In the present study, about 12 types of soil texture were present in all around of Bangladesh. Produced map of soil texture indicates that, clay soils were available in parts of Faridpur, Rajbari, Kustia, Madaripur and Shariyatpur district. Loam soils were found in some parts of Mymensingh, Sherpur and Tangail. Silt soils were found in some parts Noakhali and small parts of Chittagong districts. Sandy soils were found in some parts Cox’s Bazar districts. Clay loam soils were found in some parts of Jessore, Kustia, Rajshahi, Bogra and Khulna. Silty loam soils were found in some parts of Barisal, Sylhet, Rangpur, Bogra, Tangail, Moulovibazar, Sunamgonj and Chittagong districts. Silty clay loam soils were found in some parts of Comilla, Feni and Munshigonj. Silty clay soils were found in some parts of Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Pirojpur, Borguna Potuakhali and Bhola district. Loamy sand were found in hill tracts of Bangladesh like Rangamati, Khagracharia and Bandarban districts. Sandy loam were found in some parts of Dhaka, Manikgonj, Gazipur, Narayangonj, Norshindhi and Rangpur district. Sandy clay loam was found in some parts of Panchagarh, Thakurgaogh, Dinajpur and some part of Nilphamari distrirts (Figure 1).

The soil of Barisal and Ghior series on Gangetic alluvium was silty clay to clay in texture [8] . However, the texture of Gangachara and Sonatala series of Tista and Brahmaputra alluvium were silt loam. In BAU farm soil, the percentage of sand, silt, clay varied from 17.00 to 19.00, 59.00 to 63.00, and 22.00 to 21.00 respectively [9] . The silt content increased and clay content decreased with increasing depth while sand content first decreased to sub surface horizon and then increased with increasing depth in the soil of Madhupur tract [10] . The soil texture of the old Brahmaputra floodplain soil ranged from silt loam to clay, within the soil profile, large variation in proportion of sand, silt and clay content was obtained in different layers. Silt was dominant size fraction and sand was mostly in the form of very fine sand. The texture of soil profile affected other physical properties such as permeability, aeration, moisture retention etc. [11] .

All types of porous soil found in all over the Bangladesh. It was revealed that, hill tract of Bangladesh including Rangamati, Khagrachari and Bandarban had a porosity level of 20% - 30%. Chittagong, Feni, Cox’s Bazar, Barisal and Jhalokhati had a porosity level of 31% - 40%. Most of Bangladesh had a porosity level of 41% - 50%. The indigo colored portion indicates the porosity level of 41% - 50% in figure below. It was found that, Sunamgonj, Hobigonj, Sylhet, Moulavibazar, Panchagorh, Thakurgaoun, Nilphamari, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Lalmonirhat, Kurigram, Gaibandah and Jamalpur had a porosity level of 51% - 60%. Some part of

Jheneidah, Meherpur, Khulna, Pirojpur, Borguna and Bhola had a porosity level of 61% - 70% (Figure 2). The percentage of soil porosity values in BAU varied from 43.62 to 44.14 [9] (Azad, 2000). The total porosity ranged is 43 and 56.7 in the hilly soils of greater Sylhet district. Values of these parameters decreased with depth in all the profiles with a few exceptions. Total porosity had significant positive correlation with organic matter and organic plus clay pus silt plus sand [12] . The total porosity varied from 42% to 46% in the Barind tract and the total porosity ranged from 42% to 47% in Ganges floodplain soils [13] .

Organic matter content soil was recorded in all over the Bangladesh with a variation of values. It was found that the soil of Gopalgonj, Madaripur and Barisal districts contained a very high amount of organic matter in this current research. The soil of Sylhet, Moulovibazar, Jessore and Narail districts had a high amount of organic matter. On the other hand, most parts of this country had medium amount of organic matter in its soil. The lawn green colored portion indicates medium level of organic matter of soil found in Bangladesh. However, the soil of Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Rangpur, Gaibandha, Nababgonj, Meherpur, Jhenaidah, Narayangonj and Norshindhi districts had a low amount of organic matter. Thus, the soil of Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari and Chittagong districts had a unique forest area that had an optimum organic matter (Figure 3).

The organic matter content varied from 0.58% to 2.13% of the BAU farm and also reported its content was relatively higher at the surface layer [14] . The organic carbon values varied from 0.40% to 2.54% in the salt-affected Rupsa thana

soils of Khulna district and 0.51% to 0.64% in the areas of Patuakhali and Barguna districts of Bangladesh and the high value was observed at surface soil [15] . The organic carbon content decreased with depth in all the profiles with its content ranging from 0.03% to 1.58% [16] , which is shown in the present study (Figure 3). Organic carbon of the Sundarbans mangrove soils decreased with depth in all the profiles with its content ranging from 0.29% to 0.89% [17] . The soils of Madhupur tract were in general low (<2%) in organic matter content. Comparatively higher values were obtained in the irrigated areas than the non- irrigated areas [10] . The organic matter percent of different soil series of Bangladesh ranged from 0.86 to 4.99 and the mean organic matter per cent was 2.09 [18] , which identical in present study (Figure 3). The organic matter content gradually decreased, reported in present study; which is similar with the increasing of soil depths and ranged from 0.33% to 1.59% [19] .

Soil pH was categorized with its range and quality in Bangladeshi soil. In present study, it was found the soil of Sylhet, Sunamgonj, Netrokona, Moulovibazar and Hobigonj districts was extremely acidic. In this study, most of soil in Bangladesh was in a level of strongly acidic condition. The pink colored area in map indicated strongly acidic soil location found in Bangladesh. The soil of Kurigram, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Gaibandha, Joypurhat, Jamalpur, Sherpur, Kishorgonj, Mymensingh, B. Baria, Comilla, Chandpur, Noakhali, Feni, Gopalgoinj and Chittagong was highly acidic. The soil of south-western part of Bangladesh along with Kurigram, Gaibandah, Jamalpur, Sirajgonj and Tangail districts was neutral or around 7.0. Most of south-western part of Bangladesh was in the category of highly alkaline soil type (Figure 4). The pH of BAU farm soil ranged from 7.45 to 7.68 [9] and 6.66 to 7.47 [14] . The pH of Patuakhali and Barguna districts of Bangladesh varied from 6.21 to 7.88 and at some locations increased with the soil depths [20] .

It was found that the soil of Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira, Barishal, Bhola, Jhalokhati, Borguna, Pirojpur, Potuakhali, Laxmipur, Chittagong, Noakhali, Cox’s Bazar district had slightly saline to highly saline soil. The ranges of soil salinity are given below (Figure 5). Mostly the saline soils were observed at the southern parts of the country. Rest of the parts of Bangladesh none soil salinity occurred.

Around 5% areas were saline soil in Barisal and Khulna districts [21] , which is matched with present study in map (Figure 5).

It was found that most part of Bangladesh consist of agricultural land. But hill tract and sundarban regions were out of agricultural zone because of high salinity and altitude (Figure 7). Agricultural land included crop land, forest, mangrove forest, river, lake, beel, haor, tea garden and salt pan. Agriculture land covers 9.5 million hectares in Bangladesh [15] . But researcher also noted that the area of agricultural land decreases day by day in Bangladesh. Among this total land, 8.52 million hectares is under crop land [23] . The shifting rate of agricultural land to non-agricultural use had been reported to be about 1% per year [24] . The main cause of shifting rate from agricultural land to non-agricultural land is to the faster economic growth and the infrastructure development implied [25] .

Major parts of forest were found in Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira,Potuakhali, Cox’s bazaar, Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh, Rangpur and Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Among them Mangrove covers Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira districts (Figure 8). At present, the amount of forest land is 1434136 ha or 9.84% of total land in Bangladesh and mangrove forest including water of 601,700 hectare, which is 4.07% of total land mass of the country. However, forest area has decreased at the rate of 0.538% annually from 1976 to 2010 but the annual rate of increasing mangrove area was 0.01% during the period 1976 to 2000. This increase of mangrove forest may be due to mangrove

plantation to 132,000 ha of land along the shore land of coastal districts up to 2000 [26] . Forest cover area in Bangladesh remained almost stable during the period from 1990 to 2005 and modified natural forest area was in decreasing trend, while tree plantations are increasing to offset the decrease [22] .

It was found that Faridpur,Noakhali and Chittagong districts had calcareous alluvium soils types. Dhaka, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Rajshakhi and Pabna district had calcareous brown floodplain soils. Sylhet, Barisal, Jessore and Faridpur districts had calcareous grey floodplain soils and Rajshahi district hadcalcareous dark grey floodplain soils in the study area. Calcareous soil areas are shown in the map below (Figure 9). Calcareous alluvium on the active Ganges floodplain mainly comprises brownish grey to pale brown sandy and silty deposits. Calcareous alluvium soils are located in some of the upazilas of Faridpur, Noakhali and Chittagong districts. It has covered 5918 km² of land area in our country which show 4.1% of the total land area. Calcareous brown floodplain soils have been found on highest ridges and near riverbanks. Calcareous brown floodplain soils are located in some of the upazilas of Dhaka, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Rajshahi and Pabna districts. It has covered 14,347 km² of land area in our country which show 9.9% of the total land area [27] .

It was found that major parts of Mymensingh, Rangpur, Bogra and Pabna districts had non-calcareous alluvium soils. Mymensingh and Dinajpur districts had non-calcareous brownfloodplain soils.Bogra, Chittagong, Mymensingh,

Sylhet, Rangpur and Dinajpur districts hadnon-calcareous grey floodplain soils and Dhaka, Faridpur, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh and Noakhali districts had noncalcareous dark grey floodplain soils in the study area. Non-calcareous soil areas are shown in map (Figure 10). Non-calcareous alluvium soils occupy extensive areas on the active Tista and Brahmaputra-Jamuna floodplains. Non- calcareous alluvium soils are located in some of the upazilas of Mymensingh, Rangpur, Bogra and Pabna districts. It has covered 5622 km² of land area in our country which show 3.9% of the total land area. The agricultural potential of non-calcareous brown floodplain soils is mainly moderate to low. Non-calca- reous brown flood plain soils are located in some of the upazilas of Mymensingh and Dinajpur district. It has covered 15,996 km² of land area in our country which show 11% of the total land area [27] .

In the study area deep grey terrace soils were found in the major parts of Bogra, Dinajpur, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Pabna, Jamalpur and Joypurhat districts. Shallow grey terrace soilswere found inBogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Rangpur, Pabna and Narayangong districts. Brown mottled terrace soils were found in Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayangong, Rajshahi, Pabna and Rangpur districts. Deep red brown terrace soilswere found inBogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayangong, Rajshahi, Pabna and Rangpur districts and shallow red brown terrace soils were found in Dhaka, Mymensingh, Comilla, Rajshahi, Dinajpur andRangpur districts (Figure 11). Deep grey terrace soils are located in some of the upazilas of Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Mymensingh, Pabna and Rajshahi districts. These soils have low agricultural potential for both dry land crops and for paddy cultivation. Brown mottled

terrace soils are located in some of the upazilas of Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayanganj, Pabna, Rajshahi and Rangpur districts. It has covered 342 km² of land area in our country mostly available in the Madhupur tract and Akhaura terrace. Deep red brown terrace soils are located in some of the upazilas of Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayanganj, Pabna, Rajshahi and Rangpur districts [27] .

It was found that major parts of Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla and Sylhet districts had grey piedmont soils and Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayangong, Rajshahi, Pabna and Rangpur districts had grey valley soils in the study area. Grey soil areas are shown in the map below (Figure 12). Grey piedmont soils are located in some of the upazilas of Chittaong, Noakhali, Comilla and Sylhet district. It has covered 2053 km² of land area in our country which show 1.15% of the total land area. Grey soils observed in the shallow of the Madhupur and Barind regions, shown in Figure 12. This type of soils has less potentiality in crop production in Bangladesh mostly. Grey valley soils are located in some of the upazilas of Bogra, Dinajpur, Jamalpur, Joypurhat, Narayanganj, Pabna, Rajshahi and Rangpur districts. It has covered 1143 km² of land area in our country which show 0.8% of the total land area [27] .

In the study area black terai soils were found in Dinajpur district. Peat soils were found in Barisal, Faridpur, Gopalgong, Sylhet and Jessore district. Hill soils were found in Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla and Sylhet districts. Black terai, peat and hill soil areas are shown in the map (Figure 13).

Black terai soils are located in some of the upazilas of Dinajpur district. This type of soils has also less potentiality in agricultural production. It has covered 834 km² of land area in our country which show 0.6% of the total land area. Peat soils extensively recorded in the beels located in Gopalganj and Khulna districts. In some haors of the Sylhet basin in Bangladesh peat soils noted. Peat soils are located in some of the upazilas of Faridpur, Gopalganj, Sylhet, Barisal and Jessore. Brown hill soils are located in some of the upazilas of Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla and Sylhet districts. It has covered 15,615 km² of land area in our country which show 10.8% of the total land area [27] .

It was found that major parts of Kishoreganj, Pabna, Rajshahi, Dhaka, Comilla and Sylhet districts had acid basin clays and Khulna and Chittagong districts had acid sulphate soils (Figure 14). Acid basin clays soils observed mostly in Punarbhaba floodplain, Atrai basin, Arial bel, Sylhet basin. There are not significant important role of acid basin clays soils in agricultural production. Acid basin clays soils are located in some of the upazilas of Dhaka, Kishoregonj, Comilla, Sylhet, Rajshahi and Pabna district in Bangladesh. These soils occur in few south western parts of Bangladesh. Acidic sulphate soils are severely limited for agricultural activities. Acid sulphate soils are located in some of the upazilas of Khulna and Chittagong district. It has covered 2266 km² of land area in our country which show 1.6% of the total land area [27] .