Increasingly health care is recognising the need to understand patients’ perceptions of their treatment [1] [2]. Evaluation of breast cancer care outcomes should reflect the many disciplines involved in patients’ care. Patient related cosmetic outcomes following breast cancer surgery is increasingly being reported as an integral part of patient satisfaction reported outcome. While it is patients actual outcomes that are key, incorporation of health care providers’ assessment of outcome in a combined approach may add benefit.

Breast conserving surgery (BCS) remains the cornerstone to breast cancer surgery accounting for more than 60% of all surgeries [3]. When combined with radiotherapy, it provides equal or even higher survival benefits as mastectomy as long as margins are clear of tumour [4] [5] [6] [7].

Obtaining a clear margin, free of tumour and with the smallest excision volume is important for cosmetic outcomes [8] [9]. The reported re-excision rates following BCS average 20% range from 3.4% to 43.9% [10] [11]. Letterkenny University Hospital’s re-excision rate in conservative breast cancer is 8% [12]. Re-excision rates should balance oncological, functional and cosmetic outcomes. A single index operation is ideal, potentially reducing complications and enhancing oncological outcomes [13] , and should not remove excessive normal breast. This will avoid breast distortion while maintaining favourable cosmetic and functional outcomes [9] [14] [15] [16]. There have been recent attempts to look at standardising cosmetic evaluation [17].

While oncological outcomes are reported widely by overall survival rates, cosmetic and functional outcomes are underreported [18]. A key question remains whether low margin positivity and subsequent low re-excision rates come with acceptable cosmetic outcomes. This study describes the evaluation of early outcomes of a combined cosmetic assessment programme following breast conservation surgery.

An ethically approved prospective study was conducted at Letterkenny University Hospital and a 15 month timeframe was chosen. All consecutive patients undergoing conservative breast surgery with complete local excision from July 2015 to October 2016 were entered into the study. Written consent was obtained from all patients. Patients undergoing mastectomy and reconstruction with either implant or autologous tissue were not included. Complete local excisions were performed by a single breast surgeon (MS). Generally internal advancement flap and breast plate defect closure were obtained in all patients [19]. Drains to the breast were not used. Skin was closed with subcutaneous suture. Antibiotic prophylaxis was used in all and cavity marked with clips. All patients were discussed at multidisciplinary meetings and external whole breast radiotherapy planned appropriately. Axillary surgery was undertaken according to the Unit’s protocol, with clinically and ultrasonographically negative nodes undergoing sentinel node biopsy with patent blue [20]. Radiotherapy boost were recommended for close (<2 mm) radial margins and where anterior or posterior margins were involved.

Cosmetic evaluations were carried out by a combination of objective and subjective assessment methods. Objective assessment of cosmetic outcome used the Breast Cancer Conservative Treatment-cosmetic results [BCCT.core 2.0 Software^ǂ] [21]. BCCT.core software assesses a standardised anterior-posterior digital photograph and compares treated and untreated breasts for a number of key factors including; asymmetry of size, shape, colour differences and scars and gives an overall score of excellent, good, fair or poor. Each of these responses has a value of between 1 and 4 with a higher rating reflecting a poorer outcome.

Standardized protocol for photography was employed. A mid blue seamless photographic background paper with a non-reflective surface formed the backdrop and a Nikon D5000 digital camera was used without a flash. Consistent room lighting conditions, digital program mode settings and high quality image file format were applied. Following informed written consent all jewellery and clothing from waist up was removed. An “X” was placed on the sternal notch and another 25 cms below this to enable the Software to calculate correctly. Photographs were taken from four standard views: from front with hands on hips; from front with hands raised above head; left lateral with hands raised above head and right lateral with hands raised above head (Figure 1).

Photographic assessments were carried out pre-operatively and 10 - 14 days post-surgery. Short term follow-up photography planned for all patients at one year post surgery to assess effect of retraction and radiotherapy will be reported in a future manuscript. For those participants requiring re-excision the second set of photographs were taken 10 - 14 days post re-excision surgery. BCCT.core Software analyses only the anterior-posterior (hands on hips) photograph.

Panel assessment of all 4 photographic views was undertaken by external experts in breast surgery. The panel consisted of experienced consultants in breast, oncoplastic and plastic surgery each with over 10 years’ experience in specialist breast practice. The Harvard Scale [22] was used to grade results, defining an excellent cosmetic outcome when the treated breast is nearly identical to the untreated breast; a good cosmetic outcome when the treated breast is slightly different than the untreated; a fair cosmetic outcome when the treated breast is clearly different from the untreated but not seriously distorted and poor when the treated breast is seriously distorted. Each of these responses has a value of between 1 and 4 with a higher rating reflecting a poorer outcome.

Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) evaluation was carried out using the internationally validated Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome Scale (BCTOS). A total of eighteen questions were asked each with a factor loading ≥0.42 to one of the three subscales of cosmesis, functionality or breast pain [23]. Patients were asked to rate each item to evaluate the difference between the treated and untreated breast and surrounding areas. Each of the responses scored from 1 and 4 with a higher rating reflecting a poorer outcome. The overall rating for each of the 3 subscales was calculated as the mean of the ratings for all the items belonging to that subscale [16] [24]. If a response highlighted any difference then the participant was asked if this difference was of a concern to them. BCTOS assessments were carried out 10 - 14 days post surgery.

Pre-operative breast volume was calculated using the Digital Breast Volume Estimation method (DBVE) [25]. Demographic and pathological data, breast excision weight, percentage breast volume excised (BVE) (using the formula total resection volume/breast volume ×100), margin positivity, complications and re-excision were prospectively documented.

Data was expressed as mean and standard deviation for normally distributed data and medians and inter quartile range for non-normal data. The scores for each assessment method were also dichotomised to excellent/good and fair/poor and results analysed. Interclass Correlation and Fleiss’ Kappa were used to evaluate inter-rater agreement in the panel assessment.

^ǂBCCT.core 2.0 Software. (INESC Porto Breast Research Group (Portugal).

The demographic and clinical characteristics in the 41 consecutive patients are summarized in Table 1.

The mean breast volume was 768.3 cm³ ± 440 (range 200 - 1964), breast volume excised weighed 78.6 g ± 42.6 (18.9 - 214.4) and mean percentage of breast volume excised was 11.3% ± 5.2% (5.1 - 23.3). 19/41 (46.3%) had one surgical incision site and 22/41 (53.7%) had two in order to obtain axillary nodal tissue. 6/41 (14.6%) had no nodal surgery. The re-excision rate was 2/41 (4.9%) all for positive margins. No wound infections or haematomas occurred.

The PROs, BCCT.core and Expert Panel evaluations of the cosmetic status 10 - 14 days post surgery are shown in Table 2.

A comparison of the dichotomised scores is presented in Table 3.

Expert panel scoring approach found that in 66/164 (40.2%) the treated breast was nearly identical to untreated breast, slightly different than untreated in 70/164 (42.7%), clearly different from untreated but not seriously distorted in 26/164 (15.9%) and a seriously distorted in 2/164 (1.2%). The interclass correlation score was 0.39 (range 0.23 - 0.56) indicating moderate agreement. The mean average intraclass correlation was 0.72 (range 0.54 - 0.84). The weighted average Kappa measured 0.16 and p-value 0.0005. Figure 2 shows how the panel scores correlated with the BCTOS and BCCT.core cosmetic evaluations.

PROs using BCTOS questionnaire identified no change in breast shape in 19/41 (46.3%), a slight change in 16/41 (39%), moderate in 6/41 (14.6%) and large in 0/41 (0%).

Objective analysis of cosmetic outcome by BCCT.core Software identified the overall cosmetic result as being excellent in 0/41 (0%), good 32/41 (78%), fair 9/41 (22%) and poor 0/41 (0%).

Patient Reported Outcomes of functional status from the BCTOS were (mean ± sd) 1.5 ± 0.8 and breast specific pain 1.8 ± 0.8. The dichotomised scores are presented in Table 4. Cosmetic concerns were reported by 4/41 (9.8%) and these were size of breast, texture of breast, nipple appearance and fit of bra. No functional or breast specific pain concerns were reported.

* Excellent or good = a response value of either 1 or 2, ** Fair or poor = a response value of either 3 or 4.

* Excellent or good = a response value of either 1 or 2, ** Fair or poor = a response value of either 3 or 4.

This study successfully prospectively evaluated objective and subjective related outcomes following breast conserving surgery. It incorporated both patient and surgeon in these early outcomes assessment. The results were encouraging showing that despite low re-excision rates acceptable cosmetic outcomes were achieved.

Breast conserving surgery oncological outcomes are as good as or higher than mastectomy, when combined with multidisciplinary care and appropriate adjuvant therapies [4] [5] [6] [7]. A clear margin, with no tumour on ink is an important goal from the index operation. Achieving this can be difficult and margin positive rates are on average 25%, with re-excision approaching 20% [10] [11]. These rates are unacceptable and may relate in part to the surgeons fear of excising excessive tissue volume and its impact on form, functions and patient perceptions [26]. While the concept of the ideal breast shape has been reported, obtaining patients perceptions of their breast before and after conservative breast surgery suggests that the majority are happy with outcomes [27] [28]. What is not clear however is the cosmetic outcomes where margin positivity and re-excision is low.

There have been a number of studies looking at breast and tumour dimension. Concepts of ideal breast volume excision and breast volume to tumour resections ratios are important in the aesthetic outcomes [8] [29]. Surgery and cosmetic outcomes coupled with a cancer diagnosis exert a significant psychological impact on patients [30] [31].

Standardising cosmetic evaluation is difficult following breast conserving surgery [18]. Many factors affect outcomes including tumour size, incision site, location on breast, cup size, BMI, volume of breast tissue excised, complications and need for adjuvant therapy [16] [32] [33]. Functional factors such as pain and tissue oedema may exert a negative influence on outcomes [34] [35]. Radiotherapy’s effect will be influenced by the number of fields, volume of breast treated, dose given and when given concomitantly with chemotherapy [36] [37].

Accurate assessment of breast volume is challenging with no gold standard currently available [24] [38]. Current methods of volume calculation exhibit variable reliability; many require a level of detail that is difficult to reproduce, are impractical, are often not cost effective or may not be acceptable to the patient [39]. DBVE involves digital mapping of mammograms to calculate breast area with subsequent mathematical calculations using breast compression measurements to calculate breast volume [25].

There is currently no gold standard cosmetic assessment tool. BCCT core software was used in this study as it is simple, feasible, objective and suited to the Caucasian study population [21] [40] [41] [42]. The software may need refinement when used to evaluate the cosmetic outcome of an Asian population [43]. Photography has been widely used, with some studies evaluating 5 views [14].

Generally, the surgical approach used in this study was an internal advanced flap and breast plate defect closure. Hennigs and colleagues (2016) found that the surgical approaches which correlated with a negative cosmetic outcome included radial, fish-mouth and periareolar while other studies found no significant differences for overall body image scores when comparing anterior to lateral approaches [33] [44]. Nipple position and distance to nipple from inframammary fold are two of the measures of symmetry used in BCCT.core. Patients’ opinions on cosmetic outcome were also significantly related to objective parameters like distance from nipple to inframammary fold [45]. Vrieling and colleagues however found nipple position to be only moderately representative of the overall cosmetic outcomes [46].

With advances in earlier diagnosis and treatment advances, long term survival and the accompanying sequelae such as cosmetic and functioning outcomes are gaining greater importance. Advances in operative technology may help improve cosmetic outcomes. Intraoperative ultrasound (IUS) guidance in breast conserving surgery reduced the chances of a worse cosmetic outcome by 47% compared to palpation guided surgery in a study by Volders and colleagues (2017) [31]. Haloua (2016) also found improvement in cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction using IUS in breast conserving surgery [17].

Breast Q developed by Pusic and colleagues (2009) is thorough but time consuming [47]. We have reviewed our outcomes after mastectomy and reconstruction but this is the first attempt after complete local excisions [48]. Both Cardosa and Merie have advocated for standardization of breast outcome assessment [17] [42]. Evaluation of outcome has been difficult with suggestions that a dichotomized grading is superior to a categorical approach, improving consensus among reviewers [49]. Merie recently found in a large long term follow-up study of patients’ outcomes following conservative surgery and radiotherapy that using both BCCT.core assessment and patient self-assessment could form the benchmark tool [17]. Merie interestingly did not include plastic and reconstructive surgeons in their analysis. This study found moderate agreement between reviewers.

Panel assessment is superior to a single evaluation [50]. The question remains should the ideal number of the panel be perhaps two so long as they are not the operating surgeon. The Harris Scale, a global aesthetic assessment Likert scale, is still one of the most widely used measures in panel assessments of cosmetic outcome following breast surgery; despite having several drawbacks it has the advantage that it is easier to use [22] [51].

Follow-up assessment is planned for all patients at one year post surgery. Hennigs and colleagues found that patients reporting poor cosmetic outcome postoperatively were likely to remain unsatisfied with outcome over time [33]. The cosmetic outcomes at one year appear to be representative of long term cosmetic outcome after BCT [31].

Physician-patient relationships benefit by active enrolment in health care outcome studies as well as improving patients’ HRQoL and emotional functioning [52].

This study is relatively small in numbers and only includes one surgeon’s patients. While it has been validated externally it deals only with early cosmetic and functional outcomes, before administration of radiotherapy.

This study developed a robust outcomes assessment tool. Incorporation in routine breast practice may not only provide great understanding of outcomes, but combine the patients and the physician assessment.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Sugrue, M., Johnston, A., Degnim, A., Rubio, I.T., Van den Tol, M.P., Djohan, R., Valentine, M. and Gregor, G.M. (2019) Combined Patients and Medical Related Cosmetic Breast Cancer Outcomes―A Preferred Approach to Outcomes Assessment. Advances in Breast Cancer Research, 8, 31-44. https://doi.org/10.4236/abcr.2019.81003