The number of medical lawsuits increased more than doubled in the 1990s compared to the1980s in Japan, after which it leveled off and then slightly decreased in the 2000s. Currently, there are about 800 new medical lawsuits each year [1] [2] [3] . The progress of CT and MRI was remarkable. The appearance of Multi detecter CT, the shooting speed became faster and the image quality improved [4] . In MRI, shooting time was shortened and image quality was improved [5] . Lawsuits related to radiology and diagnostic imaging include those where X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), angiography, nuclear medicine, and contrast agents were used. The aim of this study was to clarify lawsuit trends in the fields related to radiology on the basis of cases retrieved from a search of a legal database for terms related to radiology and imaging and to consider measures to avoid the problems that lead to these kinds of lawsuits.

One of the authors has a quality of the lawyer and performed the following search. The search system “D1-Law.com,”® a comprehensive database of legal information in Japan containing current laws and regulations as well as past and ongoing lawsuits, was used for the search. The database includes about 29,000 reviews of laws and regulations and about 210,000 precedents. It can be searched by using both full-text searches and multiple keywords.

Radiology-related keywords (Figure 1) were regarded as the “α” search item. Searches were conducted on 30 September 2013 as “α” × “medical” × “damages” for the each term. The search period was from 1 January 1965 to 30 September 2013.

A breakdown of the 3383 search results by keyword is shown in Table 1. Basic information of the lawsuits was reviewed, and 35 cases were extracted in which a radiologist or radiology-related procedure was the subject of the lawsuit. Details of these 35 cases are summarized in Table 1. The terms and results are explained in more detail below.

A case where litigation was approved is denoted as admit, and a rejected case is denoted as rejection. A case in which the action taken that caused the lawsuit was found to be correct was noted as adequate, and a case where the action was deemed inappropriate is noted as inadequate.

1) Judgement dates and trends

The number of the radiology-related medical lawsuits gradually increased from the beginning of the study period through the 1980s and then more rapidly increased in the 1990s before flattening out and decreasing in the 2000s (Figure 2).

2) Rejections and damages in each modality

Damages were awarded in 18 of the 35 cases; the claim was rejected in the other 17. IVR was the modality with both the greatest number of cases and greatest number of damage awards (Table 2). Lawsuits were dismissed in five of six cases on myelography because causality between ethyl iodophenyl undecylate (Myodil) and headaches and neurological symptoms was not proven [6] [7] . In the sixth case, the amount of contrast medium used was clearly greater than the usage indicated in the package insert; in addition, the instructions after the examination were inappropriate. The X-ray category had eight cases, including an air-contrast enema and stomach fluoroscopy. Damages were awarded in four of the cases. Damages were awarded in three of the four cases related to CT/MRI use, which is a small number considering the increased use of CT/MRI examinations in recent years. There were two cases in the breast ultrasound (US)/mammography (MMG) category, one with damages and one rejection.

3) Causes of lawsuits

Each lawsuit issue was classified into one of three categories related to cause: procedure, informed consent (IC), and diagnosis/interpretation [8] (Table 3). Both procedure and IC were points at issue in one case, and both procedure and diagnosis were at issue in four other cases. The totals shown in Table 3 therefore reflect 40 causes for the 35 cases.

4) Decision rationale

The rationale for each lawsuit decision was divided into the claim of the parties and the certification of the court. The latter was divided into four parts: the factual course, presence or absence of a causal relationship, appropriateness of the treatment and doctor’s medical judgement, and the extent of damages. The

Some cases were included in more than one category.

presence or absence of a causal relationship between the radiological test and a damage award decision (damages or rejection) was analyzed, as was the adequacy of the treatment and the doctor’s medical judgement (Table 4). Damages were awarded in 18 cases.

The number of medical lawsuits involving radiologists gradually increased in the 1970s and 1980s, rapidly increased in the 1990s, and then leveled off and decreased

slightly in the 2000s. This pattern is consistent with the trend reported by Magnavita et al. [9] [10] for Italian medical litigation and with the trend of overall medical litigation cases in Japan, which increased from 488 cases in 1995 to 1110 in 2004 and thereafter leveled off. An increase in the number of examinations was not accompanied by an increase in the number of radiologists led to more oversights and misdiagnoses, and an increased number of procedural mistakes has resulted in an increase in the number of lawsuits. The doctor-patient relationship has also changed. In the past, there was a close personal and trusting relationship between a doctor and patient in many cases, which was helpful in mitigating and suppressing patient dissatisfaction [2] [11] [12] . However, that relationship has become more impersonal, such that it has become more of a “contract,” and legal disputes more readily occur when treatment results are not satisfactory [8] [13] . In addition, many patients come to radiology departments for consultations from other hospitals and departments. In this case, radiologists have limited time to build sufficient trust with patients, and a lack of communication lends itself to an increased risk of problems developing into medical lawsuits. In the second half of the 2000s, changes occurred that contributed to the decline in the number of lawsuits. Public opinion shifted toward cooperation in interactions with health care providers. Furthermore, medical institutions have begun to emphasize improved communication with patients and family members [14] .

Lawsuits and damage awards have become more common in the IVR era [15] [16] . Procedural negligence and a lack of sufficient explanation before IVR were the most frequently cited causes for damage awards. According to Magnavita et al., the most common cause of IVR lawsuits is misunderstandings that arise from a lack of communication before and after the therapy [9] .

For example, a man in his 60s underwent catheter coil embolization for a left internal carotid artery aneurysm. However, he died of coil deviation followed by cerebral infarction. In this case, there were three issues of dispute in the lawsuit: 1) whether there was negligence in the choice of coil embolization, 2) whether there was negligence in the coil embolization procedure, and 3) whether there was a breach of duty in the explanation of the procedure and its risks. The first two issues were rejected, and the third was accepted. Initially, the patient had been told he would receive clipping surgery entailing a craniotomy, but the surgery choice was altered by doctor conference the day before the operation. In short, the patient had agreed to a treatment method that had been explained one week earlier and only received a brief, 30-minute explanation of the change one day before the scheduled treatment. An angiography was then performed, and the patient died as the coil diverged. The patient’s family filed a lawsuit because there was no explanation for the change in therapy from clipping surgery to coil embolization or change of treatment from coiling to craniotomy in case of difficulties with the coiling option. Moreover, they claimed the patient had not been told that death was a possible outcome. In the judgment, the violation of duty (explanation) was accepted. During informed consent, the patient has the right to choose benefits and risks for each of the selectable treatments and to choose one of them which is thought to be best for the patients [17] .

This case is an example of a case developing into a lawsuit when the trust relationship with the patient became damaged, even when there had initially been a good relationship. According to Nagashima et al. if it is judged that informed consent does not reflect the right of self determination of patients, doctors tend to be negligent [18] .

Myelography trials have been conducted continuously since the late 1960 and 1970s. Oily contrast agents such as ethyl iodophenyl undecylate (Myodil) were widely used in myelography at that time. These contrast agents were thought to be absorbed after the examination. However, Myodil causes both early and late disorders, at a rate of more than 60% [6] [7] . Early disorders such as headaches, fever, and vomiting are transient in 80% of patients. About 20% of early disorders shift to late disorders, such as movement disorders and arachnoiditis, due to adhesion of the contrast medium to the spinal cord, and the symptoms last for a long time.

In the X-ray category, the judgments took into account the testimony of expert witnesses recommended by the relevant academic societies. In addition, lesions that could not be identified by more than half of the experts tended to be rejected as evidence against a doctor. The judgments also took into account information such as statistics and prevailing medical standards. Examples of cases with compensation for damages include ones where gastric cancer had been misdiagnosed as gastritis despite multiple examinations, and a pulmonary mass was misdiagnosed as pneumonia and had not been examined precisely.

In the CT/MRI category, the workload per radiologist has been growing enormously as the number of exams and the number of images per exam have increased, and the number of lawsuits for lesions overlooked during image interpretation and misdiagnoses has been increasing [1] . In cases where lesions are overlooked despite multiple exams or cases where a cancer is diagnosed as benign, the need for compensation tended to be recognized. There was one rejected case where the patient died of myocardial infarction during the CT examination, but there was no causal relationship established between the death and the CT examination [19] .

In the breast ultrasound/MMG category, one reason for damages was mental distress because the patient was inappropriately treated even though multiple masses were found in the breast ultrasound/MMG. The patient consequently died as the tumors grew larger and metastasized, even though there had been four follow-up examinations over several years. In the rejected case, cancer metastasized to the liver, and the patient died because a 12-mm tumor was missed in breast cancer screening. One study found 14.83 misdiagnoses per 1000 cases for MMG and that imaging examinations had the highest rate of misdiagnosis [19] . Because the sensitivity of cancer detection is as low as 70% - 80% [20] , breast ultrasound/MMG should be performed carefully.

In the court judgments, the existence of a causal relation between an adverse event and medical action was important. Judgments were also greatly influenced by whether subsequent treatments and decisions were appropriate. In one case where damages were dismissed, the explanation of the procedure―but not necessarily the treatment itself―was judged to be inappropriate. We therefore conclude that there is a tendency to reject cases where a causal relation has not been recognized and the treatment is deemed to be appropriate.

Radiology-related medical lawsuits generally showed the same temporal trends as medical lawsuits as a whole. In radiology, mistakes in IVR procedures, lesions overlooked when the image is interpreted, and mistakes in diagnosis are characteristic issues. In IVR, improving techniques and building better communication and trust with patients before and after the therapy is important. In addition to developing measures to prevent overlooking lesions during image interpretation, there is a need to review the adequacy of diagnoses considered from clinical findings. Decrease of radiology-related medical lawsuits makes radiologists work more comfortable.

Yamashiro, Y., Kuwabara, H. and Kuwatsuru, R. (2018) Trends in Radiology-Related Medical Lawsuits Identified by a Legal Database Search. Open Journal of Radiology, 8, 65-73. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojrad.2018.82008