1. Introduction

IJOC

International Journal of Organic Chemistry

2161-4687

Scientific Research Publishing

10.4236/ijoc.2018.81007

IJOC-82845

Articles

Biomedical&Life Sciences Chemistry&Materials Science

Synthesis and Determination of Antitumor Activity of Jacaranone and Synthetic Analogs

María

L. Arias

¹Eugenia

Corrales

¹Rebeca

Poveda

²Jorge

A. Cabezas

²^*

ResearchCenter for Tropical Disease (CIET) and Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

School of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

* E-mail:jorge.cabezas@ucr.ac.cr(JAC);

15012018

080111512419, December 20174, March 2018 7, March 2018

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Natural product jacaranone, 1, and three analog derivatives were synthesized and their apoptotic and necrotic activity against four cancer cell lines was tested. One of these derivatives 7, was more active than the natural product, and exhibited an important necrotic effect against three of the cell lines tested (ovarian carcinoma, liver cancer and breast cancer cells). Derivative 6 was more active than the natural product, and showed a significant apoptotic activity against breast cancer and ovarian carcinoma cells. Some derivatives analyzed in this study showed promising anti-tumor results, nevertheless, further studies have to be done in order to determine their in vivo activity, their mechanism as well as their safety and stability.

Jacaranone Jacaranone Synthetic Analogs Antitumor Activity

1. Introduction

In 1976, Farnsworth et al. reported [1] that methanolic extracts from the plant Jacaranda caucana (Bignoniaceae) showed activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. The compound responsible for this activity was a benzoquinoid (a quinol) named as jacaranone, 1. Since then, this phytoquinoid has been isolated from many species of flowering plants of the families Asteraceae (or Compositae) [2] and Bignoniaceae [3] , both widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world [4] . Jacaranone, 1, has also been isolated from plants of the Pentaphylacaceae family [5] and from the algae Delesseria sanguinea (Delesseriaceae) [6] .

It has been reported that Jacaranone, 1, possesses a broad biological activity: antitumor activity and induces apoptosis in murine melanoma cells [7] , moderate activity against leishmaniasis [8] , cytotoxic activity against prostate carcinoma cell lines [9] , antibacterial activity [10] [11] , and anti-malarial and anti-trypanosomal activity [12] .

Conventional antitumor cytotoxic chemotherapies include the use of several natural products and derivatives [13] [14] , some of them possessing quinones in its structure [15] such as daunorubicin, also named as daunomycin, a medication used to treat several types of leukemia. These quinones have the ability to form oxygen reactive species (ROS) [16] , a group of highly reactive chemicals controlled by intracellular antioxidants. Low levels of ROS may produce cell proliferation and genetic instability, but at high concentration can promote apoptosis, and act as cancer suppressor species [7] . This controversial capacity may be due to the varying antioxidant capacities of different cancers [17] .

The definition of a dead cell and its influence over the immune system response has been controversial. This approach is based on the theory that distinct types of cell death induce different types of immune responses, for example, physiological cell death or apoptosis is intrinsically tolerogenic [18] . Pathological cell death or necrosis is inherently immunogenic and induces an inflammatory reaction. Nevertheless, there is evidence of cells dying by apoptosis that are vigorously immunogenic, and necrotic cells that are less immunogenic [18] . One of the last theories about dead cells establishes that there are subcategories for both apoptotic and necrotic cells (immunogenic and non-immunogenic), and that there are subtle differences in the composition of the cell surface or its products that determine whether the death of a cell will be immunogenic or not [19] .

Based on this theory, the aim of this study was to synthesize quinol jacaranone, 1, and several synthetic analogs 5-7, and to evaluate their antitumor activity against four different cancer cell lines including ovarian carcinoma, breast cancer, liver cancer and leukemia cells, considering both necrotic and apoptotic effects in order to evaluate its potential use as anticancer therapy.

2. Materials and Methods2.1. Synthesis. General Information

All glassware and syringes were dried in an oven overnight at 140˚C and flushed with nitrogen immediately prior to use. Transfers of reagents were performed with syringes equipped with stainless-steel needles. All reactions were carried out under a positive pressure of nitrogen. Nitrogen was passed through a Drierite gas-drying unit. Diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran were refluxed and freshly distilled from sodium and potassium/benzophenone ketyl respectively, under nitrogen atmosphere. Diisopropylamine was distilled from sodium, under nitrogen, immediately prior to use. n-Butyllithium was titrated with 2-butanol and 1,10-phenathrolin was used as indicator. ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded on a 400 MHz Bruker spectrometer. High resolution mass were measured on a Waters Synapt HMDS G1, Q-TOF. Infrared spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer FT-IR Spectrum 1000.

2.2. Synthesis of Jacaranone Derivatives

In a three necked 50 mL round bottom flask, equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, and an addition funnel with pressure-equalizing arm, capped with a rubber septum, diisopropylamine (0.5 mL, 3.7 mmol) and THF (10 mL) were added and cooled to −30˚C. A solution of n-BuLi in hexanes (1.55 mL, 3.7 mmol) was added dropwise and the solution stirred for 20 minutes. The temperature was lowered to −78˚C and the corresponding acetate (3.7 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added dropwise through the addition funnel and the resulting solution stirred for 40 additional minutes at this temperature.

In a second assembly a three-necked 250 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with a magnetic stirring bar and a dry-ice jacketed addition funnel with pressure-equalization arm was charged with p-benzoquinone (3.7 mmol, 0.40 g) and 190 mL of dry diethyl ether and cooled to −78˚C. The ester enolate, prepared as above, was transferred via a double-tipped needle to the jacketed funnel, maintained at −78˚C and the solution was added dropwise to the p-benzoquinone over 45 min. The mixture was allowed to gradually warm to −20˚C and quenched by the addition of ethanol 95% (1.33 g, 3.7 mmol H₂O). The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature, was filtered through a florisil/anhydrous sodium sulfate pad, eluted with ether, and then the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue obtained was purified by column chromatography, using a mixture of hexanes:ether in a 7:3 ratio.

Spectroscopic Characteristics

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-4-oxo-methyl ester (Jacaranone), 1.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 2.70 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 1H), 6.21 (m, 2H, J = 10.2 Hz), 6.96 (m, 2H, J = 10.2 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 43.2, 52.3, 67.4, 128.3, 148.8, 171.4, 184.9; IR v_max (film) cm⁻¹: 3406 (OH), 2971, 2875, 1733 (C=O), 1672 (C=O), 1629 (C=C), 1049; MS (EI): m/z (rel intensity) 43.1 (14), 53.1 (12), 74.1 (58), 81.1 (37), 94.1 (9), 109.1 (100), 122.1 (19), 150.1 (22), 182.1 (6); HRMS (ESI, V⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calc. for C₉H₁₀O₄: 183.0657, found 183.0655.

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-4-oxo-geranyl ester, 5.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.60 (s, 3H), 1.68 (b s, 3H), 2.08 (m, 4H), 2.68 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 1H), 4.68 (d, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 5.07 (m, 1H), 5.33 (tq, 1H, J = 7.2, 1.1 Hz), 6.20 (m, 2H, J= 10.2 Hz), 6.94 (m, 2H, J = 10.2 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 16.5, 17.7, 25.7, 26.2, 39.5, 43.4, 62.4, 67.4, 117.3, 123.5, 128.3, 132.0, 143.7, 148.8, 171.0, 184.9; IR v_max (film) cm⁻¹: 3650, 3600, 3350, 2950, 2900, 1720 (C=O), 1670 (C=O), 1630 (C=C), 960; MS (EI): m/z (rel intensity) 41.1 (40), 53.1 (14), 69.1 (100), 81.1 (26), 93.1 (56), 109.1 (26), 136.2 (20), 150.1 (6), 168.1 (3); HRMS (ESI, V⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calc. for C₁₈H₂₄O₄: 305.1753, found 305.1753.

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-4-oxo-benzyl ester, 6.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 2.74 (s, 2H), 3.90 (broad s, 1H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 6.17 (m, 2H, J = 10.3 Hz), 6.93 (m, 2H, J = 10.3 Hz), 7.36 (m, 5H). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 43.5, 67.3, 67.4, 128.3, 128.4, 128.7, 128.7, 134.9, 148.7, 170.6, 184.6; IR v_max (film) cm⁻¹: 3388 (OH), 1716 (C=O), 1671 (C=O), 1626 (C=C), 1241 (C−O); MS (EI): m/z (rel intensity) 51.1 (7), 65.1 (9), 77.1 (14), 79.1 (14), 91.1 (100), 107.1 (30), 134.1(14), 150.1 (6), 207.1 (6), 242.2 (4); HRMS (ESI, V⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺calc. for C₁₅H₁₄O₄: 259.1000, found 259.0983.

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-4-oxo-(3-dimethylamino)benzyl ester, 7.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 2.73 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, 6H), 4.00 (br s, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 6.17 (m, 2H, J = 10.0 Hz), 6.69 (m, 3H), 6.94 (m, 2H, J = 10.0 Hz), 7.23 (dd, 1H, J = 7.8, 7.8 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 40.5, 43.6, 67.4, 67.9, 112.3, 112.7, 116.4, 128.3, 129.4, 135.7, 148.9, 150.8, 170.7, 184.9; IR v_max (film) cm⁻¹: 3444 (OH), 1737 (C=O), 1671 (C=O), 1606 (C=C), 1229 (C−O); MS (EI): m/z (rel intensity) 43.1 (12), 65.1 (7), 77.1 (15), 91.1 (26), 107.2 (11), 122.2 (48), 134.2 (31), 150.2 (45), 193.2 (100); HRMS (ESI, V⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calc. for C₁₇H₁₉O₄: 302.1392, found 302.1389.

2.2. Cell Lines and Culture Conditions

SKOV-3 (ovary adenocarcinoma cells, ATCC® HTB-77™), MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma cells, ATCC® HTB-22™), Hep-G2 (hepatocellular carcinoma cells ATCC® HB-8065™), and CCRF-CEM (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T lymphoblast cells, ATCC® CCL-119™) were maintained in RPMI-1640 + GlutaMAX-I^TM (Gibco) supplemented with 10 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N2 ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES; Sigma-Aldrich) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco) at 37˚C with a 5% CO₂ atmosphere.

2.3. Annexin V and Propidium Iodide Labeling

Apoptotic, necrotic and viable cells were quantified using an Annexin V and propidium iodide labeling kit (Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit with Annexin V Alexa Fluor™ 488 & Propidium Iodide (PI), Molecular Probes®). Briefly 1 × 10E5 cells per well were cultured in 48-well plates and further incubated with 10 µg/ml of jacaranone 1, jacaranone ester side-chain analogs 5-7, a positive control drug Epirubicin (Pfizer) (2 µg/ml), and DMSO (as negative control) during 24 h at 37˚C 5% CO₂. Treated and untreated cells were washed two times with PBS and harvested with HyO®Tase (HyClone). Apoptotic/necrotic cells were detected using the Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit with Annexin V Alexa Fluor™ 488 & Propidium Iodide (PI) Kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were incubated with binding buffer (10 mM HEPES/NaOH, pH 7.5, 140 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM CaCl₂) in the presence of propidium iodide (PI) and Alexa Fluor™ 488 -labeled Annexin V (AV) for 15 min at room temperature and analyzed by flow cytometry (BD Accuri™ C6 Flow Cytometer, BD Biosciences). Results were analyzed using FlowJo software (TreeStar Inc.).

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Each analysis was done in triplicate.

3. Results

The synthesis of jacaranone, 1, and jacaranone ester side-chain analogs (5-7) was performed by the addition of a cold (−78˚C) THF solution of the corresponding lithium ester enolates, 3, over a cold (−78˚C) ether solution of p-benzoquinone, 4, as outlined in Scheme 1, and according to a previous procedure [11] .

The lithium enolates, 3, were prepared by treatment of a cold (−30˚C) THF solution of LDA, with the corresponding acetates, 2. Jacaranone derivatives synthesized are showed on Figure 1.

The apoptotic and necrotic activities of jacaranone, 1, and synthetic derivatives were measured and it is shown on Figure 2 and Figure 3. As seen on Figure 2, compounds 5 and 6 show significantly higher apoptotic activity compared

Scheme 1. Synthesis of jacaranone, 1, and ester analogs.

with jacaranone, 1 and the negative control for ovarian and breast cancer cells. Accordingly, compound 7 shows an important necrotic activity when compared with jacaranone, 1, (p < 0.05) (Figure 3).

For HepG2 liver cancer cells, the necrotic activity of compounds 5, 6 and 7 is significantly enhanced when compared with jacaranone, 1, (p < 0.05) (Figure 3) nevertheless they do not show an important apoptotic activity.

The apoptotic activity of compound 6 for breast cancer cells MCF-7 is significantly greater than any other compound tested (p < 0.05) (Figure 2). An important necrotic activity is shown for jacaranone, 1, and 7 for the same breast cancer cells (Figure 3). Jacaranone, 1, shows a very strong necrotic activity against CCRF-CEM Leukemia cells, but analog compounds (5-7) do not show any necrotic or apoptotic activity against these cells (Figure 2 and Figure 3).

4. Discussion

Necrosis and apoptosis are two pathways of cell death resulting in distinct cell morphologies. Necrosis is understood as a cellular metabolic collapse that occurs when a cell is not able to maintain its ionic homeostasis [20] . ATP is exhausted, transmembrane ion gradients are disrupted, internal organelles become distended because of cell swelling, and lysosomal enzymes are spilled out. All these processes produce a non-specific inflammatory response [20] .

Apoptosis is normally understood as a programmed cell death. Apoptotic cells lose contact with neighbors, decrease in size, chromatin condensates and cell membrane becomes rigid. These cells are then recognized and eliminated by phagocytes causing a minimal disruption to neighboring cells. An absence of intracellular contents leakage into the extracellular compartment results in scarce or no inflammatory response [20] .

These distinct types of cell death and their effect on immune response prompted a hypothesis where physiological cell death or apoptosis was considered as intrinsically tolerogenic, whereas pathological cell death or necrosis was considered inherently immunogenic, consequently producing inflammatory response [21] . The response of immune system has been considered as transcendental for the elimination of tumor cells after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents [22] . Nevertheless, actual knowledge has revealed that certain types of apoptotic deaths can be immunogenic [17] , so the dichotomy between necrosis and apoptosis does not predict immunogenicity or tolerance [21] .

Jacaranone, 1, and synthetic analogs analyzed here (5-7) induce both apoptosis and necrosis in different cancer cell lines (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Ideally, immunogenic or necrotic cell death should occur in tumors and infections, while tolerogenic cell death should occur where inflammatory response is unwanted in order to protect organs from excessive inflammation or evading autoimmune responses [21] .

Of the compounds analyzed here, derivate 7 exhibits an outstanding necrotic activity against three of the four cell lines tested, including ovarian, breast and hepatic cancer cell lines (Figure 3). These results indicate a promissory antitumor activity for this compound.

The antitumoral potential of quinones has been known for many years; indeed some common chemotherapeutic agents, used for the treatment of cancer, have this chemical nucleus [23] . Although there has been a lot of research associated to these compounds and derivatives, the exact toxicity mechanism has not been yet well described, nevertheless, the production of free radicals and oxygen reactive species (ROS) have been shown to have a preponderant anti-tumor role [24] . It has been suggested [7] that jacaranone, 1, a quinol, acts with a very similar mechanism as quinones, producing ROS, inducing apoptosis in melanoma cells [7] .

Our results indicate that jacaranone, 1, and derivatives (5-7) show both necrotic and apoptotic activities over cell lines tested, activities that might be exploited for therapeutic targeting of tumor tissue. Similar results have been reported by others for Hep-G2, and MDA MB231 cell lines (hepatocarcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma) [25] [26] .

Jacaranone, 1, has shown antitumor activity in vitro against several human cancer cell lines, and induction of apoptosis in murine melanoma cells in vivo. Massaoka et al. have demonstrated that jacaranone induces antiproliferative and proapoptotic responses, by acting on Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [7] .

In cancer cells, ROS signaling plays a major role in tumor formation and development, leading even to the activation of genes associated with the pathogenesis of specific tumors [27] . Superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide are generated; nevertheless, these two species behave differently regarding cell signaling. Superoxide anions act as oncogenic ROS, while hydrogen peroxide leads to the apoptosis of cancer cells [28] .

Massaoka et al. reported [7] that jacaranone, 1, generates ROS causing oxidative stress, producing enhanced activity of the antioxidant defense system and consequently mitochondrial damage.

High level of ROS in cancer cells has been exploited for developing new therapeutic strategies to kill cancer cells [29] [30] , thus jacaranone, 1, and derivatives 5-7 might have a roll in this new trend.

The main objective of this study was to devise chemical products that might have anti-tumor activity. The compounds analyzed in this study showed promising results, especially because they are very active at very low concentrations (0.033 - 0.055 mM). Nevertheless, further studies have to be done in order to determine their in vivo activity, their mechanism as well as their safety and stability.

5. Conclusions

In summary, we prepared natural product jacaranone, 1, and three synthetic analogs and measured its necrotic and apoptotic activity against several cancer cells. Some of these synthetic derivatives showed promising anti-tumor results.

Derivative 6 was significantly more active than the natural product, showing a significant apoptotic activity against breast cancer and ovarian carcinoma cells. Compound 5, showed significant apoptotic activity against ovarian cancer cells. The apoptotic activity of compound 6 for breast cancer cells MCF-7 is significantly greater than any other compound tested (p < 0.05) (Figure 2(b)).

Of the compounds analyzed here, derivate 7b, exhibits an outstanding necrotic activity against three of the four cell lines tested, including ovarian, breast and hepatic cancer cell lines (Figure 3). These results indicate a promissory antitumor activity for this compound.

Acknowledgements

We thank Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad de Costa Rica for financial support, CIPRONA-UCR for high-resolution mass spectra determination and the School of Chemistry for NMR spectra.

Cite this paper

Arias, M.L., Corrales, E., Poveda, R. and Cabezas, J.A. (2018) Synthesis and Determination of Antitumor Activity of Jacaranone and Synthetic Analogs. International Journal of Organic Chemistry, 8, 115-124. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijoc.2018.81007

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