.

■ Disassembly & reassembly

- Conduct an integrated and scientific study to determine the current status of the interface elements.

- The numbering system for each piece is determined exactly the exact position and sign this numbering on drawings, and the classification tables for the numbered pieces were made (Figure 23).

- The monitoring work was carried out by a surveying system to determine the directions and to monitor the elevations necessary to ensure that the pieces were reconstructed in their original positions and directions.

- Determine the relationships between the numbered pieces and recording on drawing works to ensure the reconstruction process [4] .

- The disassembled Pieces were placed in prepared area in a logical sequence to facilitate the re-sorting and assembly with the appropriate environmental suitability to provide appropriate weather conditions.

■ Dismantling the column of the upper Kuttab

- Protection around the perimeter of the column.

- Before the disassembly of the column, the field monitoring work was carried out by total station.

- The column, base and crown were wrapped with polyethylene and assembled on site in wooden boxes designed for this purpose.

■ Dismantling the arch of the upper Kuttab

- Prepare casting and negatives for formation elements.

- Numbering system for arch elements as stones and key stone.

- Placed dissembled pieces according to the logical order of the construction units of the arch.

■ Reconstruction of main façade

- Construction begins to reverse disassembly work from bottom to top of the last recorded number on sheets of registration (Figure 24).

- Reconstruction using the same quality mortar and same recorded dimensions on registration sheets.

- The internal filler consist of breaking new stone free of salts according to the original mixtures or those selected after testing.

■ The column are the elements that carry the forces resulting from the ceilings and arch in building Sabil & Kuttab when reconstructing, the balance of these columns must be adjusted based on monitoring system by the total station. Considering the central pressure forces are the main loads applied to these columns so as to ensure that stress stresses are among the permissible values for carrying buildings, also the wooden pillow was replaced which are usually a middle stage between the leg of arch and crown of column for the importance of its structural role in the reduction of loads and absorption of vibrations (Figure 25).

■ The arch is the ceiling-mounted element that is distributed to the load from the ceiling on columns and side bearing walls to reach the bearing soil. Depending on the shape of the arch in resistance to pressure stresses generated by the horizontal ceiling loads applied to the arch, supporting the end of arches to provide stability and horizontal push resistance. Because the crown was separated from the shaft cylinder, an iron-beam was attached between the end of the upper column and the crown, to making the largest points to resist horizontal forces.

■ A final finishes and repointing using soft mortar according to original chemical composition and enhanced in its properties as shown in Table 3.