Background: Portal Hypertension is a common complication of cirrhosis. It leads to splenomegaly which manifests with features of hypersplenism. This results in leucopenia which increases the likelihood of sepsis and prevents treatment with interferon. Thrombocytopenia increases the risk of bleeding including variceal bleeds which make the anemia worse. This study was done to determine the usefulness and safety of partial splenic artery embolization (PSAE) in portal hypertension due to cirrhosis.
Methods: Patients with PSAE were identified by using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 coding from medical records and their charts were reviewed retrospectively. 25 patients underwent splenic artery embolization at The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi from November 2000 to December 2016. 18 patients who underwent PSAE for disabling hypersplenism caused by cirrhosis were included. Patients who were under 18 year of age, or in whom PSAE were performed for reasons other than cirrhosis and those with missing records/incomplete data were excluded (n = 7). Information was collected regarding demographic details, procedure indications, nature, technique, clinical efficacy, repeat embolization and complications along with laboratory and radiological investigations.
Results: Eighteen patients of cirrhosis with a mean age of 43.47 ± 10.926 years, of which 14 were males, underwent PSAE (19 procedures). Indications were severe hypersplenism which precluded treatment with interferon and ribavirin (n = 8) and recurrent Gastro-oesophageal variceal (GOV) bleeds due to advanced Child-Pugh grade and thrombocytopenia (n = 10). Hematological parameters improved significantly following PSAE. Three out of eight patients successfully completed interferon + ribavirin treatment for hepatitis C (HCV) infection post PSAE, and GOV bleeds stopped in eight out of 10 patients. Complications included mild Left upper quadrant (LUQ) abdominal pain n = 9 (47.3%), post-embolization syndrome n = 4 (21%), and clinically insignificant pleural effusion n = 4 (21%). One patient developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) which was appropriately managed. One patient needed re-emobilization after 6 months.
Conclusion: PSAE is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of hypersplenism due to cirrhosis.
Hypersplenism occurs in the majority of patients suffering from cirrhosis and portal hypertension [1] . Splenic pooling and sequestration of blood cells lead to cytopenias, which precludes them from treatment options for chronic viral hepatitis or any invasive procedure/surgeries and also makes them prone to recurrent GI bleed.
Currently partial splenic artery embolization (PSAE) is an approved minimally invasive intervention for management of portal hypertension, gastric variceal hemorrhage, hypersplenism, control of splenic hemorrhage from trauma or prior to surgical resection, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, splenic artery aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms, and splenic steal syndrome (nonocclusive hepatic artery hypoperfusion syndrome [NOHAH]) in liver transplant recipients [2] [3] [4] .
Splenic artery embolization interrupts arterial flow to the splenic artery or to one of its branches; it may be considered as an alternative, either to splenectomy or to ligation of the splenic artery. Total splenectomy may be a useful cure for hypersplenism, but it is associated with perioperative complications and also impairs the capability of the body to create antibodies against encapsulated microorganisms, thus making the individual prone to sepsis. Many authors have advocated incomplete or partial embolization (PSAE), in which a segment of the splenic parenchyma is left viable to maintain the immunologic function [3] [5] .
Splenic artery embolization was introduced in 1973 as a nonsurgical treatment for variceal hemorrhage and hypersplenism [6] . Six years after this initial report, Spigos et al. treated patients with partial splenic artery embolization using antibiotic coverage and post-embolization pain control [7] . The process helps occlude the arterial supply of the spleen more peripherally, which results in ischemic necrosis of much of the functional spleen leading to a reduction in splenic size and consequently counters hypersplenism. Initially the application of procedure remained limited because of the high rate of morbidity and mortality, but later on, the outcomes improved once partial embolization and antibiotic coverage were adopted [2] [3] . This technique can be used safely when total embolization volume is ~50% and the procedural and peri-procedural time periods are covered with antibiotics [2] . Also, it is a simple, and rapid procedure that can be performed easily under local anesthesia and incurs less morbidity, and there is no need for blood transfusion [5] .
The current study is planned with the purpose of providing a detailed assessment of the safety, effectiveness, and clinical outcome in cirrhotic patients who underwent PSAE. To the best of our knowledge, no such study has yet been carried out in Pakistan and it will definitely be a good addition in the upcoming literature from our country.
2. Material and Methods2.1. Patients
Patients with PSAE were identified by using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 coding from medical records and their charts were reviewed retrospectively. 25 patients underwent splenic artery embolization at The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi from November 2000 to December 2016. 18 patients who underwent PSAE for disabling hypersplenism caused by cirrhosis were included. Patients who were under 18 year of age, or in whom PSAE was performed for reasons other than cirrhosis, and those with missing records/incomplete data were excluded (n = 7).
Information was collected regarding age, gender, primary and secondary outcomes, length of hospital stay, comorbid conditions, procedure indications, nature, technique, clinical efficacy, repeat embolization and complications along with laboratory and radiological investigations. This study was granted exemption from ethical approval by the institutional ethical review committee of The Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan.
2.2. Pre-Procedure Preparation
The day before examination the patients were admitted to the hospital. Their laboratory data were revised and they were started on antibiotics (ceftriaxone 2 g IV OD). Six units of platelets were given the night before the examination. Prophylactic vaccination was not given to any patient.
2.3. Embolization Protocol
The PSAE procedures were performed in the interventional radiology suite. After standard preparation, under local anesthesia, the percutaneous arterial access was obtained with Seldinger’s technique (4F introducer). The celiac trunk and the splenic artery were selectively catheterized with a 4F C1 catheter. Embolization was then done by administration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. The size of the particles of embolization ranged from 255 to 710 micron. The infarction volume was estimated by a selective angiogram showing the reduction in the splenic vascularization and the residual spleen parenchyma.
2.4. Follow-Up
The post-procedure follow-up was analyzed retrospectively from the medical case notes. Post-PSAE supportive care included appropriate hydro-electrolytic infusion, systemic prophylaxis with antibiotics, using ceftriaxone within hospital and cefixime (400 mg/day) on discharge for at least 5 days, and analgesic treatment using paracetamol or tramadol. All patients stayed in hospital after PSAE until they became clinically stable, and were then followed up at the outpatient clinic. Peripheral blood cell parameters including hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), and platelet count were monitored on the 3rd, 14th, 30th day after PSAE, and subsequently at 3-month intervals during the 1-year follow-up period.
2.5. Outcome
・ Primary outcome: technically and clinically successful embolization, defined by the ability to resume or begin treatment that induces pancytopenia (such as interferon), and the prevention or reduction of recurrent bleeding.
・ Secondary outcome: morbidity and mortality related to PSAE.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Data were entered in a commercial statistical software package (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 19.0). The results were expressed as means ± standard deviations or median ± range for quantitative variables, and compared according to the volume of embolized parenchyma. Proportions were calculated for qualitative variables. Hb, platelet count and WBC count pre and post-PSAE were compared using a pairedt-test. The association between the splenic infarction rate and the rate of increase in blood cell counts was analyzed by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rsp). Significance was established at P < 0.05.
3. Results
A total of 19 procedures were performed on 18 cirrhotic patients. 14 (77.7%) were male, age between 15 to 64 years (mean age: 43.47 ± 10.926 years). The indication of parenchymal reduction for eight patients was cytopenias too severe to initiate or continue treatment with interferon and ribavirin (Hb < 10 g/dl or platelets < 90 × 109/L) [8] [9] ; 10 cases presented with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding with severe thrombocytopenia.
The baseline characteristics of the total cohort of PSAE-treated patients are shown in Table 1. Nine patients each were classified as Child-Pugh Class A and B [10] [11] . The etiologic factors of cirrhosis were hepatitis C in 15 patients and hepatitis B in 2 patients, while one patient had Non-B, Non-C related cirrhosis. 13 patients had esophageal varices. No HCC was detected in the study subjects before PSAE.
All procedures were done electively except for one who underwent emergency embolization due to failure to control upper GI bleed by endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVBL). PSAE was effectively performed in all patients with
Baseline characteristics of the total cohort of psae-treated patients
HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HDV: Hepatitis D virus; NBNC: Non-Hepatitis B, Non-HepatitisC; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HTN: Hypertension; IHD: Ischemic heart disease; PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol.
percentage embolization volume ranging from 30% to 50%. Patients were followed up for a median period of 304 (Range: 07 - 1126) days after the procedure. Repeat procedure was only necessary for one patient due to persistent thrombocytopenia.
Irrespective of the percentage embolization volume, all cell lineages improved significantly immediately after PSAE until 1 week. After which a progressive decline was noted in all cell counts as shown in Table 2. However, despite a decrease in counts, leukocytes and platelets remained persistently improved at 1 month, 6 months and until 1 year of follow up with a significant difference from baseline (P-value of 0.003 and 0.003 at 1 month, 0.017 and <0.001 at 6 months and 0.006 and 0.03 at 1 year respectively). The average maximum spleen length before PSAE was 150.34 ± 67.36 cm, while after 4 weeks of PSAE, it was 136.0 ± 65.18 cm .
Antiviral treatment with interferon was started after an adequate rise in cell counts in five patients, of which 3 were successfully able to complete the full
Comparison of pre- and post-procedure spleen size and hematologic parameters
Pre PSAE (Mean ± SD)
Post PSAE (Mean ± SD)
1 Day
1 Week
4 Weeks
26 Weeks
52 Weeks
n
18
17
17
17
15
10
Spleen size (mm)
150.34 ± 67.37
136.00 ± 65.18 P = 0.079
Hemoglobin (g/dl)
10.47 ± 2.13
11.33 ± 2.06
11.62 ± 1.49
11.18 ± 1.75 P = 0.113
10.68 ± 1.73 P = 0.311
12.4 ± 1.74 P = 0.08
White blood cells (×109/L)
3.29 ± 0.93
8.02 ± 5.57
9.12 ± 6.99
5.46 ± 2.39 P = 0.003
4.8 ± 2.23 P = 0.017
5.2 ± 1.42 P = 0.006
Platelets (×109/L)
38.11 ± 15.41
54 ± 23.39
116 ± 79.87
107.93 ± 74.71 P = 0.003
63.92 ± 14.94 P ≤ 0.001
91.33 ± 61.21 P = 0.03
PSAE: Partial splenic artery embolization.
duration of treatment as described in Table 3. Of the other 2 patients, 1 got decompensated with ascites while other was lost to follow-up. In three patients, planned antiviral treatment was not started due to persistent thrombocytopenia (n = 2) and anemia (n = 1). The overallprimary outcome of PSAE was achieved in 13 (72%) patients (upper GI bleed control: n = 8, resume/begin interferon therapy: n = 5).
The median hospital stay after PSAE was 2 days (range from 1 to 25 days). The pain was the most common complication occurring in 9 (47.3%) patients followed by post-embolization syndrome [12] characterized by fever and abdominal pain in 4 (21%) patients (Table 4). Mild pleural effusion was noticed in 4 (21%) patients, which was picked up on follow-up images without any clinical symptom and sign. One patient had spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and sepsis post procedure leading to prolong hospital stay. None of the patients developed splenic abscess. No immediate or late procedure-related mortality occurred in our patients on follow-up. No relation of percentage volume embolization with the development of complications was found.
4. Discussion
Pakistan has been labeled as a cirrhotic state long ago [13] , with hepatitis C being the commonest cause (60% - 90%) according to recent data [14] [15] [16] . According to a study, 68% of the cirrhotic patients in Pakistan were found to have hypersplenism [1] .
The published efficacy rates for splenic artery embolization are fairly high; a recent meta-analysis of splenic artery embolization in the non-operative management of blunt splenic trauma found an overall failure rate of 15.7% [17] , while success in the treatment of splenic arterial aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms is approximately 90% [18] [19] [20] . In patients with portal hypertension and hypersplenism, splenic artery embolization has been shown to produce
Primary outcomes achieved after PSAE
Outcomes
n
%
Upper GI Bleed control For recurrent bleed For acute bleed
7/9 1/1
77.7% 100%
Interferon started
5/8
62.5%
Interferon completed
3/5
60%
Re-embolization (After 6 months)
1/17
5.8%
Morbidity after PSAE
Complications
n
Percentage of total procedures (out of 19)
Pain
09
47.4%
Post-embolization syndrome
04
21.1%
Clinically insignificant pleural effusion
04
21.1%
Initial thrombocytopenia
02
21.1%
SBP, sepsis and prolong hospital stay
01
11.1%
significant and sustained improvements in both liver function and hematologic indices, as well as an 80% reduction in annual bleeding episodes in patients with recurrent variceal hemorrhage [21] [22] .
PVA particles were used for embolization in our patients, ranging from 250 to 710 micron in size. Although gel-foam particles are also reported to be used by other researchers and found equivalent to PVA in terms of outcomes [23] , the embolization volume was determined by confirming a reduction in the splenic vascularization using selective angiogram. The extent of embolization varied between 30% - 50% (mean 37.22 ± 7.321) which according to the literature is sufficient to cause infarction of around 70% - 80% of splenic parenchyma [24] .
The highest mean values of WBC and platelets were recorded at 1-week post-PSAE, after which a gradual decline was noted for next 6 month followed by steady levels. The initial rapid rise could be either due to the release of platelets sequestered by spleen and splenic regeneration could have explained the gradual decline in platelets [24] . Initial leukocytosis could be due to an inflammatory process against infarcted spleen [25] [26] . Neither the percent embolized volume nor any other factor was found to be related with an increase in platelet count or WBC. Hayashi et al. also did not find any factor related to increase cell counts except infarcted splenic volume [27] .
Our study supports the utilization of PSAE in controlling GI bleed. We demonstrated control of recurrent GI bleed in 7 out of 9 patients (77%) which is consistent with previous reports [4] [22] .
Although serum albumin concentration was reported to rise after PSAE by some authors, no major change in liver enzymes is described [28] . We also did not find any significant impact on liver functions in patients undergoing PSAE consistent with the previous reports [24] [29] [30] .
Post-embolization syndrome occurred in only four patients (22%) which is much lower than what was noted in previous studies (95% - 100%) [5] [23] [29] [31] . The reported mortality rate of PSAE is around 4% [32] , while major complications are reported up to 17% [33] . In our cohort, no mortality was reported; however, one patient had sepsis and SBP requiring to prolong hospital stay.
Child C disease has been associated with complications after PSAE [31] [33] . However, none of the patients in our cohort belonged to child class C. Advanced age and post-procedure hydrothorax are the other factors related to mortality [4] . However, we were unable to identify any significant relationship between mortality and these factors.
Retrospective nature is the major weaknesses of this study. Other limitations include a small sample size, single center data collection, and non-randomized design. The long duration of enrollment and prolonged follow-up of patients are the major strengths of our study.
5. Conclusion
PSAE is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of hypersplenism of cirrhosis.
Conflicts of Interest
No conflict of interest to disclose from all authors.
Supported Foundation
Not applicable.
Author’s Contributions
Qazi Arisar FA designed and performed the research and wrote the manuscript. Shah SHA designed the research and supervised the manuscript. All authors agreed with the content of the manuscript. Haq TU designed the research, performed PSAE procedures and supervised the manuscript.
Cite this paper
Arisar, F.A.Q., Shah, S.H.A. and Haq, T.U. (2018) Partial Splenic Artery Embolization in Cirrhosis Is a Safe and Useful Procedure. Open Journal of Gastroenterology, 8, 327-336. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojgas.2018.89035
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