Neuromuscular conditions cause muscle imbalance of the hip which can result in subluxation or dislocation and may decrease quality of life [1] . Pediatric orthopaedic surgeons address these problems with multiple surgical options including soft tissue releases, femoral varus derotational osteotomy (VRDO), pelvic osteotomy, and consideration of open reduction of the hip [2] [3] . Unfortunately, the natural history of neuromuscular hip dislocation is fraught with complications, with reports as high as 81% of patients developing a post-operative complication [4] .

Many studies have evaluated the perioperative complications and risk factors of neuromuscular hip dysplasia corrective procedures at the single institutional level [5] - [16] . Complications can include unplanned readmission, unplanned reoperation, infection, wound complications, pneumonia, nerve injury, implant failure, and blood transfusion. Current knowledge of risk factors for increased complication rate includes presence of tracheostomy or gastrostomy, spica casting, age less than six years, and higher Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) score, indicating higher severity of disease [16] . However, these risk factors primarily assess the long-term complications as they reflect the risk of recurrent subluxation/dislocation at single institutions.

We sought to perform a retrospective analysis of a prospective nationwide database to assess whether these identified risk factors maintain significance for predicting post-operative complications for pediatric patients undergoing hip reconstructive surgery for neuromuscular hip subluxation and dislocation. We hypothesized that variables reflecting higher GMFCS score (gastrostomy tube, tracheostomy, and ventilator dependence), increasing patient age, and combine femoral and pelvic osteotomies would increase the rate of postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, in comparison to non-neuromuscular patients.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the NSQIP-P database. NSQIP-P is a multi-institutional pediatric (age less than 18) surgical outcomes database containing preoperative, surgical, and 30-day outcome variables collected based upon a systematic sampling process to ensure proportional diversity in selection using an 8-day sampling cycle from over 60 pediatric institutions [17] - [22] . NSQIP-P data are continuously audited, validated, and are compiled into Participant User Files (PUFs) for use in quality improvement and surgical outcomes research. The 2015 NSQIP-P PUF was used for this study. The NSQIP-P PUF data contains no patient identifiers and this research was deemed exempt from institutional review board review by the local Human Subjects Protection Office.

The study cohorts were identified by hip reconstruction procedure current procedural terminology (CPT) codes 27,146, 27,147, 27,151, 27,156, 27,165, 27,258, and 27,259. The primary predictor variable of interest was the presence or absence of a neuromuscular diagnosis, which was identified using the NSQIP-P variable of “Cerebral Palsy,” Figure 1. Additional variables included age, gender, presence of tracheostomy or gastrostomy tube, seizure disorder, cardiac risk factors, nutritional support, and ventilator dependence (including Bi-PAP or C-PAP use) at the time of surgery. Surgical procedures were characterized as those performed without a pelvic osteotomy (simple―CPT 27,165, 27,258, 27,259) and those with a pelvic osteotomy (complex―CPT 27,146, 27,147, 27,151, 27,156). Based upon the results of Ruzbarsky et al. [16] , age was stratified into patients 6 years of age and younger or older than 6 years.

The primary outcome was the rate of any surgical complication within 30 days. Postoperative complications were stratified according to the Clavien- Dindo classification system as modified by Sink for orthopaedic procedures [23] , Table 1. Complications were categorized as minor if they were Clavien-Dindo grade two or less, and major for grades three and higher.

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical package version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Significance was set at P < .05. Univariate analyses using the Chi-square test were performed to assess for relationships between categorical predictor variables and the occurrence of postoperative complications. Univariates identified as having statistically significant associations with the occurrence of any complication were entered into a stepwise multivariable binary

logistic regression model to determine independent contributions to the occurrence of complications.

1081 cases were identified (median age 7.7, IQR 4.1 - 11.8 years, 55% female), of whom 420 (39%) had a neuromuscular diagnosis. Patients in the neuromuscular cohort were significantly older than the remaining patients (8.99 years, 95% Confidence Interval 8.65 - 9.33 years versus 7.44 years, 95% Confidence Interval 7.03 - 7.84; P < 0.001) with a higher percentage of male patients (60.2% versus 35.5%, P < 0.001). Additionally, the neuromuscular patient were more likely to be ventilator dependent (4.76% vs. 1.66%, P = 0.003), have a tracheostomy (3.09% vs. 4.5%, P < 0.001), have a seizure disorder (55% vs. 7.1%, P < 0.001), and receive nutritional support (39.2% vs. 4.99%, P < 0.001).

The most common surgical procedure was an isolated femoral osteotomy (42.2%), followed by a combined femoral and pelvic osteotomy (26.3%) and pelvic osteotomy (21%), Table 2. Patients had an average hospital stay of 3.4 days (0 - 85 days) with 98% of patients discharged home following hospital stay.

Overall, 25% of patients experienced a complication within 30 days following surgery. The most common complication was a blood transfusion, occurring in 19.7% of patients. Readmission occurred in 46 patients (4.4%) at an average of 14.5 days following the primary procedure. The most common stated reasons for readmission were pneumonia (6.5%), wound complication (6.5%). However, 39% of readmissions were for unstated reasons. Unplanned reoperations occurred in 28 patients at an average of 12.4 days following the index procedure. The 2 most common reoperations included reapplication of spica cast (CPT code 29,325; 14%) and revision reconstructive procedure (CPT code 27,165; 14%). When subcategorized according the Clavien-Dindo classification system, there were 232 minor complications (Grade II) occurred in 232 patients and 94 major complications (Grade III and IV) occurred in 36 patients (Table 3).

Complication rates were significantly higher in neuromuscular patients (33% vs. 19%, P < 0.001), but the rate of major complications did not differ between

patient groups (4.0% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.295). Univariate analysis to identify risk factors for surgical complications in all patients identified NM patients, age ≥ 6, presence of a tracheostomy, gastrostomy, ventilator dependence, need for nutritional support or a concomitant pelvic osteotomy placed patients at a higher risk for any complication, Table 4. Gender and patients with cardiac risk factors did not significantly impact the rate of any post-surgical complications.

The identified risk factors were then entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Multivariate analysis for complication rate identified NM diagnosis (OR 1.5) as an independent risk factor for any postsurgical complications. Additionally, patients aged > 6 years (OR 1.5), and those undergoing a concomitant pelvic osteotomy (OR 1.9) were independent risk factor in all patients. The remains risk factors (tracheostomy, ventilator dependence, gastrostomy tube, and patients requiring nutritional support) were not predictive of any post-surgical complication.

Surgical management of neuromuscular hip dislocations and subluxation is a

challenging endeavor that is plagued with a significant potential for complication as well late resubluxations. We found a 25% overall rate of complications within 30 days of surgery, significantly higher in the neuromuscular cohort (33% vs. 19%). Analysis of risk factors in the patient cohort found that neuromuscular diagnosis, age > 6 years old, and concomitant pelvic osteotomy were independent predictors for a post-operative complication.

This study is not the first to report a high rate of complications with reconstructive hip surgery for patients with neuromuscular dislocations and subluxations. Numerous authors have reported the complication rates, at an institutional level, for neuromuscular hip reconstructive surgery, ranging from 0% - 81% [5] - [16] . Ruzbarsky et al. [16] performed a review of the literature, identifying 16 articles including 851 patients. The cumulative complication rate from their systematic review was 38%, which increased to 54% when failure to cure was included. Similar to these previous reports, we found that 33% of pediatric patients with neuromuscular hip dislocation or subluxation in this nationwide patient database developed a post-operative complication within 30 days from surgery.

Complications following reconstructive hip surgery vary based upon the several patient factors. The severity of neuromuscular disease is largely reflected in the patient’s ambulatory status and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Nonambulatory patients have been shown to be at significant risk for hip dysplasia, with rate as high as 57% [16] . At an average of 5.9-year follow-up, Ruzbarsky et al. [16] reported their single center results after hip reconstructive surgery in nonambulatory patients with cerebral palsy. The overall complication rate was 38%, 13% were grade I complications, 18% of these were grade II, and 2% were grade III as reported according to the Clavien-Dindo system as modified by Sink [23] . Similarly, we found a 33% complication rate in our neuromuscular patient cohort, 22.8% being grade II, 8.6% grade III.

In addition to the perioperative complications, long-term radiographic outcome was reported by Ruzbarsky et al. [16] , which when included, raised the overall complication rate to 47.6%. Fourteen patients demonstrated resubluxation at final follow-up with an additional patient developing avascular necrosis. Patients with a tracheostomy and age less than 6 years old were identified as risk factors for resubluxation, characterized as a grade III complication. In contrast, we found that older patients (older than 6 years of age) were independently at a higher risk for experiencing any post-operative complications within 30 days of surgery. However, this discrepancy highlights the different aims of these studies, with age representing the progression of dysplasia exacerbated by muscular imbalance in the setting of continued skeletal growth in Ruzbarsky et al. [16] series whereas our study better characterizes the patient’s physiologic reserve within 30 days of surgery with regard to the insult imparted from undergoing a major reconstructive procedure.

There are several limitations in the interpretation of this study. The most pronounced limitation is the mixed population regarding ambulatory status and GMFCS status. Nonambulatory patients and those with higher GMFCS level have been shown to have higher complication rates [24] ; however, given the lack of a defined data variable within the NSQIP-P dataset, we were unable to include this in our data analysis. The occurrence of a postoperative complication is restricted to within 30 days of surgery which prevents us from obtaining a true understanding of the long-term complication profile to include resubluxation and the development of avascular necrosis. As a nationwide database, a myriad of surgeons were included with an expected wide variation in surgical technique. Given the coding status, we were unable to sub-define the complication rate by the type of pelvic osteotomy. In addition, surgical blood loss and transfusion protocols were not standardized across participating institutions.

In conclusion, using a prospectively collected nationwide pediatric database, we defined the overall complication profile in patients undergoing surgical hip reconstruction including the largest patient cohort reported to date. We identified important risk factors that were predictive of short-term postoperative complication within 30 days of surgery, including an underlying neuromuscular diagnosis, patient age greater than 6 years old, and concomitant pelvic osteotomy. Older patients and those with concomitant pelvic osteotomies require particular attention in the post-operative period given their high complication rate. Future studies should focus on approaches to decrease the occurrence of complications in this high-risk group.

Shaw, K.A., Hire, J.M., Kauvar, D.S., Olszewski, D. and Murphy, J.S. (2018) Perioperative Outcomes Following Surgical Treatment of the Neuromuscular Hip: An Analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program―Pediatrics. Open Journal of Orthopedics, 8, 24-32. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojo.2018.81003