Biotherapeutics has become of importance to global chronic diseases to prevent accelerated aging associated with uncontrolled immune reactions that determine treatment and disease progression. In the global burden of disease connections between nutritional therapy and the immune system [1] [2] [3] have become of medical interest with primary immune dysregulation related to obesity, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Nutritional diets are essential to maintain immunotherapy/antimicrobial therapy [2] [4] [5] [6] relevant to community factors and global antibiotic resistance [7] [8] . Drug biotherapeutics is essential to stabilize chronic disease with dietary interventions and fat consumption that determine biotherapeutics important to the treatment of endocrine and metabolic diseases. Nutritional interventions with Indian spices [9] [10] and insulin therapy [11] [12] (Figure 1) have become of critical importance to the global diabetic pandemic with human insulin and its biological activity (Figure 1) of major relevance to the global burden of disease progression.

Indian spices have been reported to exhibit a wide range of physiological and pharmacological properties that produce beneficial health promoting/protective effects for various chronic diseases [13] - [19] . Identification of spices such as five commonly used dietary spices include saffron, curcumin, pepper family, zingiber and cinnamon has been used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemic, cardiovascular disease, obesity, inflammation/metabolic disease, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease [13] - [19] . Indian spices as a biotherapy have become important in the developed and developing world with specific spices such as cinnamon and curcumin involved in the control of the immune system and the antimicrobial therapy [20] [21] [22] [23] . Cinnamon and curcumin as nutritional interventions have major effects on drug and hormone biotherapy with doses of these spices [9] important to determine stabilization and reversal of global chronic disease. Insulin therapy is one of the most important treatments in diabetes with

cinnamon and curcumin involved in the improvement of plasma hyperglycemia and involved with the regulation of insulin dose/type and frequency of use in diabetes therapeutics [24] [25] [26] [27] . Cinnamon has been shown to regulate insulin levels [24] [25] with therapeutic effects on hyperglycemia induced mitochondrial apoptosis [26] . Curcumin effects on the insulin receptor and beta cell function [26] [27] modulates human insulin therapy with critical consideration of Indian spice therapy required with relevance to human insulin administration and diabetes treatment [28] . Diabetes and mitochondrial dysfunction are closely connected [1] [29] with Indian spice and Insulin therapy to be carefully assessed with relevance combined therapy and increased cellular glucose levels related to hyperglycemic mitochondrial apoptosis [30] .

Biotherapeutics for diseases (Figure 2) are now ineffective with malfunction of nutrient sensitive genes involved in mitochondrial survival [1] [3] [4] [30] . Indian spices (curcumin) as a biotherapy in health and disease should be carefully controlled with higher doses not associated with activation of anti-aging genes [31] involved in mitochondrial biogenesis [3] . Biotherapeutics that involve nutritional biotherapy with phosphatidylinositol (gm/day) [4] and magnesium contents [32] improves insulin therapy but combined therapy with Indian spices need to be assessed in clinical trials. Biotherapeutics that include other nutrients [33] are essential for biotherapy to maintain genomic stability in diabetes (Figure 2). Foods that contain essential nutrients include protein, eggs, cottage cheese, dairy, red meat, chicken, legumes, duck, nuts, and seeds. These essential nutrients include methionine, methylsulfonylmethane, sulphur, choline, and trimethylglycine as building blocks that allow regulation of genes by appropriate telomeres. Vitamins such as vitamin B12, folic acid, and vitamin B6 play multiple

roles in genomic stability. Antioxidants and vitamins C, D and E are essential and maintain genomic stability. A lack of antioxidants leads to increased free radical damage and more risk for damage to telomeres essential to cell survival. Minerals such as magnesium and zinc are required for the prevention of DNA strand breakage and the prevention of accelerated cell aging. Nutrients such as quercetin, green tea catechins, grape seed extract, resveratrol and omega 3 fatty acids (eicosapen-taenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid) are important as basic nutrients to preserve biological aging and reverse diabetes. Poor food quality [4] [5] [34] interferes with drug biotherapeutics associated with Indian spice inactivation (Figure 2). Biotherapeutics that involves caffeine has been extensively studied in obesity and diabetes [35] [36] with curcumin doses [10] and caffeine intake important to hyperglycemia induced cell apoptosis. Indian spices that induce cell apoptosis [37] [38] [39] prevent cancer include curcumin (turmeric) and piperine (black pepper) with interference with caffeine metabolism [40] and active spice component pharmacokinetic data is still not available.

Core body temperature connections to the immune system and mitochondrial cell function [41] indicate that with heat/cold stress induce toxic immune reactions [42] that are relevant to mitochondrial apoptosis in non alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Factors such as core body temperature and stress [41] [43] may override Indian spice therapy and various biotherapeutics that are of prime importance in the stabilization of the global chronic disease epidemic [31] [44] . Indian spice therapy requires further assessment with relevance to hormone therapy, reversal of NAFLD with poor Indian spice metabolism possibly relevant to adverse drug reactions [9] (Indian spice-drug interactions) with the aging process but higher doses are therapeutic for cancer treatment with relevance to induction of cell apoptosis [29] [30] [31] . Furthermore diets that contain Indian spices may alter the apelinergic system [43] involved in stress reactions, co-ordination of the neuroendocrine system and the development of chronic disease.

Biotherapeutics for chronic diseases has accelerated to prevent the progression of the current global chronic disease epidemic. Indian spice therapy has become an important biotherapeutic involved in the reversal of global diabetes and neurodegeneration. Mitophagy in chronic disease requires attention with Indian spice therapy and insulin therapy as a combined therapy to regulate cell glucose levels to prevent hyperglycemic induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Specific nutrients need to be consumed with Indian spices to allow stabilization of uncontrolled toxic reactions that lead to cell death. Core body temperature, stress and inappropriate food quality will inactivate Indian spice therapy with excessive Indian spice intake over many years that may be connected to ineffective human insulin biological activity/drug biotherapeutics with long term Indian spice use more relevant to cell apoptosis and the treatment of cancer. Monitoring of long term Indian spice therapy may be required in future clinical trials in man with relevance to safety compared to diabetic individuals with insulin therapy and without Indian spice therapy.

This work was supported by grants from Edith Cowan University, the McCusker Alzheimer’s Research Foundation and the National Health and Medical Research Council.

Martins, I.J. (2018) Indian Spices and Biotherapeutics in Health and Chronic Disease. Health, 10, 374-380. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2018.104030