Urban development programming counted one of the major important stages of planning and design. Urban projects process still has not enough consideration to urban development programming stage. This step sometimes missed in urban development projects or confused with tasks of urban development planning. It has been slow to achieve full existence. Methodology and strategies of urban development do not set clear the limits to the mission of urban development programming. The knowledge about the urban programming process and skilled programmers, architects or planners is one of the major issues of these days. This research investigates the concept of urban development programming in urban projects, to indicate the separation of architectural programming and urban programming tasks, and additionally, obtaining to innovate a new methodology and analyze the challenges and implementation. This methodology is determining the urban development programming task as well as strategies for implementation. The process of urban development programming and methods could give opportunities to programmers, planners, users, developers and urban authorities to implement this major important phase in urban projects. The research explicitly explains that urban development programming is a part of urban development planning and simplifying the process of planning.
For decades, programming has been performed by the designer as part of a package that included the design projects, however, since the late 1960s, there has been a tendency toward delineating programming as separate service (Popov, 2004) . In the same time, United States scientists worked in the field of “design methodologies”, especially in the field of public participation in the design process, following that, in 1966 contemporary architectural programming published by American Institute of Architecture (AIA), like a separate discipline ( Kumlin , 1995
The programming stage goes through the different process and methodology in various types of projects which understanding this topic is well illustrated in this research. The programming not only focuses on architectural studies but also cover a vast stage in different fields. Nevertheless, the process and methodology of programming is not the same for a building or an urban project in order to reach their objectives. For this reason, the programming can be classified in different field and parts. In this way, the programming stage can be implemented in the different field; through combination with various specialized fields, programming derives a variety of bifurcation theories, such as management programming, product programming, marketing programming, image programming, travel programming, real estate programming and so on (Li & Xu, 2011) . Also, the field of programming is widespread, and an accurate elaboration demands an interdisciplinary approach. Beside the technical disciplines, the scope of programming reaches into the fields of sociology, political sciences, anthropology or psychology (Faatz, 2009) . The programming can be implemented in a simple or complex method. Usually, the complexity of ordinary process returns to the project scale and other characteristics of projects. In 1999, Hershberger noted that “the programming process for achieving the requirement of a simple project like a small house or for a couple, the hopes, dreams, and requirement of the client may be completely articulated in one or two meetings, and get satisfied in solution achieved in minimal programming cost to the client or architect”. In another hand, the number of requirement in any project depends on the project scale and the complexity of project function. For instance, large-scale projects that have a complex function would require the identification of an extensive set of project requirements ( Van der Voordt & Van Wegen, 2005 , cited by Hussanian & Juaim, 2013 ). Furthermore, we can employ the programming process in the architectural design of buildings in general in order to reach optimal solutions to design problems, but the practical approaches of programming can be applied in the multi fields of professional within other types of projects, as projects of landscape, master plan projects, urban planning, project design new products (Alomari, Al-Sheikh, & Younis, 2012) .
However, there is significant researches, books, articles have been publishing in the programming field. Important to realize, some part of programming has been neglect, and there is no significant data. Urban development programming is one of the significant parts of programming that there is no significant data in this part. In other hands, the significant of programming, market demand, alongside other issues that are presenting needs of programming in urban projects. This part of programming needs a comprehensive investigation and research. This article is expressing a general concept of urban development programming and exploring the differences to create a basis for further investigation and researchers as well as innovate a new methodology for urban project.
The research aims to describe and determine the necessary role of urban development programming in urban development projects, which can thus highlight one of the significant issues of planning and design. Due to the urban programming processes; research conducts to comprehensive investigation and analysis of interdisciplinary programming practices that every project has to experience. This interdisciplinary approach displays the considerable importance of urban development programming activities and describes/innovate new methodologies for programmers, planner, users, clients, developers, city governments and who may need to involve in the project’s process. The following points are the specific objectives of this research:
• To describe the general concept of urban development programming.
• To express the significance of urban development programming.
• To show the differences in urban development programming, Architectural programming, and urban planning tasks.
• To examine and explore the influence of urban programming on the implementation of large-scale urban projects.
• To determine the influence of urban programming and planning for a proper design in urban projects.
• To realize the components of an innovative methodology for urban development programming.
• To suggest/advocate further research and investigations in this area.
The research methodology undertaken in this article is using the combined between qualitative and quantitative process. The qualitative method of this research insights into; the development on urban development programming methodology, the process of urban programming in the case study, and evaluating data through the literature analysis, as well as the hypothesis for potential the quantitative research of this paper. The quantitative research method in this paper; documented and structured the urban programming development programming methodology as well as structured a programming proposal the data in the case study of Shanghai Hongqiao central business district. To accomplish the objective of this research the following activities were carried out:
• Literature review: addressing the background study and describing the programming, architectural programming as well as urban planning.
• Hypothesis: addressing the urban development programming stage.
• Theoretical analysis: determining the differences between architectural programming, Urban planning, Urban development programming.
• Investigating: the current practices of urban development programming to express the strategies, challenges, and the significance of the urban development programming phase and its effect on the final performance of urban projects.
• Synthesizing: the available knowledge sources into a new tool to endeavor an outline/methodology in urban development programming, that programmers can adopt in their professional practice of developing the urban program.
• Implementation: using this new methodology of urban development programming on Hongqiao central business district (CBD) case study in Shanghai, China.
This research draws an image of urban development programming through analyzing and describing the concept of programming and planning. The basis of urban development programming is derivative from the urban development planning and design. Indeed, programming provides us with a way to find a correlation between objects, analyzes potential possibilities, and assesses the present situation, namely, it decides what to do, how to do when to do, and whom to do, in advance (Li & Xu, 2011) . Besides, the programming process such as this requires considerable attention to defining the scope and approach of the project (Hussain, 2015) . The programming is a comprehensive part of planning which including the significant factors in all process of the project, enhancement the quality of development and affecting the outcome of the projects. In another word, El Reifi, Emmittand, & Ruikar (2014) stated “It is the stage where project requirements are exposed, articulated, understood, defined and managed.” The research describes how urban development programming is applicable to all types of urban projects. As an illustration, urban programming is one of the significant stages of planning and design that plays an important role in design as well as in outcomes and consequences of projects. This part of research intended to determine urban development programming concept as well as the differences between urban planning, architectural programming and urban programming. Indeed, research describing some significant topics; “Urban planning” “Architectural programming”, “Urban development programming”, to understanding clearly the concept of programming.
Architectural programming began when architecture began. Mittleman & Daniel (1995) state that “history of the architectural programming, which means the list of space requirements for the users of the building, goes back the antiquity” (cited by Dundar, 2016 ). Architectural programming has been working in a broad field of study. For this reason, the architectural programming published books, articles, magazines, and topics in a wide range of study, in different methodologies, to express the concept of architectural programming.
Up to now, there are many diverse definitions of programming, and every expert/scholar described their understanding. Nevertheless, there is no widely accepted definition for architectural programming. Pena & Parshall (2001) , defined the architectural programming “architectural programming illustrates description organizer of the problem design and illuminate the requirements of the projects in a reasonable method to innovate a qualified solution for the design of the building.”The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) called the architectural programming “the brief process” and described; the programming must contain extract of the beneficiary, legal requirement, site condition, economic valuation, determine the level reference to a solution and the previous experience with a focus on economic feasibility (Nujaidi & Rashid, 1992) . Further evidence defined the architectural programming is a process to investigate and decision making that identifies the scope of work to be designed (Neiler, 2015) . In other word, architectural programming means the inquiry, observation, questionnaire, investigation, interview, discussions (Ma, 2015) . That is to say, architectural programming is the process of describing the real condition, gathering the information, client’s requirements, uncover the design problem, analysis, synthesis the relevant data of project which clarifies the objectives, to facilitate the design decision making (Goldman & Peatross, 1992; Palmer 1981; Preiser, 1993; Faatz, 2009; Deng & Poon, 2013; Sanoff, 1992; Van der Voordt & Van Wegen, 2005; Hussanian & Juaim, 2013) .
The architectural programming phase presented in various methodologies (White, 1972; Kumlin, 1995; Pena & Parshall, 2001; Li & Xu, 2011; Neiler, 2015) . These methods and processes significantly covers all aspects of architectural programming, but these methods do not describe a clear framework for all types of projects.
Architectural programming goal is aimed directly at design; to provide accurate and reliable data building vocabulary can be directly used for the design ( Kumlin , 1995;
To clarify the definition of urban development programming, we need to have a clear understanding of relevant concept including “urban development,” “programming” and “urban planning,” afterward, we can define the urban development programming.
According to “Delhi” Urban Planning can be defined as the design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and the location of different activities within it (Susan, 2014) (The general concept of urban planning framework described in
The result of careful planning by civil and design engineers, project managers, architects, environmental planners, and surveyors. The integration of these disciplines is known as urban development (Brooks, 2017) .
Programming is the preliminary phase of planning made by the programmer for a particular purpose. According to Palmer (1981) , programming is the gathering, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting of the information relevant to design.
According to James et al. (2007, p. 91) expressed the programming:
• Once a site selected for development or redevelopment, its future uses can be determined or programmed in more detail.
• Programming typically expressed in term of the quantity of spaces needed to meet anticipated future needs.
• Programming occurs over a range of spatial scale, from the entire site down to individual building on the site.
The urban development programming can be defined clearly in this method; according to Froncois Meunier (2010), “urban programming determines the political and social meaning which the contracting authority assigns to the urban project. It constitutes the counterpart to the spatial project (architecture and urban planning) by investigating primarily what will ‘inhabit the space’ and the performances which space will have to achieve in order to receive it”. Furthermore, Ma Wenjun (2017) defined the urban development programming; “urban development programming is to achieve the development goal of the city government or developers of public projects, as well as to achieve the objectives of the project and the overall idea, proposal and a series of planning activities. The results of the project programming are the basis for the city government and developers, in sifting projects and implementation decisions”.
Urban development Programming analyzes the existing needs and policies in a given country for urban development mission by the using these data; identifies opportunities and scope of a project in order to achieve a consistent and effective urban development approach. In other words, Urban programming is a procedure, it covers the process of elaboration and implementation of urban projects from the triggering factor (Joint Development Zone project, relocation, National Agency of Urban Renewal application) to the monitoring of priority operations in the capacity of assistant to the contracting authority (Meunier, 2010) .
The urban development programming phase will serve to assess; whether and in what form of urban development cooperation, should consider in planning and design. Therefore, this is the initial step in making sure that the possible impact and outcome of a project in urban development planning. Thus, the eventual agreement for cooperation in urban development achieved during the programming phase would provide a framework and a base for supporting the design phase to make opportunities for developers, users, and authorities related to the projects to have a clear understanding of the projects. Furthermore, Urban development programming is interdisciplinary, principles, methods, and nature of a project, that could usefully bring about an evolution/problem-solving in planning and design. The general concept of urban development programming expressed in
The process of preparing and implementing the urban development programming provides a framework for collecting information about a site and
investigating and evaluating different interests in it, afterward, analyzing the scope of the site and make sure the basic for next step which is design. Important to realize, according to Francois (2010) , “urban programming could usefully bring about an evolution in methods of planning (Development and Planning Project of the Local Urbanism Plan, Territorial Coherence Plan...)”.
The urban development programming goals depend on the level and nature of the projects. The research investigated the primary goal of urban development programming:
• Improving the efficiency of the planning and development process.
• Improving the quality of public projects development.
• To achieve the development objective of city developers and city government.
• To achieve the maximum and efficient information of the project’s objectives.
Depending on project objectives and site conditions, programs may vary in specificity. Nevertheless, the goals of urban projects are different. Important to realize, in general, the urban development programming objective is aimed directly at design, to achieve the adequate information of public project’s objectives and aims, this information is directly determining the project’s implementation. In another hand, Francois (2010) stated, “the goal of urban programming is thus to elaborate and integrate within the spatial project the life-project of the urban site that is to renovated or created”.
Theoretical analysis of this research presenting the differences between urban development programming and architectural programming (see
The urban development programming is a part of urban planning and differences is clearly analyzed and presenting in this research (see
Urban development programming has a significant role in the projects consequences, project implementation decisions, project goals and improving the quality of development. Furthermore, all types of projects need the relevant, comprehensive information in the extraction, clarification of resources with all aspects of planning and design, analyzing the scope and positioning of the projects, all these are a fundamental data of design, and the process of extraction and coordination of these data resource on urban project is urban programming.
Even though, the urban development programming not only focuses on site analysis but also giving the strategies and achieving the objective of city authority and developers. Besides, how to get these data and how to employ in a feasible way to urban projects, all refer to urban development programming.
The accomplish necessity of the need for urban development programming in urban professional life, originate for many reasons related to social, economic and environmental accelerated changes, as well as increased with different professional discipline involved in the design process, the complexity of the process of the implementation and the complexity of the methods of urban development, the need for sufficient information has become more critical. Indeed, to specify the extent of the urban project’s complexity is clear in planning and design. Francois (2010) noted that “realizing the extent of the urban project’s complexity, whether it is a renovation or the creation of a site, urban projects are difficult for a master plan.” The research analyzing the need for urban development programming in the following paragraphs:
Normally, urban development programming requires for all urban or rural projects. In the other hand, the programming may be required if the project development plan and any existing supplementary planning guidance do not cover adequately site-specific issues which need to addressed before the submission of a planning application. In this case, the programming process implementation is applicable and follows the strategies and methods to implement the process.
The urban programming process explicitly shows the nature of adequate planning and clarified a planning process. As well as, rational urban programming can make clear what is likely to be acceptable and what is unacceptable, where there is flexibility and where are requirements of the project. With this in mind, this stage minimizing uncertainty and improving efficiency of urban project. At the present time, minimizing uncertainty through urban development programming preparation; which is one of the primary goal in urban development programming to gain the developers and city governments objectives. For this reason, the preparation of urban development programming illustrates the certainty to city governments and developers.
Urban development programming through the role of interpreting development plan policy and planning regulation can influence the design of a site. When the urban programming process has done by appropriately interpreted and skilled people, it can attract the attention of the developers, city governments and authorities on the unique characteristics of the site and improve the quality of development. The process of urban development programming in the determination of development quality dedicates a profound role.
Indeed, all stages of urban development programming are linked to the development plan of a city. Urban development programming to understand the goal of city governments or urban authorities contains a series of programming and planning activities. These series of activities are helping to find out the goals of city governments concerning public projects. By all means, the need for an understanding of urban authority’s goals causing is to simplify the implementation decisions.
The significance of the programming has been cleared for developers and city authorities. However, market demand requires for implementation of the programming in public projects. Furthermore, nowadays programming has received noticeable attention, the result of the programming process positively influences projects and market demand to do the programming in the project before the planning and design (Yu, Shen, Kelly, & Hunter, 2006) . Indeed, the market demand targeting two aspects; demand for a clear methodology of urban development programming and demand for skilled programmer, planner, or architects that could implement the process efficiently. The professional programmers or skilled planners/architects could implement the process spotless.
Furthermore, the other most crucial preparations to maintain during the programming process is the skill and experience of the programmer in all stage of the programming. The skill of the programmer put forward one step clear in the design (Francois, 2010; Neiler, 2015; Ma, 2015; La Gro et al., 2001) . According to Tustler et al. (1993: p. 233) , a successful programmer:
• Communicates the proposed process to all involved.
• Does not lock in preconceived solutions.
• Reconciles subcomponent needs with overall organizational goals and resources.
• Frequently tests and reviews design concepts, as functional and space models explored.
Further emphasize, according to Zeisel and Max (1993) , comment on the role of the programmer: “The programmer must be an expert not only at synthesizing disparate and often seemingly unrelated user data but also at translating these data into practical, ‘designer-friendly’ information” (p. 260). In other words, programming requires an interactive collaboration between developers, programmers, and planner, the technical knowledge and interpersonal skills of the programmer help users define needs, identify the relationship, and visualize future opportunities (Hussain, 2015) .
The significance of urban development programming described the importance and need for this stage. This part of urban development planning (programming) is pay attention to contributes the planning process.
This part of the research, describing some general challenge of urban development programming. Before to describe the challenges, research reveals that; in most of the urban projects, the process of programming not only have some challenges but wholly neglected. Only a minimal number of projects apply to the programming to practices. The reasons why urban programming neglected from urban projects is explained in the following points;
• Mixing the urban programming task with another stage of planning and design.
• Programming avoids the creation of the planner/architects.
• The cost expenses of the programming stage.
• The programming may not be applicable to urban projects.
In other hand, this is a visible light that programming will not restrict the architects/designer creation thought (Ma, 2015) . Further evidence, the cost estimated around 1, 5% of the project life cycle, since this small amount will influence on more than 80% of the total life cycle project’s cost (Achammer, 2009) . In the meantime, the current challenge of urban development programming; there is no complete comprehensive process and strategies for urban development programming, even if there is; the process is inefficient. In other words, lack of a systematic and comprehensive framework for identifying and communicating applications/users and developer/authorities with design team (Kelly et al., 2003; Shen & Chung 2006; Bogers et al., 2008 cited by Hussanian & Juaim, 2013) . Furthermore, according to Yu et al. (2006), Bogers et al. (2008) , “current programming practices are still considered to be inadequate”. In other words, there no educational system for urban programming in most of the educational institutions. Furthermore, the procedure between project establishment and architecture design, the policy of charging, and also the pressure of the deadline in programming turned to a big challenge ( Su, 2002 , cited by Li & Xu, 2011; Hussanian & Juaim, 2013 ).
Indeed, unskillful knowledge about programming process and influence on the outcome of the projects made the client and developers to do not invest in this process (Faatz, 2009) . Furthermore, one of the main characteristics in current challenges is increasing the complexity of the projects, the planning process, however, it is still separated into different specializations that are working separately, the programming phase still an exception ( Achammer , 2009
To sum up, in this part of the research, urban development programming is facing to a significant amount of challenges and there is also lack of capacity to understand the programming stage. Since, there are not clear strategies, theories, and method. Besides, the educational system, planning system, authorities related to the urban project, planners and programmers, urban development policies and other parts related to urban projects have to pay attention in this valuable stage.
The strategies of urban development programming should be based on the policies and regulations of the urban development plan of cities. The investigations showed that some urban development programming strategies do not state efficiently. Consequently, their expectations were vague. Possibly they were inadequately addressed at the outset. An explicit /clear strategy is crucial because they influence the whole programming process. The statement of why the urban programming has been prepared and precisely what it seeks to achieve is fundamental to the urban development programming success.
The urban development programming covers and analyzes critical information of a site as well as other important issues. This determines the strengthening of urban planning activities. These strategies which seek to promote urban development have distinct characteristics. These strategies not only amplification the developers and city governments interests, but also covers different issues of urban development. For example; to understanding this enhancement of the mix-use development is one of the critical strategies nowadays as well as scholars and researchers encouraged this method. The urban development programming strategies also pay attention to attract the developers, city governments and users.
The urban development programming stage activities contributes to identify the constraints of projects. In other hand, due to the sensibility and high risk of public projects; one of the primary Strategies of urban development programming is identifying constraints.
Describing the participation in urban development programming is visible light. Certainly, one of the primary strategies of urban development programming is to induct the participation process in urban development projects. The programming is based on a combination of interviews and work sessions (Pena & Parshall, 2001) . The programming stage is known before as participation process. The urban projects or public project directly or indirectly involve the participation. This does not make seedy the strategies of urban development programming.
Preparation and implementation of urban development programming in a professional way could usefully bring an afford for the design stage. Indeed, the urban development programming stage works for have a proper design. In other hands, according to James A et al. (2007), “design guidelines may address a variety of site components that have significant effects on a project’s economic success and environmental impact” (p. 102). In particular, urban projects often involving and implementing by different designers or a team of designers this is a qualified advantage to have design guide in the project.
In general, urban projects are influencing economic, environment and quality of life as well as improvement of cities. Nevertheless, the strategies of urban development programming transfer the principles through the programming for enhancement of urban development quality, by applying the urban programming for public projects; preparing opportunities for implementation of projects. For this reason, the research investigated those strategies of urban development programming influencing the quality of urban projects and increasing the quality of urban. The technical reason, analyze of urban development programming determining the critical objectives of projects and realizing the priorities of urban projects which is vital for urban development and urban design.
Urban development programming is proposing a series of planning activities in a feasible way for developers and city governments. The outcome of urban development programming gives opportunities to city governments and developers as well as users a feasible way to implement the projects. The urban development programming strategies consider to discover a feasible way to implement the project in an affordable and sustainable method to have a proper design.
In general, urban development programming can be implemented in different level (Macro-Micro) as well as it is related to the strategies, regulations, and policy of the urban planning and design. The implementation of urban development programming following the strategies is given to the project, through the characteristics of the project. The adoption of the urban programming does not mark the end of its role in the project development process. The programmer/the team responsible for preparing the programming should have been aware, from the outset, how the programming was to be used to influence the project development process. The programming will be prepared before a planning application is submitted. The process of urban development programming did not definite a clear framework. Somehow, the process of programming applying alongside other parts of planning and design.
All the process of the implementation follows the strategies of urban development programming. The implementation of the urban development programming has to follow the entice of consent. The concept of participation is one of the primary strategies in urban development programming. This part of urban development programming does not mean; the participation of the users/application involved because urban projects are public. The strategy of urban development determining to involve the users and cooperation of them are needed. Furthermore, according to Hussain (2015) , concepts of human needs and responses must become an integral part of the program and the project budgeting process for every building. It is essential that the members of the partnerships development link with the relevant urban authorities, developers, users and work in full transparency.
The implementation of the urban development programming is a whole part of and covers many issues. For this reason, in some part might be further analysis and work. Nevertheless, if some further work is needed on a specific issue before the planning application is submitted, this is the responsibility of programming process should make it clear. That is why programming should always be linked up as early as possible for the use of the available resources in the obtained time.
In summary, the implementation process is related to many factors that take a comprehensive part in urban development programming. The following points describing some characteristics which should be part of the approach in the implementation of the urban development programming;
• Social, cultural, and gender issues should be considered at all level of urban development programming.
• Public applications should have enough knowledge of the programming process.
• The supporters of the project have to be confirmed before the implementation of the programming in urban.
• Public support for the urban project is essential and can significantly alter the implementation of the process.
• The associations and urban authorities related to the project have to be aware of the process of implementation
Shanghai Hongqiao central business district as a first-class global business hub, and the only transportation hub in China that integrates local, regional, and international connection (Dai & de vires, 2017) . The (HQCBD) is marked as amajor urban development planning project and consist; a mix of functions, such as offices, hotels, cinemas, shopping malls, and residential (
The advantage (geographical, transportation, late-development, policies, relative cost) of (HQCBD) referred a modern service industry concentration district of Shanghai, a new platform for the construction of Shanghai international trade center, a gathering place for the headquarters of enterprises and trading organs, a high-end business service serving the Yangtse Delta Area, Yangtse valley, and the whole country.
This part of the research is exploring and applying the six steps of urban programming (Appendix 1), implemented in the planning and design of (HQCBD) as a case study, under the identified methodology (
Hypothesis: An assumed, or real condition is taken as a basis for inference from which to conclude. If we put the urban programming based on the differences, concept, strategies, and implementation, from the three variables: Urban programming, Urban planning, and Architectural programming, then, the research can get an integrated urban programming methodology for the Urban project (in this case, Shanghai Hongqiao CBD, 2016 ).
Investigation: The survey includes the investigation of the project location environment, the historical and cultural environment, the natural environment, the social environment, the municipal public utility system, the urban land application, the economic environment, the market survey, and the user needs survey and so on.
Analysis: The analysis can be divided into two points of view; the environmental analysis and feasibility analysis, and the theoretical analysis which the theories analysis progress mainly includes urban planning theory, urban economics theory, and marketing theory.
Target: In general, for specific urban development planning projects, there will be different target system, but in general all from the policy objectives, legal objectives, planning objectives, market goals, and financial goals are five aspects used to develop the target system.
Result and implementation: The purpose of urban planning implementation is to rationally allocate urban space resources so that urban economic, social and construction activities can be carried out efficiently, orderly and continuously.
Evaluation: Evaluation of the implementation is an essential part of the entire urban planning process. The objective is to evaluate the implementation of the plan that has implemented for a period and whether the result of the plan and the original plan compilation has been implemented.
SWOT Analysis of (HQCBD)Strengthen
• HQCBD integrated transport hub.
• Traffic conditions are extremely convenient.
• Large flow of people.
• New area, land resources are not limited.
• Conducive to urban development control and management.
Weaknesses
• Traffic noise affectation for resident
• Height limitation/restriction.
Opportunities
• Industrial transfer worldwide.
• Economic development of the Yangtze River Delta to open service-oriented development.
• Integration of urban development in the Yangtze River.
• Hongqiao transport hub will drive the development of the surrounding industries.
• The surrounding town has a certain population and industrial base.
Threats
• Peripherally related industries are not maturing enough to form the development of linked industries.
• Difficult to compete with other large shopping center in Shanghai.
• Emerging high-end business district in a similar area continues to emerge.
EvaluationThis case allows the establishment of what extent plans and physical developments contribute to urban vitality.
The plans and the physical environment might be seen as necessary pre-conditions for place-making, but are by no means sufficient conditions.
The actual use by people and businesses will determine whether HQCBD will become a high-quality place.
Hongqiao CBD can be considered an outlier case.
It has characteristics that are not encountered to such an extent on the broader population.
The political culture is within the municipality of Shanghai―with more decentralization and openness to non-governmental actors than in most parts of China.
It creates different, and arguably, more favorable conditions for creating place quality.
It allows us to gain insight into deviating conditions of institutional capacity that seemingly relate to better place quality.
The research is presenting the main concept of urban development programming through the literature research and analysis of differences between urban planning, architectural programming and urban development programming. The significance of urban development programming is expressing through the strategies, challenges and implementation. Additionally, the research innovated a new methodology of urban development programming. This methodology is applicable to urban development projects. Indeed, the research implemented this methodology for Shanghai Hongqiao central business district. Consequently, this theory and methodology can determine the task of urban development programming and can be useful for developers, urban authorities and users, and also is an opportunity for the researcher and students for further investigation in this area. In the final analysis, the research presents the outcome of investigations in some key points:
• The theory and method of urban development programming.
• The significance of this research explored a part of planning which is the most critical part in planning and design and recommending that still a wide range of investigations/research is needed.
• The researched explicitly explained that architectural and urban programming is different and each of these has critical significance in their majors.
• The research expressed the urban development programming which is a part of planning through the differences between planning and programming.
• Significance of urban development programming expressed that programming is needed in urban projects and has influence on the project’s consequences and quality.
• The need for urban development programming and why urban development programming has to be part of planning clarified through the significance of urban development programming.
• The research investigated the current challenges of urban development programming. Also, it explored why urban development programming has been ignored and neglected in planning and design. Furthermore, it recommended that some urban development programming challenges are baseless.
• The hypothetical analyses of strategies and implementation of urban development programming in this research present the important role of programming in planning and design.
• The research innovated a new methodology through determining the steps and implementing on case study.
The research explicitly explained that urban development programming is a part of urban development planning and simplifying the process of planning.
The research that has been undertaken for this paper has highlighted a number of topics which further research would be beneficial.
Several areas where information is lacking were mentioned in the literature review and studies undertaken for this research. Whilst some of these were addressed by the research in this paper, others remain. In particular, there is a lack of urban development data in the different area of this step, in planning and design.
The research undertaken studies of programming and planning of Shanghai Hongqiao CBD as a major urban development project in Shanghai. There are several further types of research this paper considered in this project. The paper considers the integration of architecture planning and urban planning of (HQCBD). This integration concept developed in this research can be used for connecting different new studios or analysis about urban planning and design (For example vertical green infrastructure, low carbon, architecture elements) in a programming phase. The continuing future research in urban development programming is going to be the evaluation methodology/framework for planning and design in central business districts after constructed. The urban programming process could investigate the ecological objectives and evaluation. The project is a valuable example of the urban development programming process.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Rohani, S., & Ma, W. J. (2018). Theories and Methods of Urban Development Programming: “Identifying Urban Development Programming Methodologies”. Current Urban Studies, 6, 532-558. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2018.64029
| Urban development Programming steps | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Research the project type | Central business district | Low carbon business community | Low carbon economy: Economic structure, Energy utilization, and efficiency, Urban planning and design. Architecture. Modern business community: Personalized building image, high-quality humanistic environment |
| Identifying goals and objectives | Organizational goals | Identifying the city authorities’ goals | Fostering the growth of domestic and international trade, raising domestic consumption, disposable income growth, job creation in urban areas, the development of modern service industries, advanced manufacturing, and “Strategic Emerging Industries” (SEI’s) growth (2). |
| Form and Image | Identifying the aesthetic | Personalized building image: Modern and fashion, High-tech, Personalized | |
| Identifying the psychological impact of the urban design | Eco-system services and public spaces: the creation of new public spaces shaped by the disposition of the architectural elements, which at the same time create new small public spaces and an underground public space creating an interconnected friendly public space system in the middle of surroundings friendly for the pedestrian. | ||
| Analysis of project connectivity | The Hongqiao Transportation (Hub) HTH integrates high-speed rail (HSR) as well as air, metro and road links into a single massive hub, with Maglev links planned in the future (2). | ||
| Analysis similarity with the surrounding area/neighborhood | HQCBD is the key and strategic node of the Yangtze river delta network city. The intersection point of the five central urban areas: Jiading, Kunshan, Qingpu, Songjiang, Minhang. Similar neighborhood: Hongqiao linking economic zone, Hongqiao foreign trade center, Chanfengeco-business park. | ||
| Identifying the created image of the project in urban planning | The green landscape along the east-west spindle, design open green spaces in the waterfront space, form a green pedestrian system tightly integrated with the urban activities, become a natural ecological system. | ||
| Identifying historical, cultural | HQCBD has the presence of famous touristic old Qibao water Town. | ||
| Function goals | Identifying the significant functions will take place in the new district | Domestic and international trade center, Functional industrial forms, the Functional pattern of three districts and one belt. | |
| Identifying the population accommodate in the project | |||
| Analyzing the future buildings design enhance or impact occupant interactions | |||
| Analysis to reduce the commitment flow | |||
| Economic goals | Project budget | Not available. | |
| The level of quality is desired, the attitude toward conservation of resources and sustainability | The first combined cooling, heating, and power supply system in China has also been put into operation in the CBD, according to the Hongqiao CBD committee. (1) | ||
| Management goals | Time project to be employed | About 95 percent of the 352 buildings in the zone’s core area will be completed by the end of 2016, according to the committee. (1) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of development in the next five, ten, fifteen years | Major function area and Expansion area. | ||
| Time goals | Refers to the circumstances of the owner, clients, programmer, or architect]. | ||
| Gathering and analysis facts | National and geographical factors | Topography | Determine the physic characteristics of the land. |
| Location and transportation | Transportation concept: Road system, improve the pedestrian traffic, bicycle sharing system, promote the public traffic, Light Rail Transit (LRT). | ||
| Vicinity analysis (land use, transportation) | The strategic location of (HQCBD) integrating: Hongqiao transportation Hub (HTH), Hongqiao High-speed train station and airport, bus, Maglev, metro line. Land use: mix use, Commercial, and finance, Culture and Entertainment, Business and office, Building and plaza. The land use proportion: residential, public buildings, Hub buildings, Airport interior buildings, storage logistics. | ||
| Social factors | Population (quality and number of talents, consumption level, demand) | Not available. | |
| Environment analysis (green, low carbon, eco-friendly) | One of the zone’s key development concepts includes a focus on achieving low carbon emissions during their construction phase. All buildings within the CBD’s core area have been certified with a two-star rating by the National Green Building Evaluation Standards, while more than 50 percent of the buildings have received three stars. Some buildings even have a Leadership in Energy and Environment Design qualification.1 | ||
| Economic factors | World or national industrial development trend | High tech-industry and service are main industry Yangtze River Delta important gateway to the world; Shanghai serves the commerce and trade platform of the whole country and the Yangtze River Delta, An Important Carrier of Shanghai’s Construction of an International Trade Center and an Important Pole of Shanghai’s Multi-core CBD Structure. | |
| Industrial position analysis | Core Industries - Mobility for the Modern Business Trade Services, Extending Industries - Modern Business Services Based on “Business,” Supporting Industry - Services for Business and Commercial Services. | ||
| Identifying the economic goals of the project | Fostering the growth of domestic and international trade, raising domestic consumption, and placing greater emphasis towards producing2 value-added products and services as China’s rising labor costs and technical expertise move the country up the global supply chain. | ||
| Political factors | Zoning, national and Shanghai’s industry policies | According to the Shanghai policy: |
| Analysis and concept disclosure | Implementation of low-carbon | Energy utilization, architecture, urban planning, and design, traffic | Energy utilization: improve the efficiency of local energy, development, and innovation of emission reduction technologies, new energy, clean energy development, and promotion. Architecture: shape coefficient of the building, insulation of the wall, sun shading system, roof garden, ventilation. Urban planning and design: mix use, maximize the land use, walkable, sustainable design, microclimate, landmark and high density, high-quality public green, safety and unobstructed of the public space. Traffic: encourage pedestrian traffic, encourage bicycle traffic, promote public traffic, reduce private car traffic. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Implements a modern business district | Personalized building image | Modern building image symbolizes the corporate the building image. | |
| High-quality and humanistic environment | The image and mode park as a business area: high green ratio no less than 30%, humanistic and specialized landscape setup, diversified place arrangement, flexible layout. | ||
| Convenient service facilities | Public service facilities, underground pedestrian walkways, parking facilities, commercial facilities. | ||
| Implements industry layout | Modern service industry | Financial service industry, cultural industry, information service industry, modern logistics industry, exhibition and touristic industry, professional service industry. | |
| High tech-industry | Semiconductor illumination, biological technology, new energy recourses, new materials. | ||
| Advance manufactory | Pillar industry, equipment industry, strategic industry. | ||
| Need determining and quantitative requirements | Cost requirements | Construction cost (for building and site work) | The project cost is not available. |
| Amounts for architect’s fees | |||
| Contingency, | |||
| Communications | |||
| Topological surveys, and any other costs | |||
| Schedule of construction | Major function area, Expansion area. | Significant function area completion year: Hongqiao transportation hub (HTH) (2011), core phase 1 (2014-2015), core area-south section (2015-2020). Expansion area completion year: west Hongqiao Qingpu (under redevelopment), south Hongqiao Minhang (under redevelopment), north Hongqiao Jiading (under redevelopment). | |
| Affordable area and its zoning | |||
| Problem defining and compilation of program | Compilation of program in the project |