The remarkable advancements in exploratory and diagnostic techniques have increased our meticulous and precise knowledge of the different lesions encountered in daily health care work, and this know-how has led to considerable improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic quality.

This statement, which is applicable to all clinical specialties, pertains equally to histopathology, a branch of medicine in which immunohistochemistry plays a fundamental role, allowing us to understand more deeply parameters related to the diagnosis, histogenesis, prognosis, and treatment of a given process.

We think that this context is relevant to the case presented below, a mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma, and a rare lesion predominantly affecting the colon described in 2009 by Gibson and Hornick [1] in a series of 26 cases. These authors concluded that they were facing a new neuroid entity different from neuromas, Schwannomas or perineuriomas, such theory being confirmed by later work.

Everything described above, together with our interest in research and scientific dissemination, have encouraged us to present this case.

A 63-year-old woman with no relevant medical history underwent a colonoscopy after presenting occult blood in the stool. Colonoscopy revealed a sessile polypoid lesion with a maximum diameter of 0.8 cm at the level of the rectosigmoid junction, and the lesion was excised during the exploratory act. Histological study showed a lesion limited to the lamina propria that respected the superficial colonic epithelium, its proliferative character and type, formed by multiple fascicles of fusiform cells (Figure 1 and Figure 2). This lesion was cytologically benign and positive for S-100 (Figure 3) and vimentin but negative for cytokeratins, actin,

desmin, CD34, CD117, Dog1, neurofilaments, enolase, EMA, CD68, and synaptophysin. Its proliferative index (MIB-1) was less than 1%.

These findings, which were confirmed by the absence of a personal and family history of interest, led us to the diagnosis of Schwann cell colonic hamartoma.

The fusiform cell fascicles of benign appearance showed a clearly neuroid pattern, supported by immunohistochemistry (positivity for S-100 and negativity for other neuronal and peripheral nerve markers), constitute the two basic pillars to support the diagnosis of mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma, a colonic lesion is recently described [1] [2] [3] . This rare entity has been reported in the medical literature on very limited occasions [4] . From the clinical perspective it affects the descending colon and rectosigmoid region, presenting as a solitary polypoid lesion, sometimes associated with ulcerative colitis [5] [6] . Despite its benign appearance, the interest of this pathology lies in its differential diagnosis that allows the elimination of processes such as neurofibroma, ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuromatosis, or mucosal neuroma, which are related to familial and hereditary diseases such as Recklinghausen NF1, MEN 2B, or Cowden syndrome [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Of uncertain etiology, to determine the nature of this entity, benign and non-hereditary, to which some authors grant a reparative nature, and to offer an exciting field of research, all the more so if we take into account the recent description of some cases of extracolonic location [11] [12] .

In our patient, we describe an illustrative example of a Schwann cell hamartoma that logically demanded a wide differential diagnosis. Its typical histology suggested the diagnosis, allowing us to rule out the possibility of a schwannoma (encapsulated lesion, larger and with involvement of the submucosa) or a granular cell tumor, while immunohistochemistry allowed us to rule out entities such as mucosal neuroma (EMA+, neurofilament+), neurofibroma (EMA+, CD34+, neurofilaments+), ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuromatosis (enolase+ synaptophysin+, neurofilaments+), perineurioma (S-100-, EMA+), or GIST (CD34+Dog1+, CD117+) [13] [14] [15] .

Similarly, it should be noted that the benign aspect of the lesion was confirmed by its clinical evolution, since about four years after its diagnosis the patient does well without signs of recurrence.

Finally, we would like to again highlight the importance of clinical-pathological collaboration, since adequate clinical information (allowing us to discard personal or family antecedents for such pathology) provided us with a valuable element to ratify our diagnosis in the present case.

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.

Ortiz, J., Chinchilla, L., Muñoz, E. and Ludeña, Md. (2018) Mucosal Schwann Cell Hamartoma―Colonic Lesion Susceptible to an Interesting Differential Diagnosis. Open Journal of Pathology, 8, 101-105. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpathology.2018.83012