The theory of general relativity is related to the concept of curvature of space- time induced by the presence of the massive objects. We will see through this paper that the general relativity can be linked with linear Algebra and Vector Analysis without the need for concept of space-time. This is important for the unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics, gravity with electromagnetic, and a better understanding of the universe, gravity, black holes. The most important is the separation between the space-time and the big bang theory, which prove the existence of space-time before that, which leads to the existence of the creator of the universe.
In my research “Old Mechanics, Gravity, Electromagnetics and Relativity in One Theory: Part I”, I published in “Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology (JHEPGC)”, I put some principles for a new theory in mathematics “titled The Extended Fields Theory”, where I derived some of the physics equations that can be applied to the electric and gravitational domains without distinguishing in this theory, which means that there is similarity between the Maxwell and Lorentz equations for the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, and to generalization this principle. I published two other research explained in the first that perihelion precession, deflection of light passing near to the sun, and the black holes, are cosmic phenomena which can be theoretically proved through classical method through symmetry principle between the electronic and gravitational fields, far away from the concept of space-time [
Generally, in this new theory, we can prove that the cross product of two vectors in the ℝ 4 , 2 is directly proportional to the famous Einstein’s field equations in General relativity theory, where it is important for the unification of relativity with quantum mechanics, as well as also important for understanding of the universe, especially the metrics of general relativity (i.e. Reissner-Nordström metric), and the separation between the space-time structure and the big bang, because that prove there was a creator before the universe existed
As a special case, we will briefly in this paper to link the New Theory with Maxwell stress tensor equation, and in the next research, we will link Einstein’s tensor and quantum mechanics to our New Theory.
This research paper is part of several scientific research groups with different names to unite the science of physics to understand this scientific area; reader has to check the indicated references.
As shown in my last paper [
f cross = J × 1 q F → = J × B → (2.1)
J × B → = J ⋅ B ¯ →
where
J : 4-electric current density
f cross : 4-E M Lorentz force density
Also we may rewrite the curl B → for μ 0 ≠ 1 as,
∇ × B → = μ 0 J
thus
f cross = ( J ) × B → = ( J ) ⋅ B ¯ → = ( ∇ × 1 μ 0 B → ) ⋅ E → = ( E → × 1 μ 0 B → ) ⋅ ∇ = ∇ ⋅ [ 1 μ 0 ( B → × E → ) ] = ∇ ⋅ [ c 2 4 π k ( B → × E → ) ] = ∇ ⋅ T → e m
where:
T → e m is the EM Maxwell stress vector, or electromagnetic stress vector, defined by
T → e m = c 2 4 π k ( B → × E → ) = c 2 ϵ 0 ( B → × E → )
► For example:
let, qi is a complex orthogonal unit vector, and
B → = − 76 q 1 + 51 q 2 + 46 q 3 + 41 q 4 + 262 q 5 − 151 v 6
E → = − 151 q 1 − 262 q 2 + 41 q 3 + 46 q 4 − 51 q 5 − 76 q 6
T → = T → e m : c 2 ϵ 0 = 1
As explained in my last paper we get
B → × E → = | q 1 q 2 q 3 − 76 51 46 − 151 − 262 41 q 4 q 5 q 6 41 262 − 151 46 − 51 − 76 |
Thus
T → = B → × E → = 27613 q 1 , 2 + 3830 q 1 , 3 + 2695 q 1 , 4 + 43438 q 1 , 5 − 17025 q 1 , 6 + 14143 q 2 , 3 + 13088 q 2 , 4 + 66043 q 2 , 5 − 43438 q 2 , 6 + 435 q 3 , 4 − 13088 q 3 , 5 + 2695 q 3 , 6 − 14143 q 4 , 5 + 3830 q 4 , 6 − 27613 q 5 , 6 = T μ γ q μ γ
where
q 1 = v 01 : q 2 = v 02 : q 3 = v 03 : q 4 = v 12 : q 5 = v 13 : q 6 = v 23
q i , j = q i × q j
The magnitude or length of the Maxwell stress vector T → is defined as
| T → | 2 = | B → × E → | 2 = ∑ ( T μ γ ) 2 , μ = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 5 ; γ = μ + 1 , μ + 2 , ⋯ , 6
Then,
| T → | = ∑ ( T μ γ ) 2 = 103619 (2.2)
We can calculate the absolute value of the stress vector T → by using the classical way as following,
B → ⋅ E → = | B → | | E → | cos α = | B → | 2 cos α
| B → × E → | = | B → | | E → | sin α = | B → | 2 sin α
thus
cos α = ( B → ⋅ E → ) | B → | 2 = ( 0 ) | B → | 2 = 0 → α = 90 ∘
Then,
| T → | = | B → × E → | = | B → | 2 sin 90 ∘ = | B → | 2 = 103619 (2.3)
►► The last equation equals the length of the Maxwell stress vector in Equation (2.2).
Let us suppose the equation,
f = ∇ ⋅ T → = ∂ T μ γ ∂ x γ = ∂ γ T μ γ (3.1)
T μ γ is the matrix form of stress vector, or electromagnetic stress tensor, defined by
T μ γ = ( T → ) μ γ
We may conversion the mix cross-product of K → ∈ ℝ 4 , 2 and F → ∈ ℝ 4 , 2 to mix dot-product as shown in the master form bellow
K → × F → = K → ⋅ F ¯ → + M (3.2)
where:
M: orthogonal vector, M ⊥ e i , i = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3
for the electromagnetic field we have
K → = B → : F → = E → : T → = K → × F →
Then we have
T → = B → × E → = B → ⋅ E ¯ → + M = B → ⋅ B → + M = B → 2 + M
So,
∇ ⋅ T → = ∇ ⋅ B → 2 + ∇ ⋅ M = ∇ ⋅ B → 2
f μ = ( ∇ ⋅ T → ) μ γ = ( ∇ ⋅ B → 2 ) μ γ = ∂ γ ( B → 2 ) μ γ
Or as the following
f μ = ∂ γ ( B μ γ ) 2 (3.3)
► Now in the example at hand, suppose that
C = 1 e 0 + 2 e 1 − 4 e 2 + 1 e 3
∇ ≡ C or as the form, ∂ γ ≡ C γ
By rewriting the magnetic field vector B → as the matrix in the form
( B → ) μ γ = ( 0 − 76 51 46 76 0 41 262 − 51 − 41 0 − 151 − 46 − 262 151 0 )
we therefor get
J = ∇ × B → ≡ C × B →
J μ ≡ ( C × B → ) μ γ = C γ B μ γ = ( 1 2 − 4 1 ) ( 0 − 76 51 46 76 0 41 262 − 51 − 41 0 − 151 − 46 − 262 151 0 )
J μ ≡ ( 310 − 174 284 1174 )
f cross = ( J × B → ) μ γ = J μ B μ γ ≡ ( 310 − 174 284 1174 ) ( 0 − 76 51 46 76 0 41 262 − 51 − 41 0 − 151 − 46 − 262 151 0 )
f cross ≡ ( − 81712 − 342792 185950 − 74212 ) (3.4)
On the other hand, we can conversion the square of vector B → to matrix form as,
( B μ γ ) 2 = ( 0 − 76 51 46 76 0 41 262 − 51 − 41 0 − 151 − 46 − 262 151 0 ) 2 = ( − 10493 − 14143 3830 − 27613 − 14143 − 76101 43438 − 2695 3830 43438 − 27083 − 13088 − 27613 − 2695 − 13088 − 93561 )
Then we obtain
C γ ( B μ γ ) 2 = ( 1 2 − 4 1 ) ( − 10493 − 14143 3830 − 27613 − 14143 − 76101 43438 − 2695 3830 43438 − 27083 − 13088 − 27613 − 2695 − 13088 − 93561 )
Thus
f μ ≡ C γ ( B μ γ ) 2 = ( − 81712 − 342792 185950 − 74212 ) (3.5)
►► Here the last force density equals the cross force as shown in Eq. (3.4).
In our theory we assume that
K → = g B → : F → = g E → : T → = g ( K → × F → )
g = diag ( ± 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 )
On the other hand, from master form and the results above, we have
K → × F = ( g B → ) 2 + M = k → 2 + M
Let, matrix A = (kμr)2: Mμr = −λI
Then we get
( K → × F → ) μ γ = ( k → 2 ) μ γ + ( M ) μ γ = ( k μ γ ) 2 + M μ r = A − λ I
Here the Lambda symbol λ denote as Eigenvalue of matrix ( K → × F → ) ,λ equals the average of the elements on the main diagonal of matrix A as follows:
λ = 1 4 tr (A)
where:
tr(A): is the trace of a matrix A (or the sum of the elements on the main diagonal of A)
I: unit matrix, I = diag ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 )
► For an example at hand, we will use the matter case where its assumed that,
g = diag ( − 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 )
Then we get
k μ γ = g B μ γ = ( − 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ) ( 0 − 76 51 46 76 0 41 262 − 51 − 41 0 − 151 − 46 − 262 151 0 )
k μ γ = ( 0 76 − 51 − 46 76 0 41 262 − 51 − 41 0 − 151 − 46 − 262 151 0 )
Taking the square of last equation
( k μ γ ) 2 = ( 10493 14143 − 3830 27613 − 14143 − 64549 35686 − 9687 3830 35686 − 21881 − 8396 − 27613 − 9687 − 8396 − 89329 ) = (A)
The eiginvalue λ can be easily defined by equation.
λ = 1 4 tr ( A ) = 1 4 ( 10493 − 64549 − 21881 − 89329 ) = − 41316.5
The cross-product of K → and F → is defined
( K → × F → ) μ γ = ( 10493 14143 − 3830 27613 − 14143 − 64549 35686 − 9687 3830 35686 − 21881 − 8396 − 27613 − 9687 − 8396 − 89329 ) + ( 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ) 41316.5
Then we obtain
T μ γ = g ( K → × F → ) μ γ = ( − 51809.5 − 14143 3830 − 27613 − 14143 − 23232.5 35686 − 9687 3830 35686 19435.5 − 8396 − 27613 − 9687 − 8396 − 48012.5 )
► From last equation, we can now defined the components of the stress tensor as
T 00 = − 51809.5 (4.1)
T 0 i = T i 0 = − 14143 , 3830 , − 27613 (4.2)
T i j = ( 28577 35686 − 9687 35686 71245 − 8396 − 9687 − 8396 3797 ) , i , j = 1 , 2 , 3 (4.3)
► As shown in my last paper and example above, we have
( B → ) μ γ = ( 0 − 76 51 46 76 0 41 262 − 51 − 41 0 − 151 − 46 − 262 151 0 ) = ( 0 − E 1 c − E 2 c − E 3 c E 1 c 0 B 3 − B 2 E 2 c − B 3 0 B 1 E 3 c B 2 − B 1 0 )
Let, ϵ 0 = 1 , c = 1
By Comparing the middle-hand side with the right-hand side of the above equation we can be easily calculated the electric and magnetic field
E 1 = 76 : E 2 = − 51 : E 3 = − 46
B 1 = − 151 : B 2 = − 262 : B 3 = 41
E = 76 e 1 − 51 e 2 − 46 e 3 : B = − 151 e 1 − 262 e 2 + 41 e 3
E 2 = 10493 : B 2 = 93126
In general relativity the components of the stress tensor shown as
T 00 = − 1 2 ( E 2 + B 2 )
T 0 i = T i 0 = ( E × B ) i
T i j = ( E i E j + B i B j + δ i j T 00 )
Then we get,
T 00 = − 1 2 ( E 2 + B 2 ) = − 51809.5 (4.4)
E × B = | e 1 e 2 e 3 76 − 51 − 46 − 151 − 262 41 | = − 14143 e 1 + 3830 e 2 − 27613 e 3
T 0 i = T i 0 = ( E × B ) i = − 14143 , 3830 , − 27613 , i = 1 , 2 , 3 (4.5)
T i j = ( E i E j + B i B j + δ i j T 00 ) = ( 28577 35686 − 9687 35686 71245 − 8396 − 9687 − 8396 3797 ) , i , j = 1 , 2 , 3 (4.6)
►► The last Equations (4.4)-(4.6) are equivalent to the equations in (4.1)-(4.3).
This proves that there is no contradiction between this paper and the theory of general relativity, and this in no way happens if there is any mistake in new theory.
► T → = 51809.5 Q 00 + 14143 Q 01 − 3830 Q 02 + 27613 Q 03 + 14143 Q 10 + 23232.5 Q 11 − 35686 Q 12 + 9687 Q 13 − 3830 Q 20 − 35686 Q 21 − 19435.5 Q 22 + 8396 Q 23 + 27613 Q 30 + 9687 Q 31 + 8396 Q 23 + 48012.5 Q 33
where Q μ γ is a orthogonal unit vector
► The length of the stress vector T → is defined by,
| T → | 2 = ∑ ( T μ γ ) 2 , μ , γ = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3
Then,
| T → | = ∑ ( T μ γ ) 2 = 103619 (5.1)
►► Note that the last equation equals the Equation (2.2)
As shown in the example above, in the Extended Fields Theory, the cross-product of two electromagnetic vectors B → ∈ ℝ 4 , 2 and E → ∈ ℝ 4 , 2 can be written as the matrix in the form
( B → × E → ) i j = [ E i E j c 2 + B i B j − 1 2 δ i j ( E 2 c 2 + B 2 ) ] ( i , j = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )
Therefore
T i j = ϵ 0 [ E i E j + c 2 B i B j − 1 2 δ i j ( E 2 + c 2 B 2 ) ]
In general, the cross force F cross can be written as
F cross = m d 2 ( r ) d x 0 2 = d 2 ( r ) d ( c t ) 2 = 1 c 2 d 2 ( r ) d t 2 = 1 c 2 F ′ ,
so
f ′ = c 2 f cross = ∇ ⋅ [ c 4 4 π k ( B → × E → ) ] = ∇ ⋅ T ′ →
Suppose now that the vector | G → 0 is defined by equation
| G → 0 = 2 ( B → × E → )
Then
T → ′ = c 4 8 π k 2 ( B → × E → ) = c 4 8 π k G → 0
The last equation can be written as the
| G → 0 = 8 π k c 4 T → ′
Or on the tensor form
| G μ γ 0 = 8 π k c 4 T ′ μ γ (6.1)
As it is known there is similarity between electromagnetic and gravitational laws, for example, the symmetry between the Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic (EM) fields and Maxwell equations for the gravito electromagnetic (GEM) fields, and the symmetry between the Lorentz’s force-law for EM fields and the Lorentz's force-law for GEM fields [
so, we can rewrite the Equation (2.1) as the following
f g cross = J × 1 m F → g = J g × B → g
where
F g = m E g + V c 2 × m B g
m: The masses of the objects.
J g : 4-mass current density.
f g cross : 4-GEM Lorentz force density.
B → g : 4-Gravitomagnetic field.
E → g : 4-Gravitational field.
The striking analogy between the Coulomb’s electrostatic force and the Newtonian gravitostatic force suggests that the analogous quantity for electrical permitivity ϵ 0 in gravitation is [
ϵ 0 g = 1 4 π G
we can deduce by analogy with electromagnetism that:
c 2 = 1 ϵ 0 g μ 0 g and μ 0 g = 4 π G c 2
Now, we can rewrite the curl B → g for μ 0 g ≠ 1 as,
∇ × B → g = μ 0 g J g
thus
f g cross = ( J g ) × B → g = ( J g ) ⋅ B ¯ → g = ( ∇ × 1 μ 0 g B → g ) ⋅ E → g = ( E → g × 1 μ 0 g B → g ) ⋅ ∇ = ∇ ⋅ [ 1 μ 0 g ( B → g × E → g ) ] = ∇ ⋅ [ c 2 4 π G ( B → g × E → g ) ] = ∇ ⋅ T → g
where:
G: the gravitational constant.
ϵ 0 g is the gravitational permittivity of free space.
μ 0 g is the gravitational permeability of free space.
T → g is the Maxwell gravitational stress vector, or Gravitoelectromagnetism gravitational stress vector, defined by
T → g = c 2 4 π G ( B → g × E → g )
For now let us assume that,
f ′ g = c 2 f g cross = ∇ ⋅ [ c 4 4 π G ( B → g × E → g ) ] = ∇ ⋅ T → ′ g
| G → g 0 = 2 ( B → g × E → g )
Then
T → ′ g = c 4 8 π G 2 ( B → g × E → g ) = c 4 8 π G | G → g 0
The last equation can be written as the
| G → g 0 = 8 π G c 4 T → ′ g
Or on the tensor form
( | G g 0 ) μ γ = 8 π G c 4 ( T ′ g ) μ γ (6.2)
The matrix | G μ γ is the same as the Einstein’s tensor G μ γ in general relativity without space-time structure, this is what we will prove it in the next research
We do not need to prove the theory of general relativity or the theory of Big Bang to new physical hypotheses that are difficult to imagine, as the curvature of space-time induced by the presence of the massive body, as simple as it is, there is a creator for universe.
I thank the Amir of Qatar Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani for his humanitarian attitudes towards my people and his help in building my city.
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Abou Layla, A.K. (2019) General Relativity without Curved Space-Time (₲ R). Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 5, 156-166. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2019.51008