With the rapid and large-scale development of renewable energy, the lack of new energy power transportation or consumption, and the shortage of grid peak-shifting ability have become increasingly serious. Aiming to the severe wind power curtailment issue, the characteristics of interactive load are studied upon the traditional day-ahead dispatch model to mitigate the influence of wind power fluctuation. A multi-objective optimal dispatch model with the minimum operating cost and power losses is built. Optimal power flow distribution is available when both generation and demand side participate in the resource allocation. The quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm is applied to convert multi-objective optimization problem into single objective optimization problem. The simulation results of IEEE 30-bus system verify that the proposed method can effectively reduce the operating cost and grid loss simultaneously enhancing the consumption of wind power.
Wind Power Interactive Load Optimal Dispatch Multi-Objective QPSO Models1. Introduction
Wind power industry has been rapidly developed. Wind power generation reached 241 billion kW∙h that has been 30% year-on-year growth accounting for 4% of the total electricity generation in China. Among them, new energy installed capacity accounted for more than 30% of the total installed capacity of the local power supply in Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, which has shown favourable prospects in reducing fossil energy consumption and pollutant emissions [1]. However, the demand of electricity is influenced by variable factors, such as weather, economy, laws, policies, electrical load conditions, and so on. These factors make electric dispatch became a task. Especially, when the wind power integrated into the main grid, the intermittent and stochastic nature of such energy brings challenges to system dispatch. Therefore, usage of wind power generation is of major importance in future power grids for economic and environmental reasons. In recent years, the researches of academic experts published which classified into two major categories, one is multi-objective dispatch modeling; another one is optimal dispatch solving technology. A stochastic multi-objective optimal reactive power dispatch model is studied concerning about load and wind power generation uncertainties, including real power losses and operation cost of wind farms [2]. The objective function is implemented for energy saving and emission-reduction [3]. The day-ahead multi-objective optimal dispatching model containing thermal power, hydro power, wind-power and pumped storage units is given to minimize the total costs and CO2 emission under multiple constraints. A fuzzy modeling for dynamic economic dispatch is presented in [4], which could make the dispatch to reflect the willingness of decision-makers and hereby adapt the random wind power output better. A multi-objective optimization algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting differential evolution is used to solve the economic environmental dispatch stochastic optimization model of power system connected with large scale wind farms [5]. And a solution of optimal dispatch problem with a particle swarm optimisation based on multi-agent systems is presented in [6]. Optimal scheduling strategy is considered only from the generation side above literature. In this paper, the characteristics of interaction load and integration into the traditional scheduling model is discussed. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimal problem through simultaneous minimizing both system operational cost and power loss. QPSO algorithm has been introduced to solve this problem. Finally, the system simulation is carried out with IEEE 30 nodes. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and have some certain practical significance for power system optimal scheduling.
2. Interactive Load Modeling
1) Interactive load characteristics
2) Interactive load model
・ Shiftable load
The dispatching center calculates the optimal power dispatching plan according to the information provided by the intention chart which determine the optimal dispatch time of the load user and the shiftable load involved in shifting the peak. Therefore, for the rth shiftable load, the decision variable is the start variable U s r t : If it starts in the t period, then U s r t = 1 ; If it starts at other times, then U s r t = 0 ; t s r is the start time of the rth shiftable peak load [7] [8].
The shift cost curve characterizes denotes the compensation price that the user should obtain from the grid company after providing the shift service. The mathematical description is as follows:
C s r t = { m s r ( t s r 0 − t ) 0 ≤ t < t s r 0 m s r ( t − t s r 0 ) − m s r T s r o t > t s r 0 + T s r 0 0 t s r 0 ≤ t ≤ t s r 0 + T s r 0 (1)
where is C s r t the peak cost of the rth shiftable peak load in the t period of the peak; m s r is the compensation factor for the load of the rth shiftable peak load that is determined by the load control agreement signed from the user and the power company in advance; t s r 0 and T s r 0 are the number of the original power load start time and load duration before the peak which belong to known parameters.
・ Interruptible load
Users through the auction to declare interruptible capacity and compensation prices as well as the dispatch center by calculating the optimal power generation scheduling program to determine the interruptible users and the optimal capacity. Dispatching the hth interruptible load of the user’s compensation cost as shown in Equation (4) [9]
C I h t = C I h 0 P I h t I I h t (2)
where C I h 0 is the unit to reduce load costs of the hth interruptible load in the contract; P I h t is the load reduction of the hth interruptible load in the t period ; and I I h t is variable dispatch for interruptible load. The interruptible load was whether to dispatched basing on I I h t = 1 and I I h t = 0 .
3. Multi-Objective Optimal Statement
The problem of economic power dispatch with wind penetration consideration can be formulated as a multi-objective optimal dispatch model. The two conflicting objectives, i.e., operating cost and system power loss, should be minimized simultaneously while fulfilling certain system constraints. This problem is formulated mathematically in this section.
3.1. Problem Objectives
・ Objective 1: Minimization of operational cost
min C 1 = C G i + C W i (3)
C G i = ∑ t = 1 T ∑ i = 1 N c { U G i t [ a i + b i P G i t + c i ( P G i t ) 2 ] + C U i t ( 1 − U G i t − 1 ) + C R i t } (4)
C W i = ∑ t = 1 T ( ∑ j = 1 N S C S r t + ∑ i = 1 N I C I h t ) (5)
where T is the number of hours during system dispatching; N C is the number of generating units; and P G i t , U G i t are the active output and the state variables of the ith generator in the period; indicates a shutdown state. On the contrary, U G i t = 1 indicates that the generator set is on; C R i t , C U i t denote the spare costs and starting cost of the ith generator in the period; N S , N I represent the number of shiftable peak load; C S r t , C I h t denote the cost of the rth removable peak load and the hth interruptible load in the t period.
・ Objective 2: Minimization of system power loss
The dispatch of interactive load will inevitably cause the change of power flow distribution, which will have some influence on the system power loss. Thus, the minimize of power loss is one goal of optimal dispatching. Here the use of B-coefficient method to calculate the power loss [10].
min C 2 = ∑ t = 1 T ( ∑ i = 1 K ∑ j = 1 K P i t B i , j P j t + ∑ i = 1 K B i , 0 P i t + B 0 , 0 ) (6)
where K is the number of system nodes; B i , j , B i , 0 , B 0 , 0 are the second term , which are the first term and the constant term of the coefficient; and P i t , P j t are active power of node i and j.
3.2. Problem Constraints
・ Constraint 1: Power balance constraint [11]
・ Constraint 2: Spare constraints
・ Constraint 3: Unit constraint
・ Constraint 4: Interactive load constraint [12]
3.3. Optimal Dispatch Modeling
The objective of this model is to minimize the operating cost and the grid loss as much as possible under all constraints. Therefore, when the operating cost and the network loss are lower, the fitness value of the fitness function is greater. Where the fitness function can be defined as [13]:
μ ( C i ) = { 1 C i ≤ C x C i 2 + m C i + n C x < C i ≤ C x + Δ C i 0 C i > C x + Δ C i (7)
m = ( − 2 C x Δ C i − Δ C i 2 − 1 ) / Δ C i (8)
n = 1 − C x 2 − C x ⋅ [ ( − 2 C x Δ C i − Δ C i 2 − 1 ) / Δ C i ] (9)
Δ C i = C i − C x (10)
where C i is the ith objective function value; C x is the ith objective function ideal value. Δ C i is the ith objective function added value. The fitness function diagram is shown in Figure 1.
Thus, where the fitness index can be defined as:
μ = min { μ ( C 1 ) , μ ( C 2 ) } (11)
where m is the minimum value for all fitness functions.
The multi-objective problem is transformed into a single objective nonlinear optimization problem that satisfies the fitness value of all constraints:
max μ s . t . C 1 + μ Δ C 1 ≤ C 1 + Δ C 1 C 2 + μ Δ C 2 ≤ C 2 + Δ C 2 (12)
4. Proposed Approach
In this paper, the quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) [14] is used to solve the model, which is based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve the formation. All particles in the population are treated as quantum particles in the feasible solution. When updating the particle position, it mainly considers the current local optimal position and global optimal position information of each particle.
5. Simulation and Evaluation
In this study, a IEEE 30-bus system with 1-wind farm of grid-connected is used to investigate the effectiveness of the model. The system configuration is shown in Figure 2.
The system parameters including generator capacities, spare cost and fuel cost coefficients are listed in Table 1.
The interruptable capacity, compensation price, interruptable times and duration for interruptible load are listed in Table 2.
1) There are 100 wind turbines in the wind farm with a total installed capacity of 200 MW. Conventional unit positive and negative rotation standby demand for the maximum unit capacity of 15%.
2) The particle size scale of QPSO algorithm is 100 and the maximum number of iterations is 500.
3) The prediction curves and load forecast curves of the wind power during the last 24 hours are shown in Figure 3.
4) The willingness curve and the peak cost of the shiftable load are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively.
It can be seen from Figure 3 that there is obvious anti-peaking characteristic of wind power and load side. The three interruptible loads of this example are at nodes 7, 19, 21 in the interactive load respectively and where three shiftable loads are at nodes 10, 12, 29.
Data of conventional generator
Unit No.
Power generation cost factor
Spare cost factor
Up/down Output limit
Output
ai
bi
ci
di
ei
PGi,up
PGi,down
PGi,max
PGi,min
1(1)
786.1
38.4
0.152
16
19
50
50
200
50
2(5)
1048.9
40.3
0.028
13
12
15
15
60
15
3(13)
1355.2
38.1
0.018
9
10
15
15
40
15
Data of interruptible loads
No.
PIH /MW
λHK/[$/(MW∙h)]
Times
TIH,cont/h
1(7)
4.3
10
2
2
2(19)
2.2
5
2
2
3(21)
3.6
8
2
4
Results of multi-objective optimization
μ
μ ( C 1 )
μ ( C 2 )
C 1
C 2
0.434
0.870
0.434
636147
147.95
0.513
0.846
0.513
636652
144.12
0.695
0.832
0.695
636946
130.17
0.826
0.828
0.826
637030
129.47
Figure 4 and Figure 5 are, respectively, the time and peak load cost curve. Through reasonable optimization calculations, interruptible load 1, 2, 3 and shiftable load 1, 2 are put into the system; although the shiftable load capacity of the load 3 is relatively large, but because of its shiftable capacity and peak surge costs will be increased system operating cost. It does not meet the economic needs of the operation of the grid, so it does not work. It can be seen from Table 3, the system operating cost of $637030 when the equal to 0.826 which the net loss is 129.47 MW. It can be seen that the power system which integrates the interactive load can provide more reserve for the power grid with wind farm and it reduce the impact of wind power randomness. While reducing the switching costs of interactive load make the power grid more economical and reliable operation.
The results are compared using the conventional optimal scheduling model and the interactive load multi-objective optimal scheduling model. Figure 6 and Figure 7 are the two models of the output curve, respectively.
It can be seen from Figure 6 and Figure 7 that the traditional optimal scheduling model usually need to reduce the output of the conventional unit in the wind power generation period or increasing the output of the conventional unit in the lesser period of wind power. This leads that the conventional unit's output curve isn’t better. Thus, the normal unit 1 and 2 must be worked to meet the system peak demand. But the interactive load multi-objective optimal scheduling model reduces the valley difference of the system. Therefore, it is not necessary that make the normal unit 2 to work.
In the following, the results of the traditional optimization scheduling model and the multi-objective optimization scheduling model considering the interactive
Total operational cost of system
Calculation
Generation
Spare
Interactive
total
Traditional
585909
69818
0
655727
Optimization
541285
21218
74527
637030
Grid loss of system
Calculation method
Power loss /MW
Traditional model
139.06
Optimization model
129.47
load are compared in Table 4 and Table 5.
It can be seen from Table 4 and Table 5 that the shiftable load is better for shifting peak in power system. It is put into the system scheduling system, which can improve the operational efficiency of power systems and decrease the grid loss of system. The generating units are run at a cost-effective level by reducing the frequent shutdown of the generating units. In addition, the interruption load can also reduce the cost of spare capacity due to the random fluctuations in wind power. Compared with the traditional optimal scheduling model, the total system power generation cost and grid loss of system are reduced.
6. Conclusion
The operation cost of power grid will become increased when the capacity of wind power which have fluctuation and randomness is increased. The solution of this problem is the interactive load which is adjusted the power grid to interact with user. The interactive load decreased the operation cost because it can be a part of the reserve capacity of electric power system. In addition, on the basis that bring the interaction load into the optimalscheduling of the system which include the wind farm, a multi-objective optimization scheduling model based on the minimum operation cost and network loss are established. A quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm is utilized to solve the optimization objective of the model which achieve minimum of system power loss and operational cost. Simulation results show the interactive load’s ability to reduce the cost of reserve capacity due to the random fluctuations in wind power. Experimental results demonstrated that the model was successfully implemented.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (51267011), and partly financed by Gansu Electric Power Research Institute (271733-KJ-07).
Cite this paper
Shi, X.X., Bao, G.Q., Ding, K. and Lu, L. (2018) Multi-Objective Optimal Dispatch Considering Wind Power and Interactive Load for Power System. Energy and Power Engineering, 10, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2018.104B001
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