“Der Einfluss der solaren Strahlungsdichte ist von der Wissenschaft bis vor kurzem unterschätzt worden. Wenn wir der Sonne den Platz einräumen, der ihr gebührt, so heisst das nicht, dass wir uns unserer Verantwortung gegenüber GAIA entziehen. Das Wissen sollte uns bescheiden machen. Wir sind nicht einmal in der Lage das Wetter zu bestimmen, unsere Regentänze tragen wenig dazu bei, eine Dürreperiode zu beenden…. Wir wissen wenig über die Launen von Helios”.

8000 yr B. P.: Strongest fissure eruption; Last 5000 yr: 200-300 volcanoes’ formation; Past 11 Centuries: around 150 eruptions.

“The influence of solar radiation density has been recently underrated by science. If we grant the importance to the Sun it deserves, it does not mean we do neglect our responsibility to Gaia. Knowledge should make us unpretentious. We are just not in the position to direct the weather; our rain dances scarcely give contribution to terminate a drought… We do know rather little about Helios’ caprices”.

K.J. Hsu, 2000, Geologe und Klimaforscher [14] (Trans. Sch.).

In their critical and profound work [21] Hoyt and Schatten stress the major role of the Sun with special regard to natural climate change on Earth in time scales of decades and centuries as function of solar radiation density. The authors took the time-span prior to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution into focus, too, in order to avoid the influence of massive anthropogenic impact.

Accordingly, sun-induced climatic cycles comprise intervals of 8 a, 12 a, 18-23 a, 40-50 a, 80-92 a, and 300-334 a.

There do exists both positive and negative correlations of Sun Spots with global average temperature (W. Koppen cit. in [14] Table 3).

Besides this non-linear solar influx the Albedo-effect may play another important role in the Earth’s surface-temperature discussion [17] .

In 1989 Canada was without electricity by an overload of national grid caused by

a strong solar outbreak [17] . Nowadays such sun eruptions disturb telegraphy, radar, satellite communication, GPS etc. if the Earth Magnetic Field would be too weak which is increasingly working.

The electromagnetic radiation of the Sun Wind is screened by the Earth magnetic Field and turned out via its magnetic poles. The magnetic poles of our planet continuously change their position as the magnetic field changes its intensity what happens 10⁶ times faster as plate tectonic processes work (mm-cm/a) [17] .

The intensity of the Earth Magnetic Field steadily decreases since records started some 150 yr ago showing a significant minimum across the Southwest Atlantic (Figure 6). Thereby, Earth might lose its bimodal magnetization approaching a reversal pole change recovered for all > 10,000 resp. Ma (15) (Figure 5).

These processes may challenge the question up to what intensity fauna and flora may be concerned. Is there any definite proof of such effects on climate, historical course, biological and psychic aspects? This is a challenge the scientific community is asked to deal with.

The Croll-Milankovitch hypothesis tells that the gravity attraction between Sun, Earth, and the other Planets (especially the Moon) generate three long term cyclical perturbations. If synchronized global climate is concerned [17] :

・ Distance variation between Sun and Earth change the Solar Influx on Earth (period: 96.000 a).

・ Change of obliquity of the Earth’s axis varies on 21˚, 8˚ - 24˚, 4˚, at present about 23.5˚ (period: 40.000 a).

・ The third cycle originates from the precession of the equinoxes, i.e. the manner in which the Earth “wobbles” as it spins on its axis. This cycle comprises another variation of distance between Earth and Sun once again changing the solar irradiance on the Earth’s surface (period: 21.000 a).

Aerosols originate from magmatic gases like HCl, HF, H₂S and SO₂. Reacting with water of the atmosphere they produce the relating acids. Other atmospheric

aerosols are hygroscopic condensation nuclei as dust blown up from the Earth, volcanic ash, soot particles, sea salt ejected into air with air bubbles (0, 001 to over 10 µm in diameter) [17] .

The publication of Siegl et al. [3] provides a profound insight into the climate-influencing role of subaerial volcanic output by filtering the sun-light that cause global temperature decrease with all climatic and anthropogenic consequences.

Regarding the climate data recovered from Greenland ice-core (GISP2) (see Figure 3), the question is whether Iceland located on the mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) as Hot Spot [16] , has had climatic influence on the adjacent land masses by its tremendous heat-flow (Table 2).

As part of the North Atlantic Province and as one of the largest hot spots on Earth, Iceland owns a diaper-cap of ~1000 km in diameter and a basaltic crust-thickness measuring ~20 km. The diapir and its MORB-source define the high level of Iceland as part of the Greenland-Faeroe Ridge (GIFR) situated on the MAR [16] . The MAR passed the Mantle-Diapir during Eocene (~40 Ma) where the GIFR developed by a low spreading rate (~1 cm/a) on both sides of the Rift Valley.

Up-doming of the Asthenosphere and crust-extension have been accompanied by MORB-Volcanism that initiated heat-flow, additionally strengthened by the Iceland Hot Spot-Activity [22] .

Hydrothermally originated White Smokers (100˚C - 300˚C) and Black Smokers (~350˚C) are associated with the basaltic melt periodically effused along the rift axis by ~1.100˚C.

In general, on Mid-Oceanic Ridges an increased thermal gradient and conductive heat transfer generate in average a heat flow of ~100 mWatt/m² where some 21 km³ of magmatic rocks are being crystallized per year [16] [23] [24] .

Episodic lava production occurs through a time-span of some 10,000a followed by the next cycle of re-effusion along the subsequent dike-generation (magnetic stripe patterns).

Such “Heat Power Stations” located along the world-embracing system of Mid-Oceanic Ridges have had a tremendous impact on temperature, chemistry, and Oceanic Currents and thereby on climate implications, hitherto scarcely analyzed [15] [16] [17] [23] [24] .

Own studies on the East Pacific Rise (13˚ - 21˚ South) reveal how hydrothermally precipitated metalliferous ooze is asymmetrically deposited some 40 km west of the EPR-Rift Valley (source area) by westerly directed oceanic currents [25] , compare the contrasting sedimentary patterns around the Brine Deeps of the Red Sea Rift-System [26] .

As part of the World-Oceans’ connecting system of Oceanic Currents, the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic underlies the Coriolis-Effect moving clock-wise under thermohaline circulation and modifies the climate of the adjoining land masses with a warm/wet climate tendency [27] . Owning an effective capacity of 1.5 Petawatt (according to two Mio modern Atomic Power Stations) by a speed of ~2 m/sec, it has had an important influence on NW European Climate and on anthropogenic activities like Maritime Trade [2] .

The recent cooling of the Gulf Stream by melting glaciers of Greenland and the Arctic may initiate a climate change to being rather cool/ wet in NW-Europe. However the Albedo-effect caused by increasing surface of recently ice-uncovered basement rocks may regionally (North/Central Europe) originate high pressure areas owing a dry/warm climate.

There is no hint on major impacts and related effects through the time-span concerned. However, let us keep in mind Hoyle’s Comet [13] .

This time-span owns a slight, but nevertheless, significant average temperature decrease (ΔT = 1˚C - 1.5˚C) and a rise of precipitation throughout Europe that resulted in wet-cold summers [2] (Figure 7). Bad harvests, increasing famine, predominantly in Northern Europe, led finally to a progressive migration of Germanic People (i.e. Goths) from north to south while the Huns invaded to Central Europe from Central Asia (~375). Both Peoples threatened the Roman Empire.

Precursors of global cooling already appeared in Central Asia during the 1^st/2^nd Century. However, in contrast to Europe, windy summers developed to being dry-cold that led to barren conditions of Central China’s “Dust Bowl” [13] . Like in Northern Europe, peoples therefore, escaped towards South/Southwest by reasons of snowfall in summer, frozen Yangtze River, famine etc.

Under pressure and assault of the migrating Goths, Burgundians, Swebians, Vandals, and Lombardians the Roman Empire fell in disorder during the 5^th Century caused by lack of food, stress, pandemies and power [28] .

There is obviously no plausible theory from historical side to explain Peoples’ Migration versus natural hazards (climate change, volcanic events). Indeed a strong volcanic outbreak occurred on 535 that prevented grape-harvesting across the Mediterranean. Furthermore, a Comet crossed the Earth’s Orbit and might have had relating impact effects around ~500 [12] [13] .

The Near/Middle East provided cool-dry summers that, in turn, caused bad harvests followed by the decline of the pre-Islamic Empires through Arabia until ~600. The beginning water problems during the first Century at Petra, Jordan

initiated, in connection with the Roman occupation, the end of the Nabatean Culture along the Caravan Route Damascus―Mecca/Medina [28] .

Since the beginning of the 7^th Century, the climate of the Northern Hemisphere favorably developed for agricultural ecosystems as well as for cultural/social growth due to an adjustment of a stable combined Atmosphere/Ocean System [2] (Figure 8).

Thus, the Merowingers, Franconians, Magyarians, Normanians, and Anglosaxians spread out by growing population and established their Empires [28] . A sequence of interrelating/interdepending “Effect-Chains” can be recognized as: good climate conditions à rich harvests à satisfying nourishment à health, encouragement à overpopulation under excellent conditions à increasing stress à lack of food à migration. The latter appears in contrast to the migration character of the Germanic tribes from poor climate conditions during Peoples’ Migration.

Whether subaerial volcanism and/or the Eldgja-outbreak (875-935 A.D.) on

Iceland may had forced the end of the Franconian Empire or influenced by its subsequent effects (ash cloud filtering solar influx), may be open [22] as well as the role of the Supernova of 1054 [29] coinciding more or less with the fall of both Normanian and Anglosaxion Empires [28] .

Fulminant flourishing Theravada-Buddhism in Asia, mainly at Bagan, Myanmar surprisingly started during the time of this Supernova. Contemporaneously the Emperor/Pope-Constellation in Europe, the Islam-Invasion to North Africa and to southwest Europe took place [28] [30] .

The Islam-Era began with Prophet Mohammed (570-632 A.D.) and his followers. They occupied Egypt, Libya, Syria and Iraq and destroyed the Sassanid Empire. The Omayyad (Damascus) conquered the Indian and Iberian Peninsulas [28] . Within one century after Mohammed’s death the Arab Empire had been growing up to the largest Empire west of China.

Sufism, a stream of Islamic Mysticism, massively arose during the second half of the 9^th Century across the Near/Middle East and later found its way to Spain (Kalifat Cordoba) and to the European Principality Houses [31] [32] [33] [34] .

Dependent on ethnic and cultural conditions Sufism spread out between Spain and Afghanistan and modified itself under the influence of Jews, Taoists, and Nestorians (Christians) along the Silk Road.

Sufism still globally works and has been excellently introduced to Western Countries by Idries Shah, co-founder of the Club of Rome, including NASRUDIN’S Stories for teaching Derwishes [33] [34] .

Syncretism grew up along the Silk Road during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.) where peoples and traders of diverse Ethnics and Religions met for a vivid exchange of wares, ideas, philosophy, religion and poetry, i.e. at Kashgar, Dunhuang, Kucha, Turfan etc. [35] . Economic growth, irrigation improvement, agricultural land distribution for local farmers led to a constructive development under favorable climatic conditions.

Nevertheless, the final stage of the Tang D. surprisingly exposes chaotic and destructive conditions introducing to the so-called 5 Dynasties and 10 Empires (907-960). This period correlates with a series of volcanic events on Iceland (875-935), possibly causing temperature fall by ash clouds filtering solar influx and initiating cold-dry conditions [see 3].

In the modern climate records [1] the RCC 5-period appears as less outstanding, but of global scale telecommunication, rather weak winds over the Atlantic and Sahara, slight change in solar output, and little CO₂-increase.

During this time-span wood-cutting and agriculture grew up. Estimation tells that during the Middle Ages ~200 tons of CO₂ had been originated [2] .

A high number of Sun Spots and strong Volcanic Activity (aerosols) including the most violent Hekla-Eruption in historical times (1104), as well as a series of submarine eruptions off Reykyanes Peninsula, Iceland (Table 2) underline the scenery of temperature rise (Figure 2).

Concerning Europe and adjacent regions, the following historical events occurred more or less contemporaneously within the short time-span of 160 years (Figure 8).

・ Crusader activities on the way and in the “Holy Land” (1.096-1.228 A.D.).

・ Hanse Towns Endeavors (1.150-1.250-1.282 A.D.).

・ East Colonization (since 12^th Century until 1.360).

・ Continuation of the Pope-Emperor Constellation (1.153-1.250 A.D.).

・ Mongolians’ Invasion (1.135-1.241 A.D.).

・ Shifting of Castles/Principality Buildings from Low Lands to elevated areas (convenient climate)

According to the above mentioned “Effect Chain”, Asia progressively recorded a wide-spread expansion of desert peoples. The long-lasting Song D., China fell into ruin at the end of the Thermal Maximum caused by bad harvests after temperature decline. Buddhism continued to flourish in SE-Asia (Bagan, Myanmar).

At the beginning of the Thermal Maximum, the Near/Middle East brought the fall of the Seldschukian Empire by the Mongolians and later the replacement of the latter by the arising Osmanians (since 1317).

The total time-span following (1.260-1.800 A.D.) comprises the so-called “Little Ice-Age”.

Owning less Sun Spots, the first hundred years of this period expose a relatively abrupt temperature fall in Europe whereas the second half was somewhat warmer. Amidst this time-span started RCC 6 (1350) accompanied by strong Hot Spot-activities on Iceland by forming a new Island [22] .

Outstanding events through this transitional period were:

・ -Overwhelming North Sea High-Tide Floods since 1285 including one of the most deadly one: “Mandtränke” (19, Table 1) (Figure 9, Figure 10).

・ -Pestilence epidemics (1.320-1.355 A.D.) when one third of the European population died.

・ -100 years’ War between France and England (1.340-1440 A.D.) [30] .

・ -Inquisition of the Catholic Church since 1562 when laws for their protection were published against Heresy after intra-ecclesiastical discussion with rebellious believers. Organized torture application became a common method. Merely the Pope was responsible in cases of Inquisition working under strong secrecy and illegality [36] .

・ -End of all activities that occurred during the Thermal Maximum except East-Colonization.

The Mongolians installed the Yuan D. in Asia when falling temperatures caused bad life condition, social suppression, peasant revolts [14] [28] coinciding with the beginning of RCC 6. The Ming D. followed on the Yuan D. after warming up.

The Osmanians set an end to the Mongolian invasion in the Near/Middle East 1317 continuing to establish their huge Empire.

Lack of sun spots, continuous North Sea-Flooding, aerosol minima (less volcanic activity), and temperature decrease (ΔT = 1.5˚C/a in England) with glacier advance in Europe characterize this time-span. Extremely bad agricultural conditions provided poor harvests, famine, social and religious tension and revolts [28] [30] :

・ Peasant revolts in Europe (1525).

・ Reformation of Christianity by Luther (1517).

・ Witch Persecution [36] : As basic instructive work served the book “Malleus Maleficarium” published in 1486 for witchcraft processes that began during the 2^nd half of the 15^th Century and continued with varying intensity until 1775 (combustion of the last woman). Most of these women were mid-wife’s, experienced in herbal healing superior to men and medical scholars and the scholastic World [36] .

There does exist no written hand downs of the Catholic Church but estimations tell of several millions of victims (90% women) [36] . For being accused as a witch the following motives were sufficient: accused by neighbors without definite reason, business competition, jealousy, envy, refused affection, good education. Authorities gained the inheritance of rich people and single women (murder with robbery).

The term “Holocaustum” (Greek/Latin) = Extensive combustion, Brandopfer suits to the cruelties that happened throughout the time of Renaissance and Humanism in the barren wet-cold climate period of the so-called “Little Ice Age” in Europe.

1) Large-scale destruction, esp. Human lives by fire, see: Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English. Revised, updated (A.S. Horn-by with A.P Cowie)―Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974.

Generally there is evidence of:

・ Rise of Early Capitalism since end of the 15^th Century.

・ Maritime endeavors, global migration and increasing trade, predominantly by Spain and Portugal to be interpreted as a hopeful option versus the hazardous regional life conditions in parts of Europe (Table 4) [6] .

During the Ming D. ice and snow in summer caused peasant revolts especially in the famine years 1.458, 1.465, 1.467, 1.478, 1.479, 1.483-1.504, 1.506-1.521 A.D. accompanied by cannibalism [14] .

In the Near/Middle East where the climate was rather moderate across the Mediterranean/Levant, the Osman Empire extended westward to the most important Empire in the world. Under Suleyman (1.520-1.566 A.D.) it covered parts of Europe, Near/Middle East, and North Africa and had influence on military/political trends in Central Europe [28] .

This interval owns a slight temperature rise positively correlating with aerosols (volcanism) and with sun spots. Two Super Novas appeared in 1572 and in 1604 [29] . North Sea High-Tide Flooding continued accompanied by the Burchardi-Flood (1634) that provided the topographic frame-work of the modern coast-line (Table 1, Figure 9, Figure 10). The Komagatake-eruption occurred in 1641. Intensive rain and vermin plagues caused spoiled harvests throughout 1.619-1.627 A.D. [19] .

Maritime Endeavors continued (Table 4) followed by increasing Colonization of the world by Western Empires since 1615 as option versus the desperate situation in Europe [28] .

The 30 Years-War (1.618-1.648 A.D.) firstly developed as a religious war between Catholics and Protestants [28] . In its second phase European Empires raised political/territorial claims that brought destruction, chaos, famine and death over millions of people when France finally controlled Central Europe (Peace Agreement of Westfalia). The political/social scenario of this time-span was realistically reworked i.e. by Schiller’s classic work “Wallenstein” [37] and in the modern novel “Tyll” by Kehlmann [38] .

Witch-processing/combustion continued with an absolute climax through 1589-1631 during the time of “Re-Catholization” (since 1570) with an outstanding excess at Würzburg (1.627-1.629 A.D.) where mainly well-educated citizens and children became victims [36] .

In China summer snow and ice (1.578-1.598 A.D.) caused agricultural, social, political chaos and death until the end of Ming D. The last King Emperor committed suicide on the Coal Hill of the “Forbidden Town” in Beijing (1644) when revolting peasants assaulted the Emperor Palace during the Manschu-Invasion (Qing D.) [14] [28] .

In the Near/Middle East the Osman Empire, furthermore, enjoyed obviously better climatic conditions, and expanded under Suleiman over the Mediterranean [28] .

Like the Spörer Minimum, this period is also characterized by an Aerosol-Minimum (less volcanism) and missing Sun Spots, however introduced by the Komagatake-Eruption (38). North Sea-Flooding decreased. Absolutism dominated Europe after the 30 Years-War [28] .

Inquisition and witch processes ended during the second half of this time-span [36] . Highly evident is the migration of Europeans to the New England States, North America due to unemployment, lack of food, fast price growth and high population which are mostly economic reasons in their homelands [28] .

The Qing D. arose in China at the end of the Spörer-Minimum under chaotic conditions.

Obviously recognizing the favorable situation, the Britain’s opened a Trade Office at Guangzhou, China (1685), found access to several harbors (1793) and started their opium-trade that led to the Qing-Policy of “Closed Doors”. The Portuguese occupied Macao [28] .

The Osmanians continued their expansion in the Mediterranean and in North Africa [28] .

Convenient average temperatures, a balanced distribution of precipitation/ temperature-ratio through the vegetation period, regular periods of Sun Spots, a distinct aerosol maximum mainly caused by Iceland-Volcanism (Laki, Hekla), and less North Sea-Flooding provided the natural background for the developing societies underlined by the RCC 6-Period.

As cultural/ political events/currents resulted the rise of Preussen as World Empire, Absolutism, Europeans Age of Enlightenment, growth of citizenship, beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England (1761), Seven Years-War between France and England by colonization animosities in North America (1.756-1.763 A.D.), Napoleon’s wars (1.792-1.815 A.D.), and the French Revolution (1.798-1.799 A.D.).

In China the Qing D. continued until 1911 while the Osman Empire found its end with the Sykes-Picot Agreement in 1916.

An excellent example for natural à cultural/political dependence represents the Laki-Fissure-Outbreak, Iceland in 1783/1784 [3] [20] [22] . Ash and gas clouds (HCl, HF, SO₂) spread out over Northwest and Central Europe. Studies by English Historians verify characteristic volcanic features like thick dry acidic fog darkening parts of Europe over months, stop of maritime trade, hail hazards, cold winters and strong storms never experienced before [20] .

Social consequences revealed high rates of sick/dead people, poor/missing harvests, extinction of whole villages, 8000 people died during winter-flooding along the English North Sea Coast.

As historians tell this event was simply forgotten and replaced. Some 100 new craters originated then along the Laki-Fissure. The total amount of explosive and effusive products amounts up to 300 Million m³. Blue fog dominated Iceland’s atmosphere and poisoned half of the cattle, 3/4 of the sheep and 20% of the population died by famine and disease (1.783-1.786 A.D.). There was an enormous harvest loss across Europe. Ash clouds filtered sun light even after years. Cold winters and cold summers had their effects on global scale for years [20] .

The French Revolution (1.789-1.799 A.D.) immediately followed the Laki-Event. French historical publications (from 1789), indeed mention evidence of financial crises, governmental indebtedness, destructive economy, bad harvests, revolts against growing trouble, high prices for bread and increased living expenses [28] . However, no hints are given in that publication on background data and causes, but they tell that the French Revolution, as part of effect-chain facts, provided the basics for Napoleon’s Wars.

With the Industrial Revolution (2^nd half of the 18^th Century) started an open time-span (Anthropocene: not definitely fixed) when human behavior massively provided environmental/climatic influence on global scale and let abruptly decrease the index of natural/anthropogenic impact-ratio (see i.e. [2]).

Typical examples for this trend are represented by the time-span of Peoples’ Migration (200-600 A.D.) and the “Little Ice Age” (1.250-1750 A.D.), the latter intercalated by two cold intervals affecting both Asia and Europe.

Features generally reveal the Effect-Chain: bad agricultural conditions à poor/no harvests à prices’ increase à famine à disease, growing death rates à social/political dissatisfaction à revolts, wars à human cruelties with psychic/religious background (Inquisition, Witch Combustion) à general chaos à migration (Maritime Endeavors, Colonization).

This is the Asian Analogy to Europe revealing the same patterns (including cannibalism) under the formation of a “Cold Drought” (Chinese “Dust Bowl”) throughout both two time spans [12] above cited.

Balanced temperature/precipitation-ratio through seasons provides favorable agricultural condition for rich harvests, growth of Culture showing less stress situations, general satisfaction, and good time for wise political leaders except the time span 907-960 when strong volcanic activity (Iceland) might has had destructive influence caused by migrating ash clouds filtering solar influx thereby initiating temperature decrease [see 6.1, 6.2].

Under the ideal climate conditions during the Climate Optimum (600-1100) the societies grew up and culminated regionally to wealth and over-population.

Thus, the peoples―coming out from convenient living conditions―were more or less confronted with the following change under increasing temperatures: balanced growth à overpopulation à food deficit à rising unemployment à general dissatisfaction à higher prices à bimodal distribution of wealth à revolts, wars à ideological tension of world religions (i.e. crusading) à migration, colonization à aggressive trade endeavors.

According to the laws of thermodynamics [17] , higher temperatures implies higher availability of energy to be compensated either by physical activities (i.e. wars, colonization, adventures) or by psychical activities (i.e. fulminant rise of Buddhism at Bagan, Myanmar, animosities among World religions).

This phenomenon seems less relevant for the time span and regions regarded, possibly except in the Near/Middle East and only for short intervals.

According to Sigl et al. [3] and others [13] [39] volcanic ash and gas clouds play an important role in climate change [14] and political/economic/cultural stress through years, decades and even centuries.

The cyclicity of magma-effusion and eruption (~10.000 a) of the Greenland-Iceland-Faeroe-Hot Spot has been hitherto poorly discussed (Figure 4) and very probably may play an important role in the Northern Hemisphere heat flow-scenery since Tertiary [16] .

Major impacts do not play any major role throughout the region and during the analyzed time span.

Whether Super Novae mentioned in this paper had really influence on religious/spiritual changes (Rising Buddhism at Bagan, rising Osman Empire) is actually open, although coincidences do exist.

As cited and currently discussed in a former paper [10] , (see also Figure 1) in this paper, a comet has had repeatedly crossed the Earth’s orbit since 14,300 yr cal. B.P. [11] [12] .

Its rendezvous with Earth coincidences with some climatic and other natural events (i.e. Volcanism) as well as with Rise and Fall of Cultures throughout Holocene; the next meeting is to be expected on 2100 A.D. (Figure 1).

The authors postulate that such “Rare Events” may also have had spiritual influence on the “Origin of Religions” [12] resp. on the spiritual psychic state of human beings as well [11] . They tell that in times of hazards dark depressive and destructive processes occur in cultures concerned while in intervals of climatic optimum and well balanced conditions positive constructive processes would develop.

If so, human cruelties during peoples’ migration (see Hoyle’s Comet 8 in Figure 1) and during the “Little Ice Age” (Inquisition, Witch Holocaust) represent such depressive times pans while the Climate Optimum brought out constructive and culture-supporting evidence.

Curiously enough, historical representations, lack in most cases of background information on environmental and climatic causes/conditions (i.e. Peoples’ Migration) as well as missing hints on volcanic events (Laki, Iceland à French Revolution) and on “Rare Events” (Major impacts) though such natural processes, as influencing factors, have been massively discussed since half a century (see references).