The vulnerability evaluation index system of Tianjin urban economic system was established; entropy method was used to determine the weight of each evaluation index. Then, the vulnerability of Tianjin urban economic system was measured from the perspectives of economy sensitivity and resilience using set pair analysis method. Studies show that during 2000-2014, the sensitivity of the Tianjin urban economic system to cope with adverse disturbance, showing upward fluctuation, while the resilience showed a trend of rising. Generally, the vulnerability of Tianjin urban economic system is rising frequently and slowly.
Timmerman P. first proposed the concept of vulnerability in 1981. Vulnerability refers to the ability of system or system components to bear and restore risk events, and it is used in the field of natural science [
Summary on these articles about economic vulnerability mainly focuses on the tourism economic vulnerability [
Tianjin is located in the center of the Bohai coastal region in China, and only 120 km away from the capital city. The area of Tianjin is 11.9 thousand square kilometers, and the resident population is 10.1 million. Tianjin is the largest port city in North China as well as one of the earliest eastern coastal port cities in China. Early, Tianjin is the national business development center, even is at the core position in the economic development of Asia. After the liberation of China, Tianjin gradually fades out of the stage of economic development. In the past 10 years, the central government puts forward “the collaborative development of Beijing Tianjin Hebei”, “Bohai coastal region economic circle” and other major strategies, which make the economic development of Tianjin meet a new opportunity. This paper takes Tianjin economy as the example, on the basic of economic vulnerability theory, using entropy method to analyze the economic vulnerability, sensitivity and resilience from 2000 to 2014, and further discusses the factors that cause Tianjin economic vulnerability increase slowly.
Urban economic vulnerability is a comprehensive attribute of a variety of economic indicators of a city, including two aspects of sensitivity and resilience. Sensitivity refers to the ability to withstand destruction when the economic system suffers the internal disorder and external shocks, the weaker the sensitivity is, and the less vulnerable the economic system is. Resilience refers to the ability to quickly adjust the economic system from crisis to security and stability, the stronger the resilience is, the stronger the self maintenance ability of the economic system is, and it can recover quickly from the adverse influence. The interaction of economic sensitivity and resilience jointly determine the economic vulnerability. When the economic vulnerability is large, the ability of the economy to withstand all kinds of crisis destruction is worse, and the speed of economy returns to steady state is slower, the whole economic system is in a unsafe state, whereas the economic system is more secure.
Economy sensitivity and resilience are multiple structural variables, which contain very complex economic environmental factors. In order to comprehensively reflect the degree of Tianjin economic vulnerability, this paper combines with the actual situation of Tianjin’s social economy, finance and energy development, and with reference to the vulnerability index selection method from Yang Aiting and Wujian [
The column 4 of
| Norm | Index | Meaning and nature of index |
|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity (+) | S1 Unemployment registration rate in cities and towns | Reflecting the impact of unemployment on urban economy (+) |
| S2 first industry/GDP (%) | The proportion of agriculture is too large, indicating that the economy is vulnerable to natural climate factors (+) | |
| S3 Per capita disposable income growth rate/per capita GDP growth rate | Reflecting the growth of economic growth on income growth, the lower the residents, the less share the benefits of economic growth (−) | |
| S4 consumption rate (%) | Reflecting the state of consumption, consumption and investment (−) | |
| S5 Financial deficits/GDP (%) | Reflecting the government’s financial risks and operational capacity (+) | |
| S6 Degree of dependence on foreign trade (%) | Reflecting the imbalance between domestic demand and external demand (+) | |
| S7 bank credit/GDP (%) | Reflecting the risks of credit to economic fluctuations (+) | |
| S8 Energy consumption per unit GDP (ton standard coal/10,000 yuan) | Reflecting the energy saving and consumption reduction in energy consumption (+) | |
| S9 Total amount of industrial wastewater discharge (10,000 tons) | Reflecting the negative impact of industrialization on the environment (+) | |
| Resilience (−) | R1 Per capita GDP (yuan) | Reflecting the macroeconomic basis of resilience ability of economic system (+) |
| R2 Proportion of urban population (%) | Reflecting the level of urbanization development (+) | |
| R3 Actual utilization of foreign investment/GDP (%) | Reflecting on the contribution of foreign capital utilization to economic growth (+) | |
| R4 Per capita investment in fixed assets (yuan) | Reflecting the level of investment per capita (+) | |
| R5 R & D expenditure/GDP (%) | Reflecting the level of science and technology and the power of economic development in the future | |
| R6 Proportion of employees in third industry (%) | Reflecting the socialization degree of production and the level of market economic development (+) | |
| R7 Fiscal expenditure/revenue (%) | Reflecting the self satisfaction ability of local government financial expenditure (−) | |
| R8 Loan-to-deposit ratio | Reflecting the bank’s ability to cope with liquidity shocks and matching ability of loan and deposit (−) | |
| R9 Urban sewage discharge rate | Reflecting the city sewage treatment situation (+) | |
| R10 Standard rate of industrial wastewater discharge (%) | Reflecting the effectiveness of pollution control (+) |
is, the greater the economy sensitivity is, the weaker the ability of the economic system to withstand destruction is; if sensitivity index is (−), it means that the smaller index value is, the smaller the economy sensitivity is, the stronger the ability of the economic system to withstand destruction is. As for resilience, if resilience index is (+), it means that the greater index value is, the stronger the economy resilience is, the stronger coping ability of the economy is, and so on.
All the original data in
Due to the different influence on economic vulnerability, it is necessary to assign weight to each evaluation index, in order to reflect the true extent of the economic vulnerability. This paper uses entropy method to determine the weight of each evaluation index in order to make the weight calculation objective. The main calculation steps are as follows [
Step 1: standardization of data
Because the quantities and dimensions of each index are different, it is necessary to standardize the data. When the index is greater and more favorable to evaluate the high level target, the positive index calculation method is adopted. The formula is (1).
X ′ i p = X i p − min { X p } max { X p } − min { X P } (1)
When the index is smaller and more favorable to evaluate the high level target, the negative index calculation method is adopted.
X ′ i p = max { X p } − X i p max { X p } − min { X P } (2)
Step 2: calculate the proportion of index value of item p in the i year. The expression is (3):
Y i p = X ′ i p ∑ i = 1 m X ′ i p (3)
Step 3: calculate the information entropy of item p. The expression is (4):
e p = − ( ln m ) − 1 ∑ i = 1 m ( Y i p × ln Y i p ) , ( 0 ≤ e p ≤ 1 ) (4)
Step 4: calculate the weight of item p. The expression is (4):
w p = ( 1 − e p ) ∑ p = 1 n ( 1 − e p ) (5)
In the formula, Xip denotes the evaluation index value of item p in the i year; max {Xp} and min {Xp} are the maximum and minimum values of the evaluation index in all years, m is the number of evaluation years, and n is the number of index.
According to the above entropy method, the economy sensitivity and resilience index are brought into the formula to calculate. The weight value of Tianjin economic vulnerability evaluation index is obtained in
Economic system is a complex system with multi variable interaction, and the economic development has typical uncertainty characteristics, so this paper introduce set pair analysis method (SPA) to analyze economic vulnerability evaluation, in order to estimate the development trend of Tianjin economic vulnerability in 2000-2014. The core idea of SPA is to analyze the certain and uncertain factors in set pairs, connecting set E and set U as a set H, Under specific circumstance Q, according to a set of characteristics, separating the certainty into the “same” and “opposites”, calling the uncertainty as “difference”, in order to establish a connection formula to analyze the object and system from same, opposite and different aspects. Therefore, the set pair analysis is mainly to analyze the characteristics of the set H, so as to get the property N, among which has S is set E and set U in common, P is opposite, F = N − S − P S is uncertain. The connection degree of two sets μ is [
μ = S N + F N i + P N j = a + b i + c j (6)
In the formula (6), a, b, c respectively refer to same degree, difference degree and opposite degree of set E and set U under circumstance Q. i and j are the marks and coefficients of difference degree and opposite degree. The value of J is −1, and the value range of i is [−1,1]. a, b, c characterize the connection of two sets from different aspects. By comparing them, the connection degree of the set can be preliminarily analyzed.
According to the specific analysis, the corresponding evaluation index in Tianjin economic system are determined as set E, the evaluation criteria are determined as set U, U and E are combined as set H {E, U}, set U and set E exist a certain and uncertain relationship among “same”, “different” or “opposite”. Therefore, the vulnerability evaluation of Tianjin urban economic system can be seen as the process of comparative analysis between set U and set E.
Specifically, the vulnerability of Tianjin urban economic system is Q = { E , G , W , D } , and the evaluation scheme E = { e 1 , e 2 , ⋯ , E m } , each evaluation scheme has n index G = { g 1 , g 2 , ⋯ , g n } , the index weight = { ω 1 , ω 2 , ⋯ , ω n } ,
| Sensitivity index | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weights | 0.026 | 0.141 | 0.279 | 0.063 | 0.073 | 0.129 | 0.097 | 0.106 | 0.083 | |
| Resilience index | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 |
| Weights | 0.151 | 0.081 | 0.075 | 0.194 | 0.065 | 0.085 | 0.135 | 0.069 | 0.104 | 0.041 |
the evaluation index value is marked as dkp ( k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , m ; p = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ), the evaluation matrix of Q is:
D = | d 11 d 12 ⋯ d 1 n d 21 d 22 ⋯ d 2 n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ d m 1 d m 2 ⋯ d m n | (7)
We compare the worst evaluation index and the best evaluation index in each scheme in the same space, in order to form the optimal scheme set U = { u 1 , u 2 , ⋯ , u n } and worst scheme set V = { v 1 , v 2 , ⋯ , v n } , according to set {vp, up}, the same degree and opposite degree ckp of dkp in evaluation matrix D are as follows:
When dkp has a positive effect on the evaluation results:
{ a k p = d k p u p + v p c k p = u p v p d k p ( u p + v p ) (8)
When dkp has a negative effect on the evaluation results:
{ a k p = u p v p d k p ( u p + v p ) c k p = d k p u p + v p (9)
The connection degree μ of set pair {Ek, U} in [U, V] is:
{ μ ( E , U ) = a k + b k i + c k j a k = ∑ w p a k p c k = ∑ w p c k p (10)
The closeness degree rk of scheme Ek and the optimal scheme is:
r k = a k a k + c k (11)
rk index reflects the association between the scheme Ek and the optimal scheme set, and the larger rk is, the closer the evaluated object is to the evaluation criteria. The vulnerability degree of Tianjin urban economic system can be analyzed according to rk. The greater the index is, the more fragile Tianjin urban economic system is, contrarily, the more robust Tianjin urban economic system is.
According to theory of set pair analysis method, we introduce the value of vulnerability index of Tianjin urban economic system from 2000 to 2014 to the corresponding formula, and the results are shown in
| Years | Sensitivity index | Resilience index | Vulnerability index | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | c | r | a | c | r | a | c | r | |
| 2000 | 0.456 | 0.635 | 0.418 | 0.361 | 0.583 | 0.382 | 0.558 | 0.635 | 0.468 |
| 2001 | 0.486 | 0.571 | 0.459 | 0.374 | 0.543 | 0.408 | 0.559 | 0.593 | 0.485 |
| 2002 | 0.505 | 0.544 | 0.481 | 0.376 | 0.523 | 0.419 | 0.565 | 0.571 | 0.497 |
| 2003 | 0.655 | 0.464 | 0.585 | 0.360 | 0.513 | 0.412 | 0.664 | 0.502 | 0.512 |
| 2004 | 0.561 | 0.475 | 0.541 | 0.402 | 0.455 | 0.469 | 0.566 | 0.505 | 0.528 |
| 2005 | 0.475 | 0.632 | 0.429 | 0.422 | 0.427 | 0.497 | 0.514 | 0.534 | 0.490 |
| 2006 | 0.573 | 0.455 | 0.557 | 0.447 | 0.408 | 0.523 | 0.538 | 0.473 | 0.532 |
| 2007 | 0.563 | 0.456 | 0.552 | 0.483 | 0.388 | 0.554 | 0.512 | 0.467 | 0.523 |
| 2008 | 0.549 | 0.477 | 0.535 | 0.547 | 0.352 | 0.608 | 0.474 | 0.453 | 0.512 |
| 2009 | 0.719 | 0.364 | 0.664 | 0.577 | 0.329 | 0.637 | 0.534 | 0.379 | 0.585 |
| 2010 | 0.711 | 0.354 | 0.667 | 0.608 | 0.321 | 0.655 | 0.519 | 0.377 | 0.579 |
| 2011 | 0.689 | 0.368 | 0.651 | 0.667 | 0.330 | 0.675 | 0.490 | 0.389 | 0.558 |
| 2012 | 0.6078 | 0.452 | 0.573 | 0.711 | 0.315 | 0.693 | 0.444 | 0.407 | 0.521 |
| 2013 | 0.608 | 0.438 | 0.581 | 0.749 | 0.309 | 0.708 | 0.434 | 0.404 | 0.518 |
| 2014 | 0.649 | 0.403 | 0.617 | 0.793 | 0.304 | 0.723 | 0.442 | 0.386 | 0.534 |
According to
Seen from the above
The sensitivity of Tianjin economic system shows a large fluctuation trend, there are two big peaks: one is the economic sensitivity index from 0.585 in 2003 to 0.528 in 2004; the other is the sensitivity index from 0.535 in 2008 to 0.637 in 2010. As we all know, the two periods are special in the process of economic development, SARS nationwide broke out in 2003, although SARS can’t affect the
manufacturing industry, the service of tourism, transportation, catering and other industries was affected, which causes that the consumption in Tianjin greatly reduced; in addition, SARS also caused some impact on Tianjin import and export trade. 2008 is a more special period that the international financial crisis broke out, leading to rapid decline of export trade in Tianjin, the import and export of foreign trade turned into deficit, and the main export market demand also decreased significantly, the exports of state-owned and private enterprises are deeply affected; after the outbreak of the financial crisis, Tianjin foreign direct investment profits decreased rapidly, profit transfer increased, which has a wide influence on real economy, industrial development and technological progress in Tianjin. The outbreak and spread of the financial crisis had heavy influence of industry in Tianjin, especially ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry, electricity, heat production and supply industry, petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing, plastic products industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the port service industry, etc. All these caused the economic sensitivity index to show a growth trend, financial crisis effect makes the economic sensitivity index high for a period of time, the economic sensitivity index increased from 0.535 in 2008 to 0.637 in 2010, then decreased slightly from 2011 (0.651).
To deal with the resilience of Tianjin economic system, the value steadily increased from 0.468 in 2000 to 0.723 in 2014, a slight decline only in 2003 (the value decreased from 0.419 in 2002 to 0.412 in 2003). The geographical location advantage of Tianjin is obvious, the GDP has been in a growing trend, and the macroeconomic strength has been steadily increasing. In 2005, Tianjin Binhai New Area has been incorporated into the national development strategy in 11th Five-Year; in 2006, the State Council meeting defined Tianjin as “the center of Bohai Economic Rim”; In 2009, our country approved Tianjin Binhai New Area administrative division adjustment, Tianjin has formed a unique city form of “Shuangcheng Shuanggang”. A series of policy support to Tianjin is the fundamental reason for the constant growth of Tianjin economic resilience. In addition, from the perspective of the internal structure of the economy, the industrial structure of Tianjin economic development continues to be optimized, the proportion of the third industry to GDP is rising, and for the first time in 2015, it surpassed the second industry, accounting for 50%; The investment structure has been continuously optimized, the financial industry has been developing steadily, the ability of independent innovation has been enhanced, the environmental protection has been strengthened, and the ecological environment has been further improved. All these factors make Tianjin urban economic resilience ability to increase; the economic resilience index value continues to rise.
As far as the vulnerability of Tianjin economic system, the vulnerability index showed a modest rise before 2008, and a significant increase from 2008 to 2011. The vulnerability index before 2008 was rising. It is related to the internal structure of the economic system, although the overall level of Tianjin economic development is constantly improving, there are many problems in Tianjin economic development, for example, the unreasonable industrial structure, Although the proportion of the third industry development in GDP is increasing, it is still lagging behind; As for the internal industrial structure, manufacturing industry structure is not balanced, the proportion of heavy industry is too large; The level of industrial chain is not reasonable, and it is in the low level of vertical division of labor system. These factors have become constraining factors for the steady of the economy development, leading to a slight rise of vulnerability index before 2008. The economic vulnerability increased significantly from 2008 to 2011, the author thinks that the fundamental reason for the large fluctuation of economic vulnerability in Tianjin during this period is not the direct result of the uncoordinated and unstable internal system structure, but the external disturbance. That’s the global financial crisis as the economic sensitivity analysis above.
Through the comparison among sensitivity, resilience and vulnerability of Tianjin economic system during 2000-2014, we can find that Tianjin economic system reflected relatively strong sensitivity in the presence of external disturbance, sensitivity index curve fluctuates greatly, however, due to the internal structure of Tianjin economic system is relatively coordinated, which cause the economy relatively stable, the economic resilience is not enhanced to rising trend, because of this, Although the sensitivity fluctuation range is obvious, the response plays a key role in solving the economic contradictions and reducing the economic vulnerability. It should be said that in the construction of market economy, Tianjin economic resilience is constantly increasing, which makes the economic system has a strong ability to restore itself.
The work described in this paper was fully supported by a grant from Tianjin higher school humanities and social science project (NO: 2017SK153).
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Zhang, L.X. (2019) Analysis of TJ Economic Vulnerability Based on Set Pair Analysis. Journal of Service Science and Management, 12, 116-125. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2019.122007