Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) disorders are one of the main reasons for consultation in General Medicine and Pediatrics [1] . Given the diversity of the causes mentioned and the complexity of the lesions, the practitioner must resort to paraclinical examinations. Histological examination is essential because it allows an accurate diagnosis of most lesions [2] for appropriate treatment [3] .

The head and neck tumoral pathology includes benign tumors, cancers and inflammatory pseudo-tumors [2] . Benign tumors respond to surgery in general. As for cancers of the head and neck region, they affect about 40,000 patients/year in the USA [4] and rank fourth among human cancers, 10% of cancers in France, with an incidence of 16,000 new cases and a death toll of 5406 (5th leading cause of death in humans) in 2005 [5] . Studies reporting ENT histological lesions globally are rare [6] in Mali, most often focusing on specificities [7] [8] .

Our goal was to determine the histological profile of ENT lesions.

This is a retrospective and descriptive study of ENT and Cervico-facial lesions, histologically examined, collected in the ENT department and cervico-facial surgery of the Gabriel Toure University Hospital Center from 1995 to 2014.

The study focused on patients with upper airborne (VADS) or cervicofacial lesions that were subjected to tissue sampling in consultation, hospitalization, or the operating room for pathological examination. The fixation was carried out with formalin on the spot, then the samples sent to the laboratory of Pathological Anatomy in vials.

450 patients were selected with a precise histological diagnosis and a precise localization of the lesion in the period indicated above.

Patients who did not receive pathological examination, or a doubtful diagnosis, or those with two or more discordant results, unspecified anatomical site, poorly performed specimens and lesions whose date of diagnosis did not correspond to the period indicated above have been excluded.

We carried out a systematic examination of the anatomopathological results of the patients. The data was entered on Excel 2013 and the analysis was done on SPSS 20.0. The statistical test is used with Chi2 with P < 0.05.

The variables concerned sociodemographic data, the anatomical site of the lesion, the benign or malignant nature and the histological type.

Histological examination is an essential examination in the management of ENT and cervicofacial disorders. In our context of under medicalization access to these examinations is necessary before the excision of all previously undiagnosed conditions. Their gravity in the ENT sphere housing the sense organs, communication and various anatomical structures from the confines of the brain to the thorax [3] must be an argument guiding any practitioner to perform a biopsy before any suspicious lesions; some of them are often part of neglected tropical diseases [9] .

After the standard examination of haematylene eosin (HE) stained sections, considered a prerequisite for diagnosis, the pathologist often uses complementary techniques: (“HC” Histochemistry, “IHC” Immunohistochemistry, “ME” Electron Microscopy Molecular Biology) [2] ; which is a limitation of this study, the only service of Anatomie-Pathologie of the country did not have it. Currently some private structures are starting to get some.

The distribution of sex is a function of the histological type. This finding is illustrated by data from the literature [10] . The female predominance of colloidal adenoma in our study is similar to that of the Whickham survey where it is reported that the F/H ratio is 6.6/1 [11] . As for the malignant tumors dominated by squamous cell carcinoma, we are getting closer to the international findings where squamous cell carcinoma of the upper air-digestive tract (VADS) represents the major part of the oncology of the neck and the face [12] [13] [14] [15] . More than 90% of these men are men with a long history of smoking, heavy chronic alcoholism and arduous working conditions [13] .

The occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma is poorly distributed in the age groups. We noted its rarity in children (two cases) and a high prevalence in the elderly. The authors reported that the occurrence of carcinomas are rare in the juvenile age, and meet in the fifth and sixth decade of life [13] [14] .

Nasosinus lesions accounted for 47.33% (213 cases) and carcinomas were the most common, as in the Tshisau and Kharoubi series, where carcinomas accounted for 50% - 70% of all primary cancers of the nasal cavity [16] [17] . Papilloma was the second most common tumor of nasosinus tumors after carcinoma.

Nowadays it is described as a rare tumor and accounts for 0.5% to 4% of benign naso-sinus tumors [18] . Rhinoscleroma is a chronic disease caused by an enterobacterium (Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis) that has a remarkable tropism for the upper airways. It is a cosmopolitan disease with high endemic areas in countries with low socio-economic development [19] . The predominance of the female sex and the predilection between 20 and 40 years is the prerogative of rhinoscleroma; we shared the same results [8] [10] [19] .

Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of all laryngeal malignancies [20] . Their incidence is gradually increasing in young adults and women, especially in urban areas. This finding corroborates with our study in which carcinoma constituted 95.55% of laryngeal cancers. The rarity of sarcoma in our study is a report reported by the authors, they are exceptional in the larynx [15] .

Laryngeal papillomas are the preserve of children, who can see each other before 10 years of age in two-thirds of cases [21] . This condition accounted for 38.46% in children under 15 years.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma has the reputation of being the most frequent thyroid cancer as in the work of Bouchair [22] . Vesicular, trabecular and anaplastic carcinomas are reported by authors following papillary carcinoma [23] [24] [25] , which joins our study.

The prevalence of parotid benign tumors reaches 60% to 74.5% with the pleomorphic adenoma in mind. Benign tumors were the most common in our study. The parotid is the most important gland of the salivation system. All tumor varieties can be seen at any age and regardless of sex [26] [27] . We noted two cases of parotid carcinoma.

The twelve cases of tuberculosis found in our study were distributed unequally. The lymph node involvement was predominant followed by laryngeal and tonsillar involvement. Tuberculosis continues to exist, despite the eradication campaigns, it remains a frequent occurrence in endemic countries [10] [28] .

Histology is a crucial element in the diagnostic process. Expertise is most often needed to confirm the diagnosis of these often rare, and often unrecognized lesions. This precise diagnosis guarantees a suitable treatment.

The authors do not declare any conflict of interest.

Samaké, D., Sidibé, Y., Koné, F.I., Niangaly, H., Diamouténé, K., Konaté, N., Neuilly, N.T.G., Camara, N., Diarra, K., Haidara, A.W., Soumaoro, S., Guindo, B., Singaré, K., Timbo, S.K., Kéïta, M. and Mohamed, A.A. (2019) Histological Profile of ENT and Cervico-Facial Lesions in Mali. International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 8, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijohns.2019.81007