The global asymptotic behavior of the solutions and oscillation of solution are two such qualitative properties which are very important for applications in many areas such as control theory, mathematical biology, neural networks, etc. It is impossible to use computer based (numerical) techniques to study the oscillation or the asymptotic behavior of all solutions of a given equation due to the global nature of these properties. Therefore, these properties have received the attention of several mathematicians and engineers.

Currently, much attention has given to study the properties of the solutions of the recursive sequences from scientists in various disciplines. Specifically, the topics dealt with include the following:

- Finding equilibrium points for the recursive sequences;

- Investigating the local stability of the solutions of the recursive sequences;

- Finding conditions which insure that the solutions of the recursive sequences are bounded;

- Investigating the global asymptotic stability of the solutions of the recursive sequences;

- Finding conditions which insure that the solutions of equation are periodic with positive prime period two or more;

- Finding conditions for oscillation of solutions.

Closely related global convergence results were well-gained from these articles [1] - [25] . Khuong in [14] studied the dynamics the recursive sequences

ψ η + 1 = a + ( ψ η − k ψ η − r ) p .

For further related and special cases of this difference equations see [4] [5] [6] , [21] [22] [24] .

Elsayed [9] studied the periodicity, the boundedness of the positive solution of the recursive sequences

ψ η + 1 = a + b ψ η − l + c ψ η − k c ψ η − l + d ψ η − k .

Abdelrahman [1] considered analytical investigation of the solution of the recursive sequence

ψ η + 1 = a ψ η − k + δ ( b ψ η − l c ψ η − k + d ψ η − l ) α .

By new method, Elsayed [10] investigated the periodic solution of the equation

ψ η + 1 = α + β ψ η ψ η − 1 + γ ψ η − 1 ψ η .

Also, Moaaz [18] completed the results of [10] .

In this work, we deal with some qualitative behaviour of the solutions of the recursive sequence

ψ η + 1 = a + ∑ i = 0 k     b i ψ η − ( 2 i + 1 ) α ψ η − 2 i + β ψ η − ( 2 i + 1 ) ,     η = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ (1.1)

where a , b i , α and β are positive real numbers for i = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k , and the the initial conditions ψ − j , ψ − j + 1 , ⋯ , ψ 0 are arbitrary positive real numbers where j = 2 k + 1 .

In the next, we will and to many of the basic concepts. Before anything, the concept of equilibrium point is essential in the study of the dynamics of any physical system. A point ψ ¯ in the domain of the function Φ is called an equilibrium point of the equation

ψ η + 1 = Φ ( ψ η , ψ η − 1 , ⋯ , ψ η − k ) ,     η = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ (1.2)

if ψ ¯ is a fixed point of Φ [ Φ ( ψ ¯ , ψ ¯ , ⋯ , ψ ¯ ) = ψ ¯ ]. For a stability of equilibrium point, equilibrium point ψ ¯ of equation (2) is said to be locally stable if for all ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that, if ψ − ν ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) for ν = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k with ∑ i = 0 k | ψ − i − ψ ¯ | < δ . As well, ψ ¯ is said to be locally asymptotically stable if it is locally stable and there exists γ > 0 such that, if ψ − ν ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) for ν = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k with ∑ i = 0 k | ψ − i − ψ ¯ | < γ , then lim η → ∞ ψ η = ψ ¯ . Also, ψ ¯ is said to be a global attractor if used for every ψ − ν ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) for ν = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k , we have lim η → ∞ ψ η = ψ ¯ . On the other hand, ψ ¯ is said to be unstable if it is not locally stable.

Finally, Equation (1.2) is called permanent and bounded if there exists numbers r and R with 0 < r < R < ∞ such that for any initial conditions ψ − ν ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) for ν = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k there exists a positive integer N which depends on these initial conditions such as r < ψ η < R for all η ≥ N .

The linearized equation of Equation (1.1) about the equilibrium point ψ ^ is

y η + 1 = ∑ i = 0 k p i y η − i (1.3)

where

p i = ∂ F ∂ ψ η − i ( ψ ^ , ψ ^ , ⋯ , ψ ^ ) .

Theorem 1.1. [15] Assume that p i ∈ ℝ for i = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k . The + v e equilibrium of (1.1) is locally asymptotically stable if

| p 0 | + | p 1 | + ⋯ + | p k | < 1. (1.4)

The + v e equilibrium point of Equation (1.1) is

ψ ^ = a + ∑ i = 0 k b i ψ ^ α ψ ^ + β ψ ^ ,

and so,

ψ ^ = a + B α + β ,

where

B = ∑ i = 0 k     b i .

Let f ∈ C ( ( 0 , ∞ ) 2 k + 2 , ( 0 , ∞ ) ) defined by

f ( u 0 , u 1 , ⋯ , u 2 k + 1 ) = a + ∑ i = 0 k b i u 2 i + 1 α u 2 i + β u 2 i + 1 . (2.1)

Therefore it follows that

∂ f ∂ u 2 r = − b r α u 2 r + 1 ( α u 2 r + β u 2 r + 1 ) 2 (2.2)

and

∂ f ∂ u 2 r + 1 = b r α u 2 r ( α u 2 r + β u 2 r + 1 ) 2 , (2.3)

for r = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k .

Theorem 2.1. Let ψ ^ be + v e equilibrium of Equation (1.1). If

( α − β ) B < a ( α + β ) 2 ,

than ψ ^ is locally stable.

Proof. From (2.2) to (2.3), we obtain

∂ f ∂ u 2 r ( ψ ^ , ⋯ , ψ ^ ) = − b r α ( α + β ) ( a ( α + β ) + B ) = p 2 r ,

and

∂ f ∂ u 2 r + 1 ( ψ ^ , ⋯ , ψ ^ ) = b r α ( α + β ) ( a ( α + β ) + B ) = p 2 r + 1 ,

for r = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k . Thus, the linearized equation of (1.1) is

y η + 1 = p 0 y η + p 1 y η − 1 + ⋯ + p 2 k + 1 y η − ( 2 k + 1 ) .

It follows by Theorem 1.1 that Equation (1.1) is locally stable if

| b 0 α ( α + β ) | + | b 0 α ( α + β ) ρ | + ⋯ + | b k α ( α + β ) ρ | + | b k α ( α + β ) ρ | < 1 ,

where ρ = ( a ( α + β ) + B ) , and hence,

2 α ( α + β ) ρ B < 1.

Thus, we find

2 α B < ( α + β ) ρ ,

and so,

( α − β ) B < a ( α + β ) 2 .

Hence, the proof is complete.

□

In order to verify and support our theoretical outcomes and discussions, in this concern, we investigate several interesting numerical examples.

Example 2.1. By Theorem 2.1, the + v e equilibrium Equation (1.1) with a = 2 , k = 2 , b i = 0.3 , β = 0.1 and α = 1 , is locally stable (see Figure 1).

In the following theorem, we check into the global stability of the recursive sequence (1.1).

Theorem 3.1. The + v e equilibrium ψ ^ of Equation (1.1) is global attractor if

B = a ( α − β ) .

Proof. We consider the function as follow:

f ( u 0 , u 1 , ⋯ , u 2 k + 1 ) = a + ∑ i = 0 k b i u 2 i + 1 α u 2 i + β u 2 i + 1 .

From (2.2) and (2.3), we note that f is increasing in u 2 r + 1 and decreasing in u 2 r for all r = 0 , 1 , ⋯ , k . Suppose that ( λ , μ ) is a solution of the system

λ = f ( μ , λ , μ , λ , ⋯ , λ )

μ = f ( λ , μ , λ , μ , ⋯ , μ ) .

Then, we find

λ = a + ∑ i = 0 k     b i λ α μ + β λ ,

and

μ = a + ∑ i = 0 k     b i μ α λ + β μ .

Hence, we get

λ = a + B λ α μ + β λ , (3.1)

and

μ = a + B μ α λ + β μ . (3.2)

By (3.1) and (3.2), we obtain

β ( λ 2 − μ 2 ) − ( a β + B − a α ) ( λ − μ ) = 0.

Thus,

( λ − μ ) ( β ( λ + μ ) − ( a β + B − a α ) ) = 0.

Since B = a ( α − β ) , we have that μ = λ . Hence, the proof of Theorem 3.1 is complete. □

In this section, we enumerate some basic facts concerning the existence of two period solutions.

Theorem 4.1. Equation (1.1) has prime period-two solutions if

( a β + B − a α ) ( α − β ) > 4 a α β . (4.1)

Proof. Assume that Equation (1.1) has a prime period-two solution

⋯ , ρ , σ , ρ , σ , ρ , σ , ⋯

We shall prove that condition (4.1) holds. From Equation (1.1), we see that

ψ η = ψ η − 2 = ⋯ = ψ η − 2 k = σ ,     ψ η + 1 = ψ η − 1 = ⋯ = ψ η − ( 2 k + 1 ) = ρ ,

and hence,

ρ = a + B ρ α σ + β ρ ,       σ = a + B σ α ρ + β σ .

Thus, we get

α ρ σ + β ρ 2 = a α σ + a β ρ + B ρ , (4.2)

and

α ρ σ + β ρ 2 = a α σ + a β σ + B σ . (4.3)

From (4.3) and (4.2), we have

β ( ρ 2 − σ 2 ) = a α ( σ − ρ ) + a β ( ρ − σ ) + B ( ρ − σ ) .

Dividing ( ρ − σ ) , then we find

( ρ + σ ) = a β + B − a α β (4.4)

By combining (4.2) and (4.3), we obtain

2 α ρ σ + β ( ρ 2 + σ 2 ) = ( a α + a β + B ) ( ρ + σ ) .

Since ρ 2 + σ 2 = ( ρ + σ ) 2 − 2 ρ σ , we get

ρ σ = a α ( a β + B − a α ) β ( α − β ) . (4.5)

Now, evident is that (4.4) and (4.5) that ρ and σ are both two positive distinct roots of the quadratic equation

u 2 + ( ρ + σ ) u + ρ σ = 0. (4.6)

Hence, we obtain

( a β + B − a α ) β > 4 a α α − β ,

which has the same extent as

( a β + B − a α ) ( α − β ) > 4 a α β .

Hence, the proof is complete. □

The next numerical example is mimicry to enhance our results.

Example 4.1. By Theorem 4.1, Equation (1.1) with α = 0.02 , β = 0.01 , a = 500 , b 0 = 2 , b 1 = 200 and b 2 = 20 , has prime period two solution (see Figure 2)

Theorem 5.1. Every solution of Equation (1.1) is bounded and persists.

Proof. Let { ψ η } η = − k ∞ be a Solution (1.1), we can conclude from (1.1) that

ψ η + 1 = a + ∑ i = 0 k     b i ψ η − ( 2 i + 1 ) α ψ η − 2 i + β ψ η − ( 2 i + 1 ) > a .

Then

ψ η > a     for   all   η > − ( 2 k + 1 ) .

Also, from Equation (1.1), we see that

ψ η + 1 = a + ∑ i = 0 k     b i ψ η − ( 2 i + 1 ) α ψ η − 2 i + β ψ η − ( 2 i + 1 ) < a + ∑ i = 0 k     b i ψ η − ( 2 i + 1 ) β ψ η − ( 2 i + 1 ) = a + ∑ i = 0 k b i β ,

then,

a < ψ η ≤ a + B β     for   all   η > − ( 2 k + 1 ) .

Thus, the solution is bounded and persists and the proof is complete. □

Conclusion 1. In this paper, we study a asymptotic behavior of solutions of a general class of difference Equation (1.1). Our results extend and generalize to the earlier ones. Moreover, we obtain the next results:

- The + v e equilibrium point ψ ^ of Equation (1.1) is local stable if ( α − β ) B < a ( α + β ) 2 . Also, if B = a ( α − β ) , then ψ ^ is global attractor.

- Equation (1.1) has a prime period-two solutions if ( a β + B − a α ) ( α − β ) > 4 a α β .

- Every solution of (1.1) is bounded and persists.

The author is very grateful to the reviewers for their valuable suggestions and useful comments on this paper.

Moaaz, O., Elabbasy, E.M. and Alsaeed, S. (2017) Global Analysis of Solutions of a New Class of Rational Difference Equation. American Journal of Computational Mathematics, 7, 495-503. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcm.2017.74036