The main objective of the study is to investigate the long run performance of the All Share Price Index (ASPI) of the Colombo Stock Exchange, based on the economic activities of Sri Lanka using cointegration and auto regressive time series. The cointegration test illustrates that share price index is cointegrated with a specific set of macroeconomic variables, i.e. exchange rate (USD/LKR), money supply, wage rates, wet foreign assets, currency in circulation, imports and exports with 95% confidence. The study also proposes a regression model using Eigen Vector coefficients to predict the behavior of ASPI index in the long run. The model performance, evaluated using the residuals of the test data, represents a random behavior indicating a valid long-run cointegration regression relationship between ASPI and other macroeconomic variables. Future studies involve analysis of the short-run relationship among the macroeconomic variables using Vector Error Correlation Model.
Studying the stock market performance of a country, for long, has been considered as an effective alternative for realizing quick profits. The stock market is the market where common stocks representing ownership in a company are traded [
Government financial policies and other macroeconomic fluctuations are believed to have a consequential influence on the activities of the stock market. Many macroeconomic variables such as, inflation rate, exchange rate, money supply and gross domestic production is said to have an impact in the share market performance of a country.
This study examines the role of macroeconomic variables on stock prices movement in Sri Lanka. It investigates the dynamic interactions between fifteen macroeconomic variables and the stock prices i.e. ASPI index, for an emerging market, Sri Lanka, using co-integration and Granger causality tests.
The main objective of the study is to predict the performance of the Colombo Stock Exchange, All Share Price Index, based on the other macroeconomic variables in the study under concern. Initially, we aim to recognize whether there exists a relationship between ASPI and other macroeconomic variables and thereby to analyse the nature of the relationship the variables carry.
We also aim to develop a regression model through co-integration technique to predict the behavior of ASPI index in the long run and a VECM (Vector error correction model) to predict the behavior of ASPI in the short run.
Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) remained underdeveloped during the pre-war period due to unstable political and economic conditions. CSE reported a robust growth in the post-war period due to noteworthy economic growth and peaceful political environment. However, despite the impressive economic environment emerged, the stock market growth was not sustained after 2012. Thus, the constraints for stock market development remain unclear [
The Colombo Stock Exchange is the main stock exchange in Sri Lanka. It provides a fully automated platform for the investors. The Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) has 296 companies representing 20 business sectors as at 3 August 2015, with a Market Capitalization of Rs. 3115.52 Bn. Even though there are two share price indices active in CSE, namely, ASPI and S&P Sri Lanka price index, our consideration rests on the prediction of ASPI.
If a time series model is stationary, it is believed that the estimated values will have an economic meaning. For non-stationary time series spurious results will be obtained [
Efficient market theory, based on the randomness of the market, explains that the market cannot be beaten due to its highly dynamic behavior. Further, EMH states that it is impossible to gain massive profits through buying undervalued stocks and selling them later for an over price, because that involves prediction.
All in all, the theory states that, in an efficient market, the only way to obtain higher profits is by engaging in riskier profits and not exploiting undervalued stocks. This fair-game reason has been a huge motivator for many investors to actively participate in the stock market. Thus, study the stock market.
The stock market is the market where common stock representing ownership in a company, are traded [
Even though there have been many studies have been investigated the relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock market returns in developed countries. Solnik in 1987, [
Hosseini in 2011, [
Mohammad et al. in 2009 [
However, it is obvious that there is a shortage of literature concerning on emerging stock markets, especially Sri Lankan stock market. Samarakoon in 1996, [
The data used to carry out the analysis spans from 1st of January 2002 to 1st of December 2016. There are 186 observations taken on a monthly basis. All Share Price Index (ASPI) value was used to reflect the Share prices in Sri Lanka [
We consider, All Share Price Index, Exchange Rate (USD/LKR), Interest Rate, Inflation rate, M1, M2, M4, Wage Rate of Government sector, Wage Rate of Trades, Net Foreign Assets, Currency in Circulation, Imports from all countries to Sri Lanka and Exports from Sri Lanka to all other countries as the variables under study.
The training set comprises of 144 observations spanning form January 2002 to December 2013. The test set comprises of 12 observations spanning from January 2014 to December 2014.
At the most initial stage, a basic descriptive analysis is carried out to have a comprehensive idea about the variables under study. Since the variables are in different ranges, we consider the log transformation of variables in order to avoid heteroskedascity, the systemic damage to the distribution of residuals. This homoskedascity eventually helps in obtaining a more efficient analysis.
Next, simple correlation analysis is carried out to observe the relationship between pairs of variables and there by recognize which variables could be adequately correlated.
Prior to time series analysis, we conduct tests for normality of the variables, in order to see whether any of the variables we consider relates to a normal distribution. Under normality check, Jarque-Bera test checks whether the data from variables follow a normal distribution.
Thereafter, we conduct the graphical analysis. We plot time series of each variable to inspect if the data points are random or exhibit any pattern. Auto correlations plots and partial auto correlation plots obtained provide a preliminary idea about the stationarity of the time series variables at hand.
Once the graphical analysis is completed, next step is to obtain a quantitative measurement for the stationarity of the time series. We carry out a formal investigation by examining the stochastic properties of the variables.
Unit Root Tests which are employed to test the stationarity of the variables are crucial for analyzing the order of integration of the variable, thus, for carrying out cointegraion. Unit root tests are usually performed on each of the variables to determine the order of integration of these series. Under our study, we take use of Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) and Philips Peron Test (PP) [
Basic Dickey Fuller, the most common test, for testing first order integration i.e. I(0) versus zeroth order i.e. I(0) integration checks the hypothesis of, a variable having a unit root. However, it covers only a special case of time series, Auto Regressive Time Series. Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) is more powerful, thus, can be applied when the error terms (ut) (2) are correlated. We choose a lag length to so that the residuals aren’t serially correlated to overcome the auto correlation effect. We either minimize Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) or Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Phillips-Perron Test is the other unit root we conduct under our study. The test uses a null hypothesis that a given time series is of order 1 i.e. I(1). Under the study in concern, we discuss both Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and also Phillips-Peron (PP) test.
The difference between the two tests is in their approach to addressing the issue of data series possibly carrying a higher order or auto correlation that what is admitted in the equation.
Auto Regressive equation:
Δ y t = α + β t + γ y t − 1 + u t (1)
Augmented Dickey Fuller Equation:
Δ y t = α + β t + γ y t − 1 + δ 1 Δ y t − 1 + ⋯ + δ p − 1 Δ y t − p + u t (2)
Here y t denotes the value of time series variable at a given time period t, α denotes a constant, β is the coefficient on time trend, p is the lag order and u t is the error component of the model at t. The ADF test addresses the issue or serial correlation by introducing the lags of the first differences ( δ 1 Δ y t − 1 + ⋯ + δ p − 1 Δ y t − p ) as regressors in the test equation.
Phillips-Perron test makes a non-parametric correction to the t-test statistic to account for serial correlation. Thus, PP test is more robust due to unspecified auto correlation and heteroskedasticity in the error term. However, PP test is less powerful than ADF test.
Once we classify variables as I(0), I(1) or of other integrated high order, we begin cointegration procedure. Co-integration is a statistical technique, which makes it possible to set up models that lead to stationary relations among variables where standard inference is possible. In a multivariate time series setting, it is often of interest whether two or more series are cointegrated and of which rank. If data from a linear combination of two or more variables can be stationary i.e. I(0), despite those variables being individually non-stationary.
Under out study, we focus on the Maximum Eigen Value technique under Johansen Test. Johansen Eigen Test found by Johansen (1991) carries the most desirable statistical properties for checking cointegration in multivariate time series. The null hypothesis is of having at most r cointegration relationships while alternate hypothesis is of having more than r relationships. Tsay in 2005, [
Initially, maximum Eigen value technique under Johansen Co-integration method is carried out. Meanwhile the Maximum Eigenvalue test is formulated as:
λ max ( r , r + 1 ) = − T I n ( 1 − λ ^ r + 1 ) (3)
r = Number of cointegrating vectors under the null hypothesis.
λ = Eigen Value corresponding to r + 1 co-integrating vectors.
Once the set of Eigen Values are calculated, we pull the maximum Eigen Value. We then pull the number of cointegrating vectors. The null hypothesis is that the existence of r cointegrating vector and the alternative hypothesis is (r + 1) cointegrating vectors. Thereafter, we obtain the co-integration relation using the results we pulled in previous steps.
If the cointegration analysis indicates that there is a cointegrating vector, we infer that the tested series will not drift apart in the long-term, and will revert to equilibrium levels following any short-term drift that may take place [
Once we obtain a co-integration relationship among the time series under consideration, we check for the stationarity of the residuals of the obtained model. Similar to the previous case, we use ADF test to check the stationarity of the residual time series. Provided the residual time series fulfils the stationarity condition, we establish the cointegrated regression model for the impact of macroeconomic variables on ASPI index for the long run.
We use the test data set, which, we prepared at the beginning of the study to validate the model we secure.
Given there exists at least one log run co-integrating relationship among the macroeconomic variables, the causal relationship among these variables can be determined by estimating the Vector Error Correlation Model. We utilize Granger Causality Tests and Vector Error Correction Method in Time Series analysis to examine the short run relationship among the variables.
| Variable Code | Variable Name |
|---|---|
| ASPI | All share price Index; the principal stock exchange of Colombo Stock Exchange |
| Exchange Rate | Exchange Rate of US Dollar ($) to Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR) |
| Interest Rate | Amount of money due per a period as a ratio of the amount lent |
| Inflation Rate | Rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and the rate at which the purchasing power of money falls. |
| M1 | The money supply that includes physical currency and coin, demand deposits, traveller’s checks, other checkable deposits. 24-hour money market funds |
| M2 | The money which refers to savings deposits, money market securities, mutual funds and other time deposits. Money market funds for more than 24 hours |
| M4 | A measure of broad money |
| Wage Rate Trade | Amount of base wage paid to a worker per unit of time (as per hour or day) or per unit of output if on piecework in the trade sector |
| Wage Rate Government | Amount of base wage paid to a worker per unit of time (as per hour or day) or per unit of output if on piecework in the government sector |
| Net Foreign Assets | The value of overseas assets owned by a nation, minus the value of its domestic assets that are owned by foreigners, adjusted for changes in valuation and exchange rates. |
| Currency in Circulation | The amount of individual units of a currency continued to be used for transactions |
| Imports | The value of goods or services brought in to the home country form other countries |
| Exports | The value of goods or services sold out to other countries by one’s home country |
| ASPI | |
|---|---|
| ASPI | 1.00000 |
| Interest Rate | −0.04446 |
| Inflation Rate | −0.49494 |
| Exchange Rate | 0.83327 |
| M1―Monetary variable 1 | 0.95305 |
| M2―Monetary variable 2 | 0.93295 |
| M4―Monetary variable 4 | 0.93265 |
| Wage Rate Government | 0.92028 |
| Wage Rate Trades | 0.91717 |
| Net Foreign Assets | 0.95042 |
| Imports | 0.90570 |
| Exports | 0.92088 |
| CIC | 0.94050 |
Graphical representation of time series of all variables indicated that all the variables were non-stationary in their natural form. The time series plots, along with their Auto-Correlation Function plots and Partial Auto-Correlation Function plots clearly depicted the non stationarity nature of the data. A trend component was visible for all the variables plotted.
| p-value | |
|---|---|
| ASPI | 0.00119 |
| Interest Rate | 0.00050 |
| Inflation Rate | 2.15e−08 |
| Exchange Rate | 0.00297 |
| M1―Narrow Money | 0.02242 |
| M2―Monetary variable 2 | 0.00311 |
| M4―Monetary variable 4 | 0.00419 |
| Wage Rate | 5.08e−05 |
| Net Foreign Assets | 0.00206 |
| Imports | 0.00749 |
| Exports | 0.00081 |
| CIC | 0.01040 |
ADF Test statistics at 5% significance level is −2.89 for the standard model of no time trend component. ADF Test at 5% significance level showed that all the variables, in their log-differenced form are stationary time series. Phillips Peron Test too indicates that all macroeconomic variables in their log-differenced form, are I(1), stationary series at 5% significance level. By combining results of both ADF test and Phillips Peron test, all the variables except Interest Rate and Inflation rate are selected for the next level of the analysis.
The best Auto Regressive Model for the data under consideration suggests a lag length of 10. Considering the following criteria; Akaike’s Information criterion, Hannan-Quizz criterian, Schwarz criterian and Final Prediction Error criterian chooses the lag length.
Johansen Cointegration Test calculates the number of cointegration relations for multivariate time series.
Johansen Cointegration test fails to reject the null hypothesis when r ≤ 11. Thus, result of the test is that there are eleven cointegration relations. Next, we find out the set of cointegration relations which correspond to the maximum Eigen Value. Maximum Eigen Value Technique under Johansen Cointegration procedure gives several λ Eigen values. Maximal eigenvalue statistic (lambda max), without linear trend and constant in cointegration is 0.87521.
The set of cointegration relations corresponding to the maximum Eigen value is shown below. Thereafter, we obtain our Regression model based on the cointegration relations.
Linear combination of 11 time series with the coefficient values obtained from the Johansen co-integration test results are as then subjected to the ADF test to check stationarity of the residuals with 5% significance level. It shows The p-value of the test is 0.03739. Thus, we can say that there is enough evidence to state that the linearly combined time series is stationary, I(0) under 5% significance level.
| Variable | ADF Test Statistics | P-Value | Result at α = 0.05 | Conclusion at α = 0.05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASPI | −4.8122 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| Exchange Rate | −5.3463 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| M1 | −4.7381 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| M2 | −5.2984 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| M4 | −6.3157 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| Wage Rate Government | −5.838 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| Wage Rate Trade | −5.9859 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| Net Foreign Assets | −5.2371 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| Currency in Circulation | −6.9360 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(1) Time series is stationary. |
| Imports | −7.2143 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(0) Time series is stationary. |
| Exports | −8.9599 | 0.01 | H0 rejected | I(0) Time series is stationary. |
| At most i (r ≤ i) | Test Statistic | Critical Value at 5% significance | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| At most 10 | 23.93 | 9.24 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 9 | 34.49 | 15.67 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 8 | 38.58 | 22.00 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 7 | 60.13 | 28.14 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 6 | 68.13 | 34.40 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 5 | 113.95 | 40.30 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 4 | 125.15 | 46.45 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 3 | 165.73 | 52.00 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 2 | 179.46 | 57.42 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 1 | 217.37 | 63.57 | H0 rejected. |
| At most 0 | 278.88 | 69.74 | H0 rejected. |
| Variable Indicating Cointegration | Cointegration Value |
|---|---|
| ASPI | 1.00000 |
| Exchange Rate | −2.67693 |
| M1 | −6.06898 |
| M2 | −5.02216 |
| M4 | 6.65609 |
| Wage Rate Government | −0.01002 |
| Wage Rate Trades | −0.42577 |
| Net Foreign Assets | 0.25376 |
| Currency In Circulation | −3.65640 |
| Imports | −0.14862 |
| Exports | −0.49051 |
| Constant | 18.20775 |
ADF test conducted rejects the null hypothesis of non-stationarity. P-value is 0.03739. Thus, we can say that there is enough evidence to state that the linearly combined time series is stationary, I(0) under 5% significance level.
Regression model using the results obtained previously is given below.
ASPI = 2 . 67693 ∗ ExchangeRate − 6 .0 6898 ∗ M1 + 5 .0 2216 ∗ M2 − 6 . 656 0 9 ∗ M4 + 0.0 1 00 2 ∗ WagerateGovernment + 0. 42577 ∗ WageRateTrades − 0. 25376 ∗ NetForeignAssets − 3 . 6564 0 ∗ CurrencyInCirculation + 0. 14862 ∗ Imports + 0. 49 0 51 ∗ Exports + 18 . 2 0 775 00 4 (4)
Next we validate our regression model with the test data set. The validation procedure provides promising results. Regression model is applied to the test set comprising of observations spanning from January 2014 to December 2014.
Augmented Dickey Fuller Test further confirms Stationary behaviour of the residual time series (P-value = 0.02747). The test rejects the null hypothesis at 5% significance level. Thus we can conclude the residual time series is stationary at 5% significance level. Therefore the results of the study provide promising results to state with 95% confidence that there exists a long-run cointegration regression relationship between ASPI and other macroeconomic variables.
The study presents some interesting findings about the stock market of Sri Lanka. All Share Price Index of Colombo Stock Exchange has shown an improvement throughout the period of time. Contrary to popular belief, the study clearly shows that there is no significant impact from Interest rate and Inflation Rate on the ASPI values under 5% significance level. The study also shows that
| Accuracy Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| RMSE Value | 0.08055 |
| MAPE Value | 0.00860 |
real economic variables such as Imports, Exports, Wage Rates and money variables have a significant co-movement with the ASPI in the long run. Johansen Test provides 11 cointegration relations and the linear regression model presented using findings of the Johansen Test shows promising R-squared value of 0.9142668. Model validation using test data affirms that ASPI can be predicted using the leading indicators Exchange Rate (USD/LKR), M1, M2, M4, Wage Rate of Government sector, Wage Rate of Trades, Net Foreign Assets, Currency in Circulation, Imports from all countries to Sri Lanka and Exports from Sri Lanka to all other countries.
Following our study, there are many factors we consider when we arrive at conclusion. In general, we discuss limitations of our study under this section. We consider data from the secondary sources i.e. published reports from Colombo Stock Exchange. To allow a more complete picture of the co-movement patterns it could be advantageous to include data of higher frequency i.e. hourly data or daily data rather than monthly data used in this study.
Even though there are two major indices of Colombo Stock market performance, we use only the more prominent one of the two indices, the ASPI. Future studies may incorporate the remaining index too, in order to gain a more holistic view of the impact.
In our study we use Johansen Test over Engle-Grangers Two Step Model due to two main reasons. Even though two-step model is comparatively easy to run, it requires a larger sample size to avoid plausible error. Moreover, it can only be run over two variables at most [
We use both ADF test and PP test to overcome each other test’s conditional faults. Even though ADF is the more powerful of the two tests, it loses its power when the lag length is a sufficiently large value.
During our model evaluation using test data, we take in to account MAPE value, RMSE value and MSE value. We do no consider the R-squared value, since it is not appropriate in evaluating the regression model for test data. However, when R-squared value is tested upon the train data, it provides promising results.
Under the study, we have considered only the long run co-movement impact of macroeconomic variables on the All Share Price Index of Colombo Stock Exchange. In our future studies we hope to study the short run co-movement and stochastic trends between ASPI and other macroeconomic variables.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Thalagoda, G., Rathnayake, K. and Abeysundara, S. (2018) Cointegration Based Regression to Analyse Linkage between Share Price Index and Macroeconomic Variables: Evidence from Colombo Stock Exchange. Open Access Library Journal, 5: e4955. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104955