A lot has been written about the hypothesis of F. Crick, including the works of the author himself, but most of the judgments are based on a formulation from F. Crick’s book “What a Mad Pursuit” 1988. [5]. Here are the key words: “An important point to notice is that although the genetic code has certain regularities―in several cases it is the first two bases that encode one amino acid, the nature of the third being irrelevant―its structure otherwise makes no obvious sense.”

However, there are some significant additional issues that stem from this brief message. This is what this article is about. “The standard” genetic protein code was obtained by M. Nirenberg’s group as a result from studying protein synthesis in E. coli. This work resulted in the table of the standard genetic code. It reflects the functions of protein genes as a static code structure, where all codons UNAMBIGUOUSLY encode amino acids and stop positions. It is important that according to the Wobble Hypothesis, half of the known 64 codons, i.e. 32, are redundant for 20 known amino acids. As for the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine and its coding―it will be explained later in this article. Redundant codons are synonyms that, in varying degrees of repetition, code the same, but different, amino acids and stop positions. These are the main provisions in M. Nirenberg’s model, later followed by F. Crick. This understanding has prevailed for 50 years, since M. Nirenberg received the Nobel Prize for this model in 1968. Now, theoretical and experimental results have accumulated, that suggest the introduction of amendments to this understanding of protein genetic coding. They are as follows.

The table of the standard code is functionally divided into two symmetric and equal parts, where 32 codons UNAMBIGIUOSLY and REDUNDANTLY encode only amino acids. These codons are synonyms. 32 other codons (not synonyms), called homonyms [1] [2] [3] , AMBIGIOUSLY encrypt amino acids and stop positions, and not always in accordance with the standard code table. Namely, each codon homonym encrypts simultaneously two different amino acids, or an amino acid and a stop position. This means, that to ensure correct protein synthesis, it is necessary to make a CHOICE from two different amino acids―either choose one amino acid or choose an amino acid or a stop position. The deciphered amino acids or stop positions in this case may not correspond to the table of the standard code, since they are recognized and selected by the ribosome according to codons-homonyms DYNAMICALLY while the ribosome is reading and logically analyzing the context of mRNA. This contradicts M. Nirenberg’s and F. Crick’s dogma of unambiguous coding, which was accepted as ‘carved in stone’ up to the works [1] [2] [3] and the article [4] , which experimentally proves that codon of the selenocysteine amino acid simultaneously encrypts another amino acid―cysteine. This provided reason to doubt the evidence of the dogma and called for a search to explain this phenomenon so not to break the dogma of unambiguous coding, but to confirm it from the standpoint of the linguistic principle of homonymy, that is, the real (not metaphorical) textuality of genes (mRNA). This occurs in the process of protein biosynthesis as opposed to the contrary position of synonymy (also linguistic), about the codification of one amino acid by many codons. The latter corresponds to F. Crick’s Wobble Hypothesis and is experimentally proven by the presence of isoacceptor tRNAs. The ultimately general definition of synonymy and homonymy can be formulated as follows. Synonymy is when one meaning is represented (coded) by many different words. Homonymy is when one word represents many different meanings. This is demonstrated in the new view of Table 1 of the genetic code, where you can see the functional and symmetrical division of the code into codons-synonyms and codons-homonyms. Groupings of codons by family are carried out according to the Lagerkvist scheme [6] , where the family-forming factor is the first two nucleotides in codons (triplets). The families themselves are grouped by us differently―on the basis of synonymy and homonymy.

The table is symmetrically divided into codons-synonyms (in blue) and

syhoms (in red). Table adapted from article [3].

Such a CHOICE is made by the ribosome due to the fact that it (and/or the whole cell) takes into account the context of the given mRNA. This choice automatically implies quasi-consciousness of the protein synthesizing system, more precisely, its biocomputer functions [7]. Quasi-consciousness is present because mRNA (gene copy) is a text in a literal, non-metaphorical sense [1] [2] [3].

The situation of UNAMBIGUOUS coding by synonyms is determined by the fact that in each of the 8 codon families, ALL TRIPLETS (codons) are DIFFERENT. For this reason, in the triplet families, coding is performed by ALL three letters (nucleotides) and all triplets in each family encode only one amino acid. This coding is UNAMBIGUOUS AND REDUNDANT. Replacement of the third nucleotides in codons does not change the coding.

The situation of PRIMARY UNAMBIGUITY of coding by HOMONYM-triplets from the beginning (before ribosome reading of mRNA) is available in half of the codons―which are not synonyms (i.e., in fact, homonyms). This depends on the fact that the 3^rd codon nucleotide―the key participant in the work of the genome-biocomputer of each cell―before the act of reading mRNA by the ribosome, in a static state, “does not plan” participation in the coding and can potentially be any of the 4 possible ones. Let me remind you that F. Crick did not comment on such cases of ribosome dynamics. So, the first two nucleotides (doublets) are coded. At the same time, in 6 homonym-families, it happens that the pairs of IDENTICAL doublets encode different amino acids. Wherein, in two families, it happens as follows... The doublet of TA-family encodes tyrosine and stop twice. In two TG-doublets: One doublet pair encodes cysteine; the other doublet pair encodes stop and tryptophan. In general, this means that in this case, there is also a homonymy factor, but with important additional characteristics. This phenomenon was discovered by the group of M. Nirenberg and F. Crick on the example of T(U)T(U) codon family [8] , when the triplet UUU simultaneously encodes phenylalanine and leucine. This simultaneity was not understood by F. Crick and M. Nirenberg. So, they did not see it as contradictory to their postulate about the UNAMBIGUITY of coding by all 64 codons of amino acids and stops. This was believed until the work of Turanov et al. [4] , where they demonstrated the same simultaneity of coding for selenocysteine and cysteine, which similarly had long ago been detected by Crick and Nirenberg for the UUU codon [8]. This work [4] experimentally demonstrated and theoretically substantiated the phenomenon of UGA codon ambiguity [1] [2] [3]. This work [4] brought the first doubts in the evidence of dogma on unambiguous