The incidence of the fallopian tube cancer is reported to account for approximate 0.3% of all malignant gynecologic tumors and to show increased tendency of serous carcinoma, including ovarian and peritoneal cancers [1]. Histopathologically dysplastic changes were first reported by Piek et al. [2] in a series of prophylactically removed fallopian tubes without macroscopic changes of women with a predisposition for ovarian cancer. The changes were accompanied by alterations in carcinogenesis-associated proteins, including p53. These precursor lesions were later called serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC). The lesions are not only associated with tubal adenocarcinoma, but also high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. In addition, endometrioid adenocarcinoma and clear cell carcinoma may occur by shedding of STIC developed in more proximal tubal tissue or from endometriosis [4]. Morphological characteristics of STIC include a proliferation of non-ciliated epithelium showing nuclear stratification, marked nuclear pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli, and mitotic figures [7] [8]. Immunohistochemically, aberrant p53 protein expression and an increased Ki-67 proliferation index in the lesion are observed [7] [8].

The pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is diverse, and the origin of HGSOC still remains controversial. Approximate 11.7% - 15.3% of women with ovarian cancer have a family history of cancer, of which the majority has an inherited mutation in breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) 1 or 2 [9] [10]. The incidence of STIC has been reported to range from 0.6% to 7% in BRCA mutations carriers [11] [12]. The tubal cytology is reported to be useful for ovarian cancer screening and detection [13]. More than 70% of non-hereditary or sporadic ovarian carcinoma and HGSOC involve fallopian tube and STIC is the earliest form of HGSOC with recognizable morphology [7] [14]. In addition, inflammation of the fallopian tube, such as ovulation, menstrual cytokines or infection, has been hypothesized to be a cause of ovarian malignancies [15] [16]. However, a few studies on cytology of STIC have been reported [13] [17]. We report here a case of STIC diagnosed by cytology during the operation.

A 48-year-old Japanese woman, gravida 2 para 2 with normal menstruation cycle, was referred to the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gujo City Hospital due to abnormal cytological findings (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and left adnexal mass on her cancer screening test. Her biopsy under colposcopy (Figure 1(A)) showed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 (Figure 1(B)). Transvaginal ultrasound examination (Figure 2) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also detected papillary growth in the left cystic adnexal lesion (Figure 3). There were no enlarged lymph nodes and disseminated lesions. Clinical laboratory data, including tumor markers (CA125, 14.9 U/ml; CA19-9, 6.3 U/ml; and CA72-4, 5.3 ng/ml) were within normal limitations.

Under our working diagnosis of left ovarian cancer (stage IA or IC), the patient underwent laparotomy one month after her first visit. She desired to preserve her ovarian function because of having normal menstruation cycle, if the

tumor was benign. Before the operation, she was informed consents: she underwent a hysterectomy, left salpingo-oophorectomy, and right salpingotomy; if imprint cytology of the tumor showed positive, her right ovary must be removed; if ascites or washing cytology revealed positive, partial omentectomy and sampling of lymph node resection must be added. At the operation, approximate 5 ml of slightly reddish ascites was sucked, and referred to the cytology. The tumor of left adnexa was cystic fallopian tube (Figure 4(A)), and papillary projections were noted in the inner surface (Figure 4(B)), but abnormal findings could not been detected on the bilateral ovaries. The imprint smear of the projections (Figure 5(A)) and ascitic fluid cytology (Figure 5(B)) were positive, suggesting

serous adenocarcinoma. Thus, partial omentectomy and sampling of lymph nodes resection were performed.

The resected fallopian cystic tumor was fixed in 10% buffered formalin, routinely processed, and embedded in paraffin. Three or four μm-thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for pathological diagnosis. In addition, immunohistochemistry using Novocasta primary antibodies, such as p53 (1:30 dilution, Leica Biosystems, Tokyo, Japan) and Ki-67 (1:100 dilution, Leica Biosystems) was performed to determine the presence of p53 mutation and proliferative activity, respectively. Histopathological findings led to the diagnosis STIC in the left fallopian tube (Figure 6(A)) with strong positive reaction for p53 (Figure 6(B)) and 60% positive rate of Ki-67 (Figure 6(C)), adenomyosis, and CIN3. Neither metastases nor disseminated lesions were found. The final diagnosis was left tubal STIC (pTis/1c3N0M0) with CIN3 and adenomyosis. From one month after the operation, she underwent four courses of systemic chemotherapy with paclitaxel (175 mg/m²) and carboplatin (AUC 6 mg/ml/min every 21 days) [18] after fully informed consents that she wished to reduce her recurrent incidence and the ascitic fluid cytology was positive. She has no recurrent signs 10 months after the operation.

Fallopian tube cancer is a very rare malignancy that is difficult to detect in the early stage. We described here a case of fallopian tube STIC diagnosed by cytology during the operation. In this case, we considered the left adnexal cystic tumor originating from the left ovary before operation. However, bilateral ovaries were free from tumor, and both the ascitic fluid cytology and imprint smears from the projection of the cystic tube showed positive during the operation. Based on the cytological findings, we added partial omentectomy and sampling of lymph nodes resection.

STIC has been reported to occur in 0.6% to 7% women with BRCA1/2 mutations who receiving the prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomies [11] [12]. In our case, her past and family history related with breast or ovarian cancer could not be found, and the patient did not wish to examine the BRCA mutations. Since insurance coverage has not to be approved in Japan, the BRCA gene mutation analysis was not conducted.

Immunohistochemical examinations for p53 and Ki-67 were useful for the diagnosis of STIC in our case. The diagnosis of STIC is based on an assessment of both morphological and immunohistochemical features: the diagnosis is considered to be overexpression of p53 (over 60%) and increased Ki-67 proliferative activity index [14] [19]. Immonohistochmeical features both HGSOC and STIC are reported to be clonally related, as identical p53 mutations occur in both STIC and concurrent HG serous carcinoma in the majority cases [20].

Fallopian tube tumors, including STIC, are rare in the gynecological malignant neoplasm [21]. Cytological diagnosis of this malignancy is difficult because of the technical problems, including sampling of fallopian tube epithelium. In general, this malignancy thus could be diagnosed by cervical [22] [23] , vaginal [24] , endometrial [25] or peritoneal [26] cytology. Cytology obtained by hydrotubation could be useful for diagnosing adenocarcinoma in situ of the fallopian tube [27]. Recently, an interesting cytological study on the fallopian tube during salpingo-oophorectomy has been reported by Chen et al. [13]. They have developed a standard procedure to collect fallopian tube brushing from freshly received surgical specimens and proved that tubal brushing cytology is useful for early detection of STIC and ovarian cancer screening [13].

The present case received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in accordance with the ovarian cancer treatment guideline, as the ascitic fluid cytology was positive. We chose four courses chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin. The relapse rate for administering chemotherapy in STIC with only positive ascitic fluid cytology is still unknown [18]. She has no recurrent signs 10 months after the operation, but we should conduct additional the long-term follow-up.

A case of STIC developed in a 48-year-old Japanese woman diagnosed by cytology during the operation was presented. Although pre-operative diagnosis was left ovarian cancer, the left adnexal tumor was found to be a cystic fallopian tube with papillary projections during the operation. The imprint smears of projections and ascitic fluid cytology were positive, suggesting serous adenocarcinoma. Histopathogical examination revealed that the lesion was STIC with p53 positive reaction. The patient underwent four courses of systemic chemotherapy, and has no recurrent signs 10 months after her operation.

We thank the editor and reviewers for the constructive comments, which helped us to improve the manuscript. This case report was approved by the patient verbal consent.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Niwa, K., Ishihara, T., Ueda, Y., Takenaka, M., Shiga, T., Mori, S., Kuwabara, K., Yamaguchi, Y. and Tanaka, T. (2018) A Case of Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma Diagnosed by Cytology during the Operation. Open Journal of Pathology, 8, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpathology.2018.83008