1. Introduction

AJPS

American Journal of Plant Sciences

2158-2742

Scientific Research Publishing

10.4236/ajps.2017.812209

AJPS-80480

Articles

Biomedical&Life Sciences

Genetic Variability and Path Analysis Studies in Hybrid Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)

Mohammad

Quamrul Islam Matin

¹^*Md.

Shalim Uddin

¹Md.

Motiar Rohman

¹Mohammad

Amiruzzaman

¹Abul

Kalam Azad

¹Bhagya

Rani Banik

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Dhaka, Bangladesh

* E-mail:quamrul_islam76@yahoo.com(MQIM);

08112017

08123101310918, September 201717, November 2017 22, November 2017

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The present study was carried out to access correlation coefficient, path analysis and genetic variability among twenty one locally developed maize hybrids for ten characters. Positive and significant genotypic, phenotypic correlation coefficient were recorded for yield with anthesis silking interval (r _g = 1.00**, r _p = 0.96**), cob diameter (r _g = 0.99** and r _p = 0.95**) and ear height (r _g = 0.98** and r _p = 0.94**). But days to 50% tasseling had moderate but significant positive correlation at both phenotypic and genotypic level. High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was obtained from thousand seed weight, days to 50% silking, cob diameter and anthesis silking interval. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was observed in thousand seed weight followed by days to 50% silking and cob diameter. The highest heritability (Hb) was observed for cob diameter (95.25) followed by days to 50% silking (94.15), days to maturity (93.85) and ear height (93.06). The characters with high GCV and higher values of heritability indicated high potential for selection. Anthesis silking interval (0.79) had the highest positive direct effect on yield followed by cob diameter (0.31), cob length (0.31) and plant height (0.04) indicating the effectiveness of direct selection. While some other characters such as days to 50% tasseling (-0.12), days to 50% silking (-1.78), ear height (-1.16), days to maturity (-0.64) exhibited indirect negative effect on yield indicating the effectiveness of indirect selection.

Genetic Variability Path Co-Efficient Hybrid Maize

1. Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.; 2n = 20) is a monoecious; C4 plant belongs to the tribe Maydeae of the family Poaceae. It is a tall, robust, annual, usually with a single dominant stem, although there may be few tillers in some genotypes and environments.

The suitability of maize to diverse environments is unmatched by any other crop. It is grown from 58˚N to 40˚S, from below sea level to altitudes higher than 3000 m, and in areas with 250 mm to more than 5000 mm of rainfall per year [1] and [2] . Most of the crop is, however, grown in the warmer parts of temperate regions and in humid subtropical climate, and the greatest production is in areas having the warmest month isotherms from 21˚C to 27˚C and a frost free season of 120 to 180 day duration.

Maize plays a significant role in human and livestock nutrition worldwide [3] . It is the world’s most widely grown cereal and is the primary staple food in many developing countries [4] . It is a versatile crop with wider genetic variability and able to grow successfully throughout the world covering tropical, subtropical and temperate agro-climatic conditions.

Presently maize is cultivated in 165 countries on 184 million hectares (ha), and has a production of 1,016 million tons (t) and productivity of 5.52 t/ha globally. In terms of production, India, with 9.4 million ha, ranks fourth globally, after the USA States (35.5 million ha), China (35.3 million ha) and Brazil (15.4 million ha) [5] .

Maize could be good source of nutrition for under nourished and malnourished population in Bangladesh. It is now widely used in the poultry farms, fisheries and animal feeding, as well as the people consume roasted and fried maize in Bangladesh. The maize cob is nutritionally rich at both green and mature stage. Yellow maize kernel contains carotene which is a precursor of Vitamin A. It contains more amount of fat than rice and wheat [6] .

Maize in Bangladesh is becoming an important crop in the rice based cropping system. It is the third important cereal crop after rice and wheat. In recent year’s maize is gaining popularity among the farmers mainly due to high yield, more economic return and versatile uses it is the highest yielding grain crop having multiple uses. The need for demand of maize is increasing gradually. The area and production of maize is increasing day by day in Bangladesh and it continues to expand rapidly at an average rate of 20% year⁻¹ [7] .

According to [8] the production in Bangladesh was 11.37, 13.70, 15.52, 19.54, 21.78, 25.16, 27.59 lac metric ton in the year of 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2015-2016 with an area occupying 1.74, 2.02, 2,27, 2.83, 3.12, 3.64 and 3.95 lac ha. The yield was 6.53, 6.78, 6.84, 6.90, 6.98, 6.91 and 6.97 t/ha respectively.

The efficiency of breeding programme depends mainly on the direction and magnitude of association between yield and its components and also the relative importance of each factor involved in contributing to grain yield [9] .

The path analysis provides the effective measures of direct and indirect causes of association and depicts the relative importance of each factor involved in contributing to the final product [9] . For efficient selection of grain yield, like the most important economic trait, in regard to it on the great influence the environmental factor, has complex mode of inheritance and low heritability, is necessary to know relation between grain yield and morphological traits which are influencing on the grain yield [10] .

Keeping in mind the experiment was conducted with following objectives

i) tosubmit correlative relationship between grain yield and other morphological traits and;

ii) also founding direct and indirect effects of those traits on yield.

2. Materials and Methods

The experiment was carried out at research field of Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh in the rabi season of 2014-15. Twenty one hybrids and three check varieties were evaluated in this study. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. The twenty one hybrids were developed from seven parental lines using diallel mating without the reciprocals during the rabiseason in 2012-2013. The source materials were from both BARI and CIMMYT such as P1 = BIL20, P2 = BML36, P3 = BIL77, P4 = BIL106, P5 = CLQRCY44, P6 = BIL79 and P7 = BIL 31.The parents were selected based on their combining ability performance such as general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). The hybrids developed through diallel mating design were as follows P1 × P2, P1 × P3, P1 × P4, P1 × P5, P1 × P6, P1 × P7, P2 × P3, P2 × P4, P2 × P5, P2 × P6, P2 × P7, P3 × P4, P3 × P5, P3 × P6, P3 × P7, P4 × P5, P4 × P6, P4 × P7, P5 × P6, P5 × P7, P6 × P7.

Seeds of each entry were sown in 2 rows, 4 m long plots with 60 cm and 20 cm spacing between rows and hills, respectively. Seeds were sown at Gazipur on 24 November, 2014. One healthy seedling per hill was kept after thinning. Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 250, 55, 110, 40, 5 and 1.5 kg/ha of N, P₂O₅, K₂O, S, Zn and B respectively. Standard agronomic practices were followed [11] and plant protection measures were taken as required. Two border rows at both end of each replication were used for minimize the border effect. Data on days to 50% tasseling (DT), days to 50% silking (DS), and anthesis silking interval (ASI), plant height(PH),ear height (EH), days to maturity (DM), cob length (CL), cob diameter (CD), thousand seed weight (TSW) and yield (t/ha) were recorded. All the plants in two rows were considered for plot yield and converted to t/ha.

Genotypic and phenotypic variance, heritability and genetic advance were measured according to the formula proposed by [12] [13] and [14] . Genotypic and phenotypic co-efficient of variation calculated following [15] . Path co-efficient analysis estimated by Dewey and Lu [16] . All the data were processed and analyzed according to [17] .

3. Results and Discussion

Mean sum of squares from pooled analysis revealed significant effects for yield. All the characters showed significant treatment effects indicating that all the twenty one hybrids were differed for those characters indicating the sufficient variability among them (Table 1).

The highest σ²g (108560.39) and σ²p (110976.23) variance were found for TSW (Table 2). The lowest magnitude σ²g (7.03), σ²p (8.39) variance were observed in DT. High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were obtained from TSW (103.75), DS (97.66), CD (92.24) and ASI (87.99). The characters with high GCV indicated high potential for selection. [18] selected some traits with high GCV in B juncea. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed in TSW (107.16) followed by DS (100.65), CD (94.51) and the lowest in

Table 1 Pooled analysis of variance using ten characters in maize

S.V	d.f	DT	DS	ASI	PH(cm)	EH(cm)
Replication	2	1.06	186.333	744.73	451.67	77.9
Treatment	20	22.46**	6,636.17**	28,689.07**	5,019.76**	2,686.62**
Error	40	1.36	134.65	741.58	191.16	65.70

S.V	d.f	DM	CL(cm)	CD(cm)	TSW(gm)	Yld.(t/ha)
Replication	2	221.552	5.68	718.317	5,223.866	1.414
Treatment	20	10,883.09**	452.54**	103,353.54**	110,976.24**	5,305.42**
Error	40	232.55	12.05	1,687.79	2,415.84	267.97

* indicates significant at 5% level and ** indicates significant at 1% level. Days to 50% tasseling (DT), days to 50% silking (DS), Anthesissilking interval (ASI), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), days to maturity (DM), cob length (CL), cob diameter (CD), thousand seed weight (TSW) and yld (yield t/ha).

Table 2 Estimates of genetic parameters for ten characters in maize

Characters	σ²g	σ²p	GCV (%)	PCV (%)	Hb (%)	GA	GAPM
DT	7.03	8.39	2.762	3.01	83.76	5.00	5.20
DS	2167.17	2301.82	97.66	100.65	94.15	93.05	195.21
ASI	9315.83	10057.41	87.99	91.42	92.62	191.35	174.45
PH	1609.53	1800.69	29.19	30.87	89.38	78.13	56.85
EH	873.64	939.34	24.20	25.10	93.00	58.72	48.08
DM	3550.36	3782.91	70.26	72.53	93.85	118.90	140.22
CL	146.83	158.88	78.82	81.99	92.41	23.99	156.10
CD	33888.58	35576.37	92.248	94.518	95.25	370.11	185.46
TSW	108560.39	110976.23	103.756	107.163	93.74	379.41	206.94
Yld.	1679.15	1947.12	78.225	84.236	86.23	78.39	149.64

σ²g, σ²p: Genotypic variance and phenotypic variance, GCV, PCV: Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, Hb: Heritability, GA: Genetic advance, GAPM: Genetic advance as percentage of mean.

DT (3.01). The difference between GCV and PCV of yield indicated that the character had some environmental influence. All the traits showed high heritability indicating lower influence of environment which also observed in the study of [19] . The highest Hb was observed for CD (95.25) followed by DS (94.15), DM (93.852) and EH (93.00) but the lowest Hb identified for DT (83.76) followed by the yield (86.23). The higher values of heritability of aforementioned traits were indicative for selection, supported by [20] and [21] .The highest GA was reported in TSW (379.41) followed by CD (370.11), ASI (191.35) and DM (118.90) resulting to the highest GAPM in TSW (206.94), DS (195.21), CD (185.46), respectively. [22] reported that the characters which have high Hb value along with high GA was due to additive gene effects. Again [19] showed that high heritability accompanied with low genetic advance revealed nonadditivegane action.

3.1. Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation Coefficients with Yield

The genotypic (upper diagonal) and phenotypic (lower diagonal) correlation coefficients for all nine traits were presented (Table 3). The yield had the highest positive genotypic (r_g) and phenotypic (r_p) correlation coefficient with ASI (r_g = 1.00**, r_p = 0.96**), CD (r_g = 0.99** and r_p = 0.95**) and EH (r_g = 0.98** and r_p = 0.94**). Positive correlation coefficient with yield was recorded with CD and EH in an study of [23] [24] and [25] . DT had moderate significant and positive correlation with yield (r_g = 0.65**, r_p = 0.62**), at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. In most of the case, genotypic correlation was higher than phenotypic correlation that indicated the association was due to genetic reason (strong coupling phase) [26] .

Table 3 Genotypic (upper diagonal) and phenotypic (lower diagonal) correlation with yield

	DT	DS	ASI	PH	EH	DM	CL	CD	TSW	YLD
DT		−0.68^**	0.70^**	−0.78^**	0.61^**	−0.69^**	−0.75^**	0.67^**	−0.72^**	0.65^**
DS	−0.64^**		−0.99^**	0.94^**	−0.98^**	1.00^**	0.98^**	−0.99^**	0.99^**	−1.00^**
ASI	0.66^**	−0.99^**		−0.94^**	0.97^**	−0.99^**	−0.99^**	0.98^**	−0.99^**	1.00^**
PH	−0.73^**	0.92^**	−0.92^**		−0.88^**	0.95^**	0.98^**	−0.95^**	0.98^**	−0.94^**
EH	0.59^**	−0.98^**	0.97^**	−0.85^**		−0.98^**	−0.94^**	0.97^**	−0.95^**	0.98^**
DM	−0.66^**	0.99^**	−0.99^**	0.93^**	−0.97^**		0.99^**	−0.99^**	0.99^**	−1.00^**
CL	−0.70^**	0.98^**	−0.98^**	0.95^**	−0.94^**	0.98^**		−0.98^**	1.00^**	−0.99^**
CD	0.63^**	−0.97^**	0.97^**	−0.92^**	0.96^**	−0.98^**	−0.97^**		−0.98^**	0.99^**
TSW	−0.68^**	0.98^**	−0.98^**	0.94^**	−0.95^**	0.99^**	0.99^**	−0.97^**		−0.99^**
YLD	0.60^**	−0.96^**	0.96^**	−0.89^**	0.94^**	−0.96^**	−0.95^**	0.95^**	−0.95^**

* indicates significant at 5% level and ** indicates significant at 1% level. Days to 50% tasseling (DT), days to 50% silking (DS), Anthesissilking interval (ASI), plant height(PH), ear height (EH), days to maturity (DM), cob length (CL), cob diameter (CD), thousand seed weight (TSW) and yld. (yieldt/ha).

Negative significant correlation was found in DM with yield (r_g = −1.00** and r_p = −0.96**), DS (r_g = −1.00** and r_p = −0.96**) and CL (r_g = −0.99** and r_p = −0.95**), at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Similar findings were also recorded in the observation of [27] .

3.2. Path Coefficient Analysis

Association of character determined by correlation co-efficient may not provide an exact picture of the relative importance of direct and indirect influence of each of yield components of yield. In order to find out a clear picture of the inter-relationship between yield and other yield attributes, direct and indirect effects were worked out using path analysis both ant genotypic and phenotypic level which also measured relative importance of each components. Yield was considered as a resultant variable other characters estimated as causal or independent variable [28] .

Yield being a complex entity was influenced by several components and selection based primarily on correlations without considering cause and effect relationship can be misleading [29] . So, the genotypic correlation coefficients were partitioned into direct and indirect effects through path coefficient analysis (Table 4) to get a clear picture under this complex situation. ASI had the highest positive direct effect (0.79) on yield followed by CD (0.31), CL(0.31) and PH (0.04) which was supported by [30] and [31] . ASI, CD showed the maximum positive correlation with yield.

Direct negative effect on yield was shown by DS (−1.78), EH (−1.16), DM (−0.64) and DT (−0.12) which were in agreement with [9] and [19] . Direct negative effect indicating the effectiveness of indirect selection. But EH, DT showed positive correlation with yield, while DS and DM exhibited negative correlation.

The residual effect was 0.014indicating there were also some other characters which although not studied but influenced the seed yield.

Table 4 Direct (bold) and indirect effect of different traits at genotypic level onyield

Characters	DT	DS	ASI	PH	EH	DM	CL	CD	TSW	r_g with Yld.
DT	−0.12	1.22	0.56	−0.03	−0.71	0.44	−0.23	0.21	−0.69	0.65^**
DS	0.08	−1.78	−0.79	0.04	1.15	−0.64	0.30	−0.31	0.94	−1.00^**
ASI	−0.08	1.78	0.79	−0.04	−1.14	0.64	−0.31	0.31	−0.95	1.00^**
PH	0.09	−1.68	−0.75	0.04	1.03	−0.61	0.30	−0.30	0.93	−0.94^**
EH	−0.07	1.76	0.78	−0.04	−1.16	0.63	−0.29	0.30	−0.91	0.98^**
DM	0.08	−1.78	−0.79	0.04	1.14	−0.64	0.31	−0.31	0.95	−1.00^**
CL	0.09	−1.76	−0.79	0.04	1.10	−0.63	0.31	−0.31	0.95	−0.99^**
CD	−0.08	1.77	0.79	−0.04	−1.13	0.63	−0.30	0.31	−0.94	0.99^**
TSW	0.08	−1.77	−0.79	0.04	1.11	−0.63	0.31	−0.31	0.95	−0.99^**

Days to 50% tasseling (DT), days to 50% silking (DS), Anthesissilking interval (ASI), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), days to maturity (DM), cob length (CL), cob diameter (CD), thousand seed weight (TSW) and yld. (yield t/ha). Residual effect (R²) = 0.014.

4. Conclusion

High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were obtained from thousand seed weight (TSW), days to 50% silking (DS), cob diameter (CD) and anthesis silking interval (ASI). The highest Hb was observed for CD followed by days to 50% silking (DS), days to maturity (DM) and ear height (EH). The characters with high GCV and higher values of heritability indicated high potential for selection. Positive and significant genotypic, phenotypic correlation coefficient were recorded for yield with anthesis silking interval (ASI), cob diameter (CD) and ear height (EH). But days to 50% tasseling (DT) had moderate but significant positive correlation at both phenotypic and genotypic level. ASI had the highest positive direct effect on yield followed by cob diameter (CD), cob length (CL) and plant height (PH) indicating the effectiveness of direct selection. On the other hand, some characters such as days to 50% silking (DS), ear height (EH), days to maturity (DM) and days to 50% tasseling (DT) showed indirect negative effect on yield. Those traits could be used as indirect selection.

Conflicts of Interests

There was no conflict of interests.

Cite this paper

Matin, M.Q.I., Uddin, Md.S., Rohman, Md.M., Amiruzzaman, M., Azad, A.K. and Banik B.R. (2017) Genetic Variability and Path Analysis Studies in Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8, 3101-3109. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.812209

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