1. Introduction

Polycarbonate is a transparent commercial engineering polymer used in many applications due to its properties such as high shock resistance, thermal stability, toughness and good optical properties as well as other mechanical properties [1] . According to the physical and mechanical properties of polycarbonate making it important in many industries, it replaces the glasses in different applications as display panels of electrical tools, low weight eyewear lenses and compact disks, but metal is better than polycarbonate in electrical and thermal properties [2] .

Polycarbonates are mainly used in electrical insulators also used in production of Blu-ray Discs and DVDs [3] . Polycarbonate is showing incompatibility with acetone and ammonia which can dissolve it, but alcohol used to clean the surface of polycarbonate sheet after used [4] . Polycarbonate is improved by using nanoparticles to obtain polycarbonate nanocomposite with new physical, electrical and mechanical properties. Thin transparent layers contain TiO2 studied and the interest in them has increased in recent years intensively because of application potential including Photocatalytic and Water Air Purification [5] . The surface antifogging and easily washable result from super-hydrophilic property of the surface allow the water to spread through the surface. Titanium dioxide is the most nanoparticles that used in many applications involving photocatalytic, optoelectronic activities and electrochromic application [6] .

TiO2 is considered as one of the important environmentally friendly materials to be used to create new applications for renewable energy [7] . Thin film of TiO2 describes as antifogging effect, self-cleaning and it’s widely used in glass industry. Super hydrophilicity of the of TiO2 thin film obtains the antifogging effect to the surface. Polycarbonate-TiO2 nanocomposite could be prepared by different coating methods such as spray ion beam evaporation, plasma enhanced, spin coating, dipping, chemical vapor deposition and pressing method [8] .

The introduction of nanoparticle had been widely investigated and reported to be the most efficient method to improve the properties of polycarbonate. The self-cleaning coating has been used in new applications including buildings, sculptures, cars and machinery. This coating is based on TiO2 optical stimulation. TiO2 self-cleaning with polycarbonate material shows better scratch resistance and hardness. Perfect mechanical properties of self-cleaning coating make them useful in many applications [9] .

Houman et al. [10] prepared self-cleaning coating from TiO2 on polycarbonate surface by using dip coating process and treating the surface with chemical solution to obtain hydrophilic groups on surface in ultrasonic device and washing then with DI. The results showed improvement in mechanical properties after coating included increases in hardness in about 2.5 time and scratch resistance increases in about 6.4 time then PC substrates. The transparency of PC-TiO2 decreased in about 10% - 15%.

Nima et al. [11] improve the properties of polycarbonate by prepared films of polycarbonate―TiO2 nano composite. The film formed by using Solvent evaporation method and studied the mechanical properties of nanocomposite films by conducting tensile tests and hardness measurement. The result from tensile test showed that stress-strain peak had increased with increased TiO2 nano particles content and elastic modulus increased with TiO2 nanoparticle weight fraction.

Al-Shammary, Z. R. [12] prepared PC-TiO2 and PS-TiO2 composites at room temperature and studied the effect of TiO2 on tensile properties. The results showed reducing in ultimate stress and young modulus compared to PC and PS pure. Also, the toughness became stabilized because TiO2 particle made these chains interlocked and mobility of chains became restrict.

The aim of this paper is to improve the surface properties of polycarbonate by addition TiO2 nanoparticles. The pressing technique used to insert nanoparticles on the surface. This sample latter if needed excellent properties and homogenous in structure, they reformed by cutting them and extrude through twin-screw extruder device.

2. Experimental part 2.1. Materials

The used materials in this research are polycarbonate (PC) and titanium dioxide nano particles (TiO2). The used polycarbonate sheet is as Table 1 and TiO2 nanoparticles as Table 2 by used pressing method with temperatures and pressure as Table 3.

Mechanical and physical properties of PC
PProperty Units Value
Tensile Strength (Mpa) 37.5
Tensile Modulus of Elasticity (KN) 0.3
Melting Point (˚C) 269
Processes Temperature (˚C) 180 - 200
Impact Strength (J/mm2) 45
Density (g/cm3) 1.902
Hardness (Shore D) 81.1
The specification of titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Product name TiO2 powder nanograde
Color White
Particle size 45 nm
TiO2 content ≥99.8%
Pressing information
Polycarbonate 3 samples (5 cm × 5 cm × 2 mm)
TiO2 powder 1% - 3% - 5%
Temperature 190˚C - 200˚C
Temperature 2 Map
Time 5 min
2.2. Samples Preparation

At first cleaning the surface of polycarbonate sheets (5 cm × 5 cm) with thickness of 2mm with ethanol and washed with Distilled water then dried in electrical oven for 2 hours. After cleaning, dispersed TiO2 powder on the surface. Cover PC-TiO2 with a piece of sulfone to prevent the adhesion of the powder with the piston plates and for the interference of the nanoparticles to the cavities that cannot see in the surface. The large particle remain on the surface, therefore after pressing washed the sheet again with ethanol and Distilled water then dried.

Tests: Mechanical tests have been conducted (hardness, surface roughness and impact test) Includes standard specifications: for impact test-ASTMD256-87 by used charpy type instrument. Hardness of polycarbonate prepared according to ASTM D 2240. Tensile strength for PC with addition was performed by using (Bongshin model WDW-SE) instrument according to ASTM D-638-IV. Also used microstructure test as contact angle test used device was SL 200C―Optical Dynamic I Static Interfacial Tensiometer & Contact Angle Meter which manufactured in KINO Industry Co., Ltd., USA with contact angle range from 0 o to 180 o. FTIR-test also used to characterize the structure performed by using (FT-IR-OPUS_7.0 manufacturing by Bruker Company). UV-Vis double beam spectrophotometers, (SHIMADZU, UV-1800, Japan) used to check the absorbance of nanocomposite for different energy. DSC test was performed according to ASTM D3418-03 manufacturing by japan. AFM-Test was carried by tapping mode SPM model AA3000 ANGSTROM ADVANCED INC., USA, 2008 (AFM- Contact Mode). This test was performed using XRD 6000 instrument, manufactured by (SHIMADZU)―Japan.

 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Mechanical Test 3.1.1. Hardness Test

the hardness for pure and nanocomposite material measure are by using shore hardness (D). The result of this test appear decreased in the hardness compared to pure that indicate to increase the flexibility with decreased the rigidity of material after addition of TiO2 as Figure 1 .

3.1.2. Toughness

showed from this test impact strength of material and it consider one of the ways to known the flexibility of polycarbonate pure and polycarbonate with TiO2. In which the impact improved after addition 3% of TiO2 make them better when the nanocomposite subjected to shock or loads as in Figure 2 .

3.1.3. Tensilestrength test

the Tensile strength of PC nanocomposite decreased with increasing the proportion of TiO2 nanoparticles from1 to 5 wt% as shown in Figure 3 . The maximum tensile strength was obtained with PC-pure Figure 4 , while the nanocomposite

with 1, 3 and 5 wt% occurs decreased in the tensile strength. Also, the modulus of elasticity decreases with addition TiO2 nanoparticles. The results in this work agree with Z. Shammary [12] .

3.2. Microstructure test 3.2.1. Wettability

the wettability of material measured by using contact angle test in which the wettability decreases with addition TiO2 nanoparticles is as in Figure 5 . The increases in wettability in a specific range better for self-cleaning properties in the surface to remove the contaminated. In this case the TiO2 works as an automatic cleaning agent in the material. Contact angle changed with surface tension of the liquid, surface topography (surface roughness), level of interaction (between the liquid and solid) and surface energy of the substrate.

3.2.2. Surface roughness test

From this, the smoothness for polycarbonate-pure and nanocomposite was measured as in Figure 6 . The roughness of the surface increased with addition of TiO2 to polycarbonate sheet in pressing technique. The increases of roughness in polycarbonate are due to low-efficiency devices. The roughness also effect on the wettability properties as we said earlier.

3.2.3. Chemical structure

the chemical structure of nanocomposite clarifies by using FTIR-test. The result showed that no new peak appear and that indicate to physical interaction between the polycarbonate structure and TiO2 powder. It is noted from Figure 7 for FTIR curve of PC and PC material with titanium oxide at 1%, 3% and 5%. The peaks PC are observed in the wave numbers 3670 cm−1 (O-H), at 3498 cm−1 (O-H), at 2715 cm−1 (C-H) and at 1604cm−1 (C=C) after addition TiO2 by 1%, there is an increase in transmittance. The transmittance value of the pure polymer increased very little and the (Ti-O-Ti) showed at 634 cm−1. After increasing the ratio of TiO2 to 3% and 5%, it is obvious that titanium oxide reduces the amount of radiation due to increased particle size that increases the absorption of the material and its reflection. Moreover, this leads to less permeability.

3.2.4. UV-test

the use of TiO2 is to avoid the photo-degradation of polycarbonate because TiO2 have ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation as shows in Figure 8 . Uv-vis give the amount of absorption when added TiO2. It is also noticed from Figure that there are a slight decrease in absorption as the percentage of addition increase and formation of a more cohesive membrane due to filling the blanks. Also noted through the form, the randomness or confusion in the curve decreases as the proportion of titanium dioxide increases. While, at 5% of titanium, there is a clear decrease in the absorption curve in area of UV. This happen due to addition of high ratio of titanium to the polymer material obtained transparent so that the ultraviolet light passes through them. This considered an undesirable proportion because the ultraviolet rays harmful to the human eye. Therefore, the best rate is less than this ratio (5% TiO2) to prevent the crystallization that occurs in this ratio.

3.2.5. DSC-test

This test shows Tg and Tm for polycarbonate before and after addition of TiO2 in different level. TiO2 decreased Tg with decreased hardness of polycarbonate that mean the flexibility of material increases and this better for the flexible screen as Figure 9. Tg decreased from 152˚C for pure to 144˚C and 143˚C for nanocomposite.

3.2.6. Morphology test

from this test describe the roughness of the surface after addition TiO2 to the polycarbonate sheet; also know the size of TiO2 particle. With increases the grain size of particle, reduces the light transmission due to increases the crystallinity of nanocomposite as shown in Figure 1 0. In addition, the distribution of nanoparticle was good on the polycarbonate surface.

3.2.7. XRD Test

XRD Patterns of PC and PC with (1, 3 and 5 wt%) TiO2 shown in Figure 1 1. PC shows single peak that related to amorphous structure of it. Addition, TiO2 to PC matrix appears change in the peak of PC matrix as in 2θ = 25.2˚ related to (101) plans of anatase with level 1 wt% of TiO2 and this agree with Nima et al. [11] .

When increasing the amount of TiO2 in PC matrix causes physical interface as shows in test. The peak from X-ray diffraction showed that amorphous matrix decreased with increasing the intensity of TiO2 peak after addition titanium dioxide.

4. Conclusion

We can conclude that better impact resistance, contact angle, hardness from this work in 0.03 TiO2 compared to other levels. FTIR for samples showed physical interaction occurred for polycarbonate; TiO2 also showed that all levels of TiO2 gave the same proportions of transparency. Reducing in tensile and elastic modulus indicated to increase the flexibility of composite with reduced Tg and increased the crystallinity of material after addition of TiO2. The transparency of polycarbonate sheet decreased with addition of TiO2 and this depended on constriction of powder that used. XRD showed no chemical interaction that occurred between polycarbonate and TiO2 nanoparticles.

5. Summary

Studies have shown the resistance of scratching, hardness and other mechanical properties of polycarbonate are improved by using TiO2 nano-particles. The present work aims to improve the mechanical properties and morphology of the surface without effect on the physical properties as transparency of polycarbonate.

Cite this paper

Saad, N.A. and Jwad, E.R. (2018) Investigation of Addition Titanium Dioxide on General Properties of Polycarbonate. Open Access Library Jour- nal, 5: e4229. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104229

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